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美国文学史概述及选读复习资料

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2021-03-03 22:31
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2021年3月3日发(作者:尼古丁英文)


美国文学史



American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:


in Franklin(


本杰明


.< /p>


富兰克林


)


2.



hilip Freneau


菲利普


·


费瑞诺



Benjamin Franklin(


本杰明

< p>
.


富兰克林


)


1)




穷人查 理德的年鉴


(


以笔名


Richard Sunders)


2)




“annual collection of proverbs “


流行谚语集







(It soon became the most popular book










of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread




his reputation)


3)



The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham



s Sermon)


致富之道


(as the



perface to Poor Richard


Improved)


4)



The Autobiography


自传



(18


世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传


)


5)



Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political


ideas.


建立了一个秘密俱乐部,讨论的主题是政治、经 济和科学等时事方面的问题


.


6)



established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of


Pennsylvania.


建立了美国第一个可租借的图书 馆,


还创办了一所大学


——


就是现在的 宾夕法尼亚


大学


.


7)



first applied the terms


8)



Writ er,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,andd iplomat,hewasthemostfamousandre


spectedp rivatefigureofhistime.


hilip Freneau


菲利普


·


费瑞诺



The Rising Glory of America


蒸蒸日上的美洲;



The British Prison Ship


英国囚船;



To the Memory of the Brave Americans


纪念美国勇士


-----


同类诗中最佳;



The Wild Honeysuckle


野生的金银花;



The Indian Burying Ground


印第安人殡葬地



(1)


poet and political journalist


诗人和政治方面的新闻记者



(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.


(3)has been called the


美国诗歌之父



(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against




the British


tyranny




19


Century American Literature




Washington Irving(


华盛顿


.


欧文


)


1



James Fenimore Cooper(


詹姆斯


.


芬尼莫


.


库珀


)


2



Nathaniel Hawth orne(


纳萨尼尔


.


霍桑

< p>
)


3



Edgar Allan Poe


(埃德加


.


阿伦


.


坡)



4



Henry Daived Th oreau(


亨利


.


戴维


.


梭罗


)


5



Herman Melville (


赫尔曼


.


麦尔维尔

< br>)


6



Walt White man(


沃尔特


.


惠特曼


)


The Rise of



American Romanticism


? One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from


the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).


? It started with the publication of Washington Irving's



e The



h Sketch



Book(182


0)


and ended with Whitman's



s Leaves



f of



Grass(1855).



.


Romanticism


的特点:


frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam,


faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a


presumption that he naturalworld was a source of corruption.


浪漫主


义之间大多是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并


且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。



Transcendentalism :Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul,


the individual and Nature. The most important representatives are


Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry DavidThoreau.


.



th


Washington Irv ing(


华盛顿


.


欧文


)



A History of New York(


《纽约外史》


)


A History of New York


纽约的历史


--- --


美国人写的第一部诙


谐文学杰作;


The Sketch Book


见闻札记


The Legend of Sleepy Hollow


睡谷的传说


-----


使之成为美国第一个获


得国际声誉的作家;



The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Cra yon(


《见闻札记》


收录了


The legend of the Sleepy Hollow




谷的传说


》和


Rip Van Wi nkle


《瑞普


.


< br>.


温克尔》等名篇



,


开创了美国短篇小说的传统


)


The Tales of a Traveller,(


《旅人述异》


)


The Alhambra


阿尔罕伯拉



A HIstory of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(


《哥伦布的生平和航行》


)


1)



the first great belletrist


第一个纯文学作家




2)



The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon


(


《见闻札记》


the first modern short stories and the first great


American juvenile literature.


现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。



3)



Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which



Poe soon infused with psychologicalsubtleties


。重


振了没 落的哥特式浪漫主义小说,随后坡在此基础上,把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。



4)



He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.


第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家




James Fenimore Cooper(

< p>
詹姆斯


.


芬尼莫


.


库珀


)


1.


Leatherstocking Tale


皮袜子故事集


, (regard


as ―the nearest approach yet to an


American epic.


被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史 诗的作品


):


―The Deerslayer


《杀鹿者》、



―The Last of the Mohicans


《最后的莫希干人》、



―The Pathfinder


《探路人》、



―The Pioneers


《拓荒者》、



―The Prairie


《大草原》


,


Spy


间谍


(about American Revolution)


tion(


戒备


)


bution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories



the sea adventure tale and


the frontier saga


开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁,边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。



5.


《拓荒者》在《草原》上《探路》,遇到《最后一个莫西干 人》在《杀鹿》。





Nathaniel Hawthorne


< br>纳萨尼尔


.


霍桑




we


(范肖)



-ToldTales


(《重讲一遍的故事》)



Blithedale Romance


(《福谷传奇》)



from an Old Manse


(《古宅青苔》)(包括


Young Goodman Brown


《小伙子布朗》,


The Celestial Railroad


Scarlet Letter(


红字


)


House of the Seven Gables


(《带有七个尖角阁的房子》)



Marble Faun


(《玉石人像》)



life of Franklin Pierce


Old Home


特点:



(1)


unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man



s moral nature.



特才能主要表现在他能够通过 一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。




his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appearsstrongly in his short stories.


短篇小说里,通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。




to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.


杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安


放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述,他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。



Edgar Allan Poe

< br>埃德加


.


阿伦


.




his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic.


编辑、诗人、文学评论家。



2.


―The Fall of the House of Usher


《鄂谢府崩溃记》、



―The Raven


《乌鸦》


the title poem of a collection,


―Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque


《述异集》


first collection of short stories.


第一部短


篇小说集。



use grotesque or fantastic events.


擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。



work<


《塔默兰诗集》


>


Henry David Thoreau


亨利


.


戴维


.


梭罗






Naturalist




transcendentalist,Writer and philosopher,



Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories


爱默生最忠实的信


徒 ,把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。




―Walden



瓦尔登湖


》成名作 。



―Civil Disobedience


《平民反抗》


(


论公民的不服从权利

< br>)essay


随笔。非暴力不合作



③教义:


I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way,


not his neighbor’s or his parents.


我不希望人们接受我的生活模式,每一个都应该发现自己的生活


方式,不是邻居的,也不是他父母的。




Herman Melville(


赫尔曼

.


麦尔维尔


)


1.-- Novelist,short story writer,essayist and poet.



2.


―Moby Dick


‖《白鲸》,


a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly


supernatural white whale.


主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。




The book is steeped in symbolism.


本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。



②主人公:


Ishmael


,取自圣经 。



③在书中说:


to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme.


写一部宏大的著作,必须有


一个宏大的主题。



④故事人物:


Captain Ahab.

船长阿哈比;


Queequeg


,捕鲸人奎因奎格,


was a friendly person




1.



Omoo

《奥姆》


,Mardi


《玛迪》


, White-Jacket


《白外套》


,Billy


Budd


《水手比利


·


巴德》


,Pierre


《皮埃尔》


,I srael Potter


《伊斯雷尔


·


波特》


,the Piazza Tales


《广场的故事》


,The Confidence- Man


《骗子》


,


Battle- Pieces


and


Aspects


of


the


War,Clarel:


A


Poem


and


Pilgrimage


in


the


Holy


Land


,


John Marr and Other Sailors(


《约韩


·


玛尔和其他水手》


)


,


Timoleon(


《梯摩里昂》


)


Walt Whitman


沃尔特


.


惠特曼



1.



free verse (


自由诗体


) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.


无固定节奏,无有规


律的韵脚


.


2.


―Leaves of Grass


‖草叶集



1870 the first genuine epic poem. Marked the birth of the truly


American poetry.


美国历史上第一部真正的史诗



Poem’s


特点:


most of the poems in ―Leaves of Grass



are about man and nature.


3.


关注点:


In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of the


rugged individual


4.


诗人职责:


he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the


community by hisexpressions of the truth.


表达真理的前提下,引导社会发展。


< p>
5.


他身处于超验主义与现实主义间的变革时期,


著作兼并了二者的文风。


惠特曼是美国文坛中最伟大


的诗人之一 ,有自由诗之父美誉。




Late 19


th


and Early 20


th


Century American Literature (Realism)


现实主义(


re alism



-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center.


纽约成


为新的文化中心。



达尔文主义


:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggest


that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.


对自然主义 影响极大,强调人的


动物性,意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。



The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free


will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the


religious ―truthswere illusory, that


the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in


death.


强调世界的非道德性,人们没有意志的自由,宗教上的真理是虚幻的,现实生活是痛苦的。



Deterministic


决定论,宿命的,



Twain(< /p>


马克


.


吐温


)


James(


亨利


.


詹姆斯


)


re Dreiser


London


-


-


-


-


-


-


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