-
2011
年考研英语
(
二
)
真题
(
完
整版
)
Section I Use of English
Directions
：
Read the
following text. Choose the best word(s) for each
numbered black and
mark A, B, C or D on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Internet affords
anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and
freedom of
speech. But that very
anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-
crime that has 1
across the Web.
Can privacy be
preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a
world that seems
increasingly 3 ?
Last month,
Howard Schmidt, the nation’
s cyber-
czar, offered the federal
government a
4 to make the Web a safer place-
a
“voluntary trusted identity” system
that would be the high-tech 5 of a
physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card,
all
rolled 6 one. The system might use
a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7
to a
specific computer .and would
authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to
8 a federation of private online identity systems.
User could 9 which
system to join, and
only registered users whose identities have been
authenticated
could navigate those
systems. The approach contrasts with one that
would require an
Internet driver’s
license 10 by the government.
Google and
Microsoft are among companies that already have
these“single
sign-
on”
systems th
at make it possible for users
to 11 just once but use many different
services.
12 .the approach would create a “walled
garden” n cyberspace, with safe
“neighborhoods” and bright
“streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13
community.
Mr. Schmidt describ
ed it as
a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and
organizations can complete online
transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of
each
other and the identities of the
infrastructure 15 which the transaction
runs”.
Still, the administration’s
plan has 16 privacy rights activists.
Some applaud the
approach; others are
concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an
initiative push
toward what would 17 be
a compulsory Internet “drive’s license”
mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18
by some computer security experts, who
worry that the “voluntary ecosystem”
envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much
of the Internet 19 .They argue that all
Internet users should be 20 to register and
identify
themselves, in the same way
that drivers must be licensed to drive on public
roads.
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Section
II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer
the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s
board as an outside director in January
2000: a year later she became president
of Brown University. For the rest of the decade
she apparently managed both roles
without attracting much eroticism. But by the end
of
2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for
having sat on Goldman’s compensation
committee; how could she have let those
enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?
By February the next year Ms. Simmons
had left the board. The position was just taking
up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are
supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased,
advisers on a
firm’s board. Having made
their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they
presumably have enough
independ
ence to disagree with the chief
executive’s proposals.
If the sky, and
the share price is falling, outside directors
should be able to give advice
based on
having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio
University used a database hat covered more than
10,000 firms and more than 64,000
different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then
they simply checked which directors
stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The
most likely reason for departing a
board was age, so the researchers concentrated on
those “surprise” disappearances by
directors under the age of 70. They fount that
after
a surprise departure, the
probability that the company will subsequently
have to restate
earnings increased by
nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a
federal
class-action lawsuit also
increases, and the stock is likely to perform
worse. The effect
tended to be larger
for larger firms. Although a correlation between
them leaving and
subsequent bad
performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not
mean that such
directors are always
jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.”
Leaving riskier,
smaller firms for
larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe
that outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a
blow to their reputations if
they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if
a review of
history shows they were on
the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.
Firms who
want to keep their outside
directors through tough times may have to create
incentives.
Otherwise outside directors
will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again
very
popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph
1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .C
[A]gaining excessive
profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to
make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn
from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are
supposed to be .D
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price
forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23. According to the
researchers from Ohio
University after
an outside director’s
surprise
departure, the firm is likely to .C
[A]become more stable
[B]report
increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform
worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last
paragraph that outside directors .A
[A]may stay for the
attractive offers from the firm
[B]have often had records
of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free work
in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the
firm
25. The
author’s attit
ude toward the role of
outside directors is .A
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text 2
Whatever
happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the
end seemed near.
The recession
threatened to remove the advertising and readers
that had not already
fled to the
internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco
Chronicle were chronicling their
own
doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched
a round of talks about how
to save
newspapers. Should they become charitable
corporations? Should the state
subsidize them ? It will hold another
meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of
date.
In much of the world there is the sign
of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have
shrugged off the recession. Even
American newspapers, which inhabit the most
troubled come of the global industry,
have not only survived but often returned to
profit.
Not the 20% profit margins that
were routine a few years ago, but profit all the
same.
It has
not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by
pushing journalists
overboard. The
American Society of News Editors reckons that
13,500 newsroom jobs
have gone since
2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer
products. Some papers
even had the
nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet
these desperate measures
have proved
the right ones and, sadly for many journalists,
they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming
more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of
revenues from readers and advertisers.
American papers have long been highly unusual
in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of
their revenues came from advertising in 2008,
according to the Organization for
Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In
Japan the proportion is 35%. Not
surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more
stable.
The whirlwind that swept through
newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the
damage has been concentrated in areas
where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and
film reviewers have gone. So have
science and general business reporters. Foreign
bureaus have been savagely cut off.
Newspapers are less complete as a result. But
completeness is no longer a virtue in
the newspaper business.
26. By saying “Newspapers like … their
own doom” (Lines 3
-4, Para. 1), the
author
indicates that newspaper . D
[A]neglected
the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not
charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some
newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs
probably because .C
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers
wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about
these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer
products
28.
Compared with their American counterparts,
Japanese newspapers are much
more
stable because they .C
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more
balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less
affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last
paragraph about the current newspaper
business?B
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential
feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the
failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role
in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers have lost their interest in
car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this
text would be .A
[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for
Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the
Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving
Business
[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless
Story
Text 3
We tend to think of the decades
immediately following World War II as a time of
prosperity and growth, with soldiers
returning home by the millions, going off to
college
on the G. I. Bill and lining up
at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it
was a time of common sense and a belief that
less could truly be more. During the
Depression and the war, Americans had learned to
live with less, and that restraint, in
combination with the postwar confidence in the
future,
made small, efficient housing
positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus
for the trend toward efficient living. The
phrase “less is more” was actually
first popularized by a German, the architect
Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe, who like
other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school
of
design, emigrated to the United
States before World War II
and took up posts at American
architecture schools. These designers came to
exert
enormous influence on the course
of American architecture, but none more so that
Mies.
Mies’s signature phrase means that less
decoration
, properly organized, has
more
impact that a lot. Elegance, he
believed, did not derive from abundance. Like
other
modern architects, he employed
metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we
take for granted today buy that in the
1940s symbolized the
future. Mies’s
sophisticated
presentation masked the
fact that the spaces he designed were small and
efficient,
rather than big and often
empty.
The
apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on
Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for
example, were smaller-two-bedroom units
under 1,000 square feet-than those in their
older neighbors along the city’s Gold
Coast. But they were popular because of their airy
glass walls, the views they afforded
and the elegance of the buildings’ details and
proportions, the architectural
equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the
time.
The trend
toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the
1930s Frank Lloyd Wright
started
building more modest and efficient houses-usually
around 1,200 square