-
美国文学笔记
I.
Colonial Period
（殖民地时期）
（约
1607-1765
）
II. The Revolutionary
period
（革命时期
) :(
1765-18
世纪末）
Benjamin Franklin
（
1706-1790
）
Romantic period
（浪漫主义时期）
:
（
1800-1865
）
< br>
Edgar Allan Poe
（
< br>1809-1849
）
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862)
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(1804-1864)
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
Walt Whitman (1819~1892)
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
IV
.The
Realism
and
Naturalism
（
现
实
主
义
和
自
然
主
义
)
（
1865-191
8
）
Mark Twain
(1835-1910)
Henry James (1843-1916)
Stephen Crane (1881-1900)
V
.
The Modern period (
现代主义时期）
:
1918-1945
F. Scott
Fitzgerald (1896-1940)
William Faulkner
(1897-1962)
Ernest
Hemingway (1899
—
1961)
Ezra Pound
(1885
—
1972)
Robert Frost
（
1847
-1963
）
Eugene O’
Neil (1888
-1953)
VI.
Contemporary literature
（当代文学
):
（
1945-
）
I.
Colonial Period
（殖民地时期）
（约
1607-1765
）
II. The Revolutionary
period
（革命时期
):
(1765-18
世纪末）
Benjamin Franklin
（
1706-1790
）
：
1. Summary:
One
of the greatest founding fathers of the American
Nation
First great self-made man in
America
:
1
The embodiment of American
dream
2. Major works:
The
Autobiograph
y
《自传》
：
the first of
its kind in literature, one of the classics of
the genre
Poor
Richard’
s
Almanack
《穷人理查德的年历》
III. The Romantic period
（浪漫主义时期）
:
（
1800-1865
）
Edgar Allan Poe
（
1
809-1849
）
1. Summary:
Novelist, poet, critic
good at writing
Gothic(
哥特式）
and
detective fiction
Father of western
detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism
2. Major works:
Poetry
The
Raven
《乌鸦》
To
Helen
《献给海伦》
Short
stories
Horror ( suspense, terror,
Insanity, death
，
Revenge and
rebirth
）
The Fall
of the House of
Usher
《厄舍古屋的倒塌》
The Masque of the Red Death
《红色死亡的化妆舞会》
The
Black Cat
《黑猫》
The
Cask of Amontillado
《一桶白葡萄酒》
Ligeia
《丽姬娅》
Detective /ratiocinative(
推理的
）
(originator)
The Purloined
Letter
《窃信案》
The
Muder in the Rue Morgue
《莫格街谋杀案》
The
Mystery of Marie Rog
《玛丽
.
罗热疑案》
The Gold Bug
《金甲虫》
American Transcendentalism
(
美国超验主义）
（
1830s- Civil
War
）
Summit of
Romanticism/ American Renaissance
1.
Appearance
1836,
―
Nature‖
by Emerson
2. Features of Transcendentalism
(1). Spirit(
思想）
/O
versoul
（超灵）
(2).
importance of individualism
(3). nature
–
symbol of
spirit/God
；
garment of the
oversoul
(4). focus in intuition
(irrationalism and subconsciousness)
2
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882):
1. Summary:
American
essayist,
lecturer
,
poet
The Founder of
Transcendentalism
2. Major works:
Nature
《论自然》
：
the manifesto of
American transcendentalism
The American
Scholar
《论美国学者》
:
American's Declaration of Intellectual
Independence
Self-
reliance
《论自助》
Henry Daivd Thoreau
(1817-1862)
1. Summary:
American Essayist, Poet,
Philosopher
2. Major Works
Civil Disobedience
?
论公民之不服从
?
Walden , or Life in the woods
《瓦尔登湖，或林中的生活》
:
Walden is a record of
Thoreau
’
s two
year experiment of living alone at Walden pond in
a self-built house at the
edge of the
woods.
Late
Romanticism
Nathaniel
Hawthorne (1804-1864):
1. Summary:
American novelist and short
story writer
2. His point of
view :
Hawthorne is influenced by
Puritanism
（清教主义）
deeply.
(1).
Evil is at the core of human life
(2).whenever
there
is
sin,
there
is
punishment.
Sin
or
evil
can
be
passed
from
generation to
generation
(3). Evil educates.
(4). He has disgust in science. One
source of evil is overweening
(
自负的
) (too
proud
of oneself) intellect .
His
intellectual characters are villains,
dreadful
and cold-blooded
3.
Major Works
The Scarlet
Letter
《红字》
Herman Melville (1819-1891):
Novelist, Poet
Major works:
Moby Dick
《白鲸》
,1851
Main characters:
Ishmael(
以实玛利）
:
the narrator
Ahab
（埃哈伯）
: the
protagonist
Moby Dick
Walt Whitman
(1819~1892)
3
1. Summary:
American poet, essayist, journalist,
and humanist/
The father of
free verse
（自由诗）
2. Major works:
Leaves of
Grass
《草叶集》
Famous
poems
Song of
Myself
《自我之歌》
One’s Self I Sing
《我歌唱一个人的自己》
O Captain! My Captain!
《噢，我的船长！我的船长！
》
3. Writing themes (almost
everything):
?
equality of things and beings
?
divinity of
everything
?
Immanence
（无所不在）
of God
?
democracy
?
evolution of
cosmos
（宇宙）
?
multiplicity of
nature
?
self-
reliant spirit
?
death, beauty of death
?
expansion of
America
?
brotherhood and social
solidarity
（团结一致）
(unity of nations in the world)
?
pursuit of love
and happiness
4. S
tyle:
―free verse
（
自由诗）
:
the verse that does not follow a fixed
metrical pattern,
the verse without a
fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.
(1)
.Parallelism
（排比）
(2).phonetic recurrence
（同字起句
法）
（
the repetition of words
or phrases at
the
beginning
of the line, in the middle or at the end)
(3).
the use of a certain
pronoun ―I‖ (the first person narrator)
(4).strong tendency to use oral English
(5).the habit
of using snapshots
(6).a looser and
more open-ended syntactic structure
(7).use of conventional image
(8).vocabulary
–
powerful,
colourful,
rarely
used
words
of
foreign
origins,
some
even wrong
(9). sentences
–
catalogue technique: long
list of names, long poem lines
5.
Significance of
Leaves of Grass
Leaves
of
Gras
s,
either
in
content
or
in
form,
is
an
epoch-making
work
in
American
literature:
→
Its democratic
content marked the shift from Romanticism to
Realism.
→
Its
free-verse form broke from old poetic
conventions to open a new way for
American poetry.
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
1. Summary:
American poet
She
wrote
altogether
1775
poems,
of
which
only
7
appeared
in
print
in
her
4
lifetime.
2. Some famous poems:
I Died for Beauty
Because I
Can’t Stop for Death
A
Narrow Fellow in the Grass
I Heard a
Fly Buzz
—
When I Died
ToMake a Prairie
I
’
m Nobody
3. Theme
Mainly
based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows (inner
world):
(1).
Death and
immortality
(2)
.Love
—
sufferings
and frustration caused by love
(3)
.
Nature
-Kind and cruel
(4)
.
Religion
-doubt and belief about
religious subjects
(5) .Beauty (beauty,
truth and goodness are ultimately one)
(6). physical aspect of desire
(7). free will and human responsibility
4. Style
1). Poems without
titles
2) .Use of capital letters
–
emphasis and dashes-create
cadence (
抑扬顿挫）
3).Economy of expression. (Plainest
words, directness, brevity)
4). Short
poems, mainly two stanzas
5). Fresh and
strange images
6) .Bold and
unconventional and often startling metaphors
7) .Rhetoric techniques:
personification
—
make some
abstract ideas vivid
8).
off-rhyme(
半韻
)
and
defamiliarization(
陌生化）
IV
. The American Realism
现实主义时期
(1865-1918)
1. Three Giants
in Realistic Period
William
Dean Howells
–
―
Dean of American
Realism
‖
Henry
James Mark Twain
2.
Comparison:
Theme:Howells
–
middle
class
，
James
–
upper
class
，
Twain
–
lower class
Technique:
Howells
–
smiling/genteel
realism
James
–
psychological realism
Twain
–
local colourism
and colloquialism
Mark Twain
(1835-1910):
1.
Summary:
American writer,
short story writer/
Humorist
2. Major works:
The
Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)
《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》
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