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2011
年硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题<
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Section I Use of
English
Directions
：
Read the following text. Choose the
best word(s) for each numbered black and mark
A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10
points)
The Internet affords anonymity
to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of
speech. But that very anonymity is also
behind the explosion of cyber-crime that
has 1 across the Web.
Can
privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and
security to a world that seems
increasingly 3 ?
Last
month,
Howard
Schmidt,
the
nation’s
cyber
-czar,
offered
the
federal
government
a
4
to
make
the
Web
a
safer
place-
a
“voluntary
trusted
identity”
system
that
would
be
the
high-tech
5
of
a
physical
key,
a
fingerprint
and
a
photo
ID
card,
all
rolled
6 one.
The system might use a smart identity card, or a
digital credential 7 to a
specific
computer .and would authenticate users at a range
of online services.
The
idea
is
to
8
a
federation
of
private
online
identity
systems.
User
could
9
which
system
to
join,
and
only
registered
users
whose
identities
have
been
authenticated
could navigate
those systems. The approach contrasts with one
that would require
an Internet driver’s
license 10 by the government.
Google
and
Microsoft
are
among
companies
that
already
have
these“single
sign
-
on”
systems that make it possible for users
to 11 just once but use many different
services.
12 .the approach
would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with
safe
“neighborhoods”
and
bright
“streetlights”
to
establish
a
sense
of
a
13
community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a
“voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and
organizations
can
complete
online
transactions
with
14
,trusting
the
identities
of
each
other
and
the
identities
of
the
infrastructure
15
which
the
transaction
runs”.
Still,
the
administration’s
plan
has
16
privacy
rights
activists.
Some
applaud
the
approach; others are
concerned. It seems
clear
that such a scheme
is an
initiative
push
toward
what
would
17
be
a
compulsory
Internet
“drive’s
license”
mentality.
The
plan
has
also
been
greeted
with
18
by
some
computer
security
experts,
who
worry
that the “voluntary
ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still
leave much
of
the
Internet
19
.They
argue
that
all
Internet
users
should
be
20
to
register
and
identify
themselves,
in
the
same
way
that
drivers
must
be
licensed
to
drive
on
public
roads.
1
．
d
2
．
3
．
ss s ess ss
4
．
er mise al
5
．
ation erence
ainment lent
6
．
7
．
ed d ed
8
．
s er e
9
．
t e
10
．
ed buted red
11
．
on on in
in
12
．
vain
effect return contrast
13
．
d ized ng ing
14
．
n t ence ce
15
．
16
．
d ointed ted
17
．
stly ntally
onally ally
18
．
cism nce erence iasm
19
．
able able
able ble
20
．
d
ted d
Section II Reading
Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the
following four
texts.
Answer
the questions after each text by
choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text 1
Ruth
Simmons
joined
Goldman
Sachs’s
board
as
an
outside
director
in
January
2000:
a year later she became president of
Brown University. For the rest of the decade
she
apparently
managed
both
roles
without
attracting
much
eroticism.
But
by
the
end
of 2009
Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on
Goldman’s compensation
committee;
how
could
she
have
let
those
enormous
bonus
payouts
pass
unremarked?
By
February
the
next
year
Ms.
Simmons
had
left
the
board.
The
position
was
just
taking
up too much time, she
said.
Outside directors are supposed to
serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on
a firm’s board. Having made
th
eir wealth and their reputations
elsewhere, they
presumably have enough
independence to disagree with the chief
executive’s
proposals.
If
the sky, and the share
price is
falling,
outside directors should be
able to give advice based on having
weathered their own crises.
The
researchers from Ohio University used a database
hat covered more than 10,000
firms and
more than 64,000 different directors between 1989
and 2004. Then they
simply
checked
which
directors
stayed
from
one
proxy
statement
to
the
next.
The
most
likely
reason
for
departing
a
board
was
age,
so
the
researchers
concentrated
on
those
“surprise”
disappearances
by
directors
under
the
age
of
70.
They
fount
that
after
a
surprise departure, the probability that the
company will subsequently have to
restate
earnings
increased
by
nearly
20%.
The
likelihood
of
being
named
in
a
federal
class-
action
lawsuit
also
increases,
and
the
stock
is
likely
to
perform
worse.
The
effect
tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a
correlation between them
leaving and
subsequent bad performance at the
firm is suggestive, it does not mean
that
such
directors
are
always
jumping
off
a
sinking
ship.
Often
they
“trade
up.”
Leaving riskier, smaller firms for
larger and more stable firms.
But
the
researchers
believe
that
outside
directors
have
an
easier
time
of
avoiding
a blow to their reputations if they
leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if
a
review
of
history
shows
they
were
on
the
board
at
the
time
any
wrongdoing
occurred.
Firms
who
want
to
keep
their
outside
directors
through
tough
times
may
have
to
create
incentives.
Otherwise
outside
directors
will
follow
the
example
of
Ms.
Simmons,
once
again very popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms.
Simmons was criticized for .
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that
outside directors are supposed to be .
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23.
According
to
the
researchers
from
Ohio
University
after
an
outside
director’s
surprise
departure, the firm is likely to .
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last
paragraph that outside directors .
[A]may stay for the attractive offers
from the firm
[B]have often had records
of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are
accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the
firm
25. The author’s attitude toward
the role of outside directors is .
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text
2
Whatever happened to the
death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed
near. The
recession
threatened
to
remove
the
advertising
and
readers
that
had
not
already
fled
to
the
internet.
Newspapers
like
the
San
Francisco
Chronicle
were
chronicling
their
own doom. America’s Federal Trade
commission launched a round of talks about how
to save newspapers. Should they become
charitable corporations? Should the state
subsidize them ? It will hold another
meeting soon. But the discussions now seem
out of date.
In much of the
world there is the sign of crisis. German and
Brazilian papers have
shrugged off the
recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit
the most
troubled come of
the global industry, have not only
survived but
often returned to
profit. Not the 20% profit margins that
were routine a few years ago, but profit
all the same.
It
has
not
been
much
fun.
Many
papers
stayed
afloat
by
pushing
journalists
overboard.
The American Society of News Editors
reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone
since 2007.
Readers are
paying
more
for
slimmer
products. Some papers even had
the
nerve
to
refuse
delivery
to
distant
suburbs.
Yet
these
desperate
measures
have
proved
the right ones and,
sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed
further.
Newspapers
are
becoming
more
balanced
businesses,
with
a
healthier
mix
of
revenues
from
readers
and
advertisers.
American
papers
have
long
been
highly
unusual
in
their
reliance
on
ads.
Fully
87%
of
their
revenues
came
from
advertising
in
2008,
according
to the Organization for Economic
Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the
proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly,
Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The
whirlwind
that
swept
through
newsrooms
harmed
everybody,
but
much
of
the
damage
has
been
concentrated
in
areas
where
newspaper
are
least
distinctive.
Car
and
film
reviewers
have
gone.
So
have
science
and
general
business
reporters.
Foreign
bureaus
have been savagely
cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result.
But
completeness is no longer a virtue
in the newspaper business.
26.
By
saying
“Newspapers
like
?
their
own
doom”
(Lines
3
-4,
Para.
1),
the
author
indicates that newspaper .
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to
distant suburbs probably because .
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about
these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer
products
28. Compared with their
American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are
much more
stable because they .
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29.
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
last
paragraph
about
the
current
newspaper
business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential
feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness
is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role
in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers
have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this
text would be .
[A]American Newspapers:
Struggling for Survival
[B]American
Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving
Business
[D]American Newspapers: A
Hopeless Story
Text 3
We tend to think of the decades
immediately following World War II as a time of
prosperity and growth, with soldiers
returning home by the millions, going off to
college on the G. I. Bill and lining up
at the marriage bureaus.
But when it
came to their houses, it was a time of common
sense and a belief that
less could
truly
be more. During the
Depression
and the
war,
Americans had learned
to live with less, and that restraint,
in combination with the postwar confidence
in the future, made small, efficient
housing positively stylish.
Economic
condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward
efficient living. The
phrase “less is
more” was actually first popularized by a German,
the architect
Ludwig
Mies
van
der
Rohe,
who
like
other
people
associated
with
the
Bauhaus,
a
school
of
design, emigrated to the United States before
World War II
and took up posts at
American architecture schools. These designers
came to exert
enormous influence on the
course of American architecture, but none more so
that
Mies.
Mies’s signature
phrase means that less decoration, properly
organized, has more
impact
that
a
lot.
Elegance,
he
believed,
did
not
derive
from
abundance.
Like
other
modern architects, he
employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials
that we
take for granted today buy that
in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s
sophisticated presentation masked the
fact that the spaces he designed were small
and efficient, rather than big and
often empty.
The
apartments
in
the
elegant
towers
Mies
built
on
Chicago’s
Lake
Shore
Drive,
for
example,
were
smaller-two-bedroom
units
under
1,000
square
feet-than
those
in
their
older
neighbors
along
the
city’s
Gold
Coast.
But
they
were
popular
because
of
their
airy
glass
walls,
the
views
they
afforded
and
the
elegance
of
the
buildings’
details
and
proportions,
the
architectural
equivalent
of
the
abstract
art
so
popular
at
the
time.
The
trend
toward
“less”
was
not
entirely
foreign.
In
the
1930s
Frank
Lloyd
Wright
started building more
modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200
square
feet-than the spreading two-
story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the
early
20th century.
The
“Case
Study
Houses”
commissioned
from
talented
modern
architects
by
California
Arts & Architecture magazine between
1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown
influence
on
the
“less
is
more”
trend.
Aesthetic
effect
came
from
the
landscape,
new
materials
and
forthright
detailing.
In
his
Case
Study
House,
Ralph
everyday
life
–
few
American families acquired helicopters, though
most eventually got clothes
dryers
–
but his belief that self-
sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable
was widely shared.
31. The
postwar American housing style largely reflected
the Americans’ .
[A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be
inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was
affected by World War II.
[C]Most
American architects used to be associated with it.
[D]It had a great influence upon
American architecture.
33. Mies held
that elegance of architectural design .
[A]was related to large space
[B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant
decoration
[D]was not associated with
efficiency
34. What is true about the
apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore
Drive?
[A]They ignored
details and proportions.
[B]They were
built with materials popular at that time.
[C]They were more spacious than
neighboring buildings.
[D]They shared
some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design
of the “Case Study House”?
[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.
[B]Natural scenes were taken into
consideration
[C]Details were
sacrificed for the overall effect.