【英语长句难句】英语难句长句详细解析

者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，

所以读者遇 到文章中做了解释

的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。

意群训练：

With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids ,

leaving

the

large

animal

vulnerable

to

attack

until

the

acid

is

reconverted

,

via

oxidative

metabolism

,

by

the

liver

into

glucose

,

which

is

then

sent

(in

part

)back

to

the

muscles

for

glycogen synthesis .

3

好好学习，天天向上

7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves

’

preference,

revealed

most

clearly

on

plantations

where

sale

was

infrequent,

was

very

much

for

stable monogamy.

（

3+

）

难句类型：插入语

译文：

由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明 ，奴隶的

偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大 程度上侧

重于稳定的一夫一妻制（

monogamy

。

解释：本句中插入语的使用

revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,

后

半个分句中的主语

that slaves

‘

preferenc e

与系动词

was

离得太远，造成阅读 的困难。

意群训练：

Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the

slaves

’

preference,

revealed

most

clearly

on

plantations

where

sale

was

infrequent,

was

very

much for stable monogamy.

8.

Gutman

argues

convincingly

that

the

stability

of

the

Black

family

encouraged

the

transmission

of-and

so

was

crucial

in

sustaining-the

Black

heritage

of

folklore,

music,

and

religious

expression

from

one

generation

to

another,

a

heritage

that

slaves

were

continually

fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

（

4

）

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

译文：

古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，

黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传 说、

音乐、

及宗教表

达在内的黑人文化 遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作

用，而对于这种文 化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。

解释：由

that

< br>引导的宾语从句中，

encouraged

的宾语

the transmission of the Black heritage

被

同时表示并列和转折的

and

so

分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗 号

后面的部分是修饰前面的

black heritage

的同位语。

意群训练：

Gutman

argues

convincingly

that

the

stability

of

the

Black

family

encouraged

the

transmission

of-and

so

was

crucial

in

sustaining-the

Black

heritage

of

folklore,

music,

and

religious

expression

from

one

generation

to

another,

a

heritage

that

slaves

were

continually

fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

9. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests

，

may have derived from

West African rules

governing

marriage,

which,

though

they

differed

from

one

tribal

group

to

another,

all

involved

some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

（

3+

）

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

译文： 古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，

尽管 这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（

unio n

with close kin

）的禁止。

解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语

Gutman

suggests

割裂了主句的主语和谓语。

West

African

rules

后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰

(governing

marriage),

第二个是以

w hich

引导的非限定性定语从句，从句中出现了第二个插入语

though

they

differed

from

one

tribal group to another

，又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。

意群训练：

This

preference

for

exogamy,

Gutman

suggests

，

may

have

derived

from

West

4

好好学习，天天向上

African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all

involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United

States,

but

his

definition

of

racial

prejudice

as

negative

prejudgments

against

a

group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition

，

as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews

in

medieval Europe.

（

4+

）

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词

译文：

该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，

相对而言尚能适用，

但他对种

族偏见所下的定义——即

“以种族为基础的、

针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，

< br>而该群体在

任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”

——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼

亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些 种族群体的敌视态度。

解释：本句 长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的

后半个分 钟中，长长的插入语

as racially based negative prejudgments against a group generally

accepted

as

a

race

in

any

given

region

of

ethnic

competition

作为主语

his

definition

of

racial

prejudi ce

的同位语，使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理< /p>

解，

对读者的词汇功底要求较高。

考试现 场如无法读懂，

宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，

but

之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，

转折后的内 容就应该说其理论

对华人和犹太人相对无用。

意群训练：

His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the

United

States,

but

his

definition

of

racial

prejudice

as

negative

prejudgments

against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition

，

interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and

the Jews

in medieval Europe.

考研英语长难句（

2

）

11. Such variations in size

，

shape, chemistry

，

conduction speed

，

excitation threshold, and the

like

as

had

been

demonstrated

in

nerve

cells

remained

negligible

in

significance

for

any

possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

5

）

难免类型：复杂修饰

译文：类似于这 些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋

阈值及其类似 的方面上所发生变化，

当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时

解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉

such

thing

as

somethin g

这样的语言方式，可是当

中间的小东西

thing

居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面

的

as

及其后的

s omething

到底为哪方神圣。再加上以

such

as

为中心的长主语距离系动词

re main

太远，

更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，

直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文

时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像 是

such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.

意群训练：

Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and

the

like

as

had

been

demonstrated

in

nerve

cells

remained

negligible

in

significance

for

any

5

好好学习，天天向上

possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron

types however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced

by

these

differences

,

which

seemed

instead

to

influence

the

developmental

patterning

of

the

neural circuits .(5)

有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差 异；

可是，

这样

的证据是缺乏的，

即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，

而这些差异看起 来却

能影响神经网络的发育模式。

难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装

解释：与 很多人的印象相反，

lack

从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词 或名词的词性。其形容

词的形式是

lacking,

本句的在

however

之前和之后 的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序

是：

to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however

后面是个大倒装，

lacking

之后的

引导的同位语人名是修饰主语

proof

的，

但是因为它太

长，所以为了避免头 重脚轻，被放到

lacking

之后，正常的语序应该是

proof

that

the

quality

of ..was lacking

意群训练：

It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among

neuron

types;

however,

proof

was

lacking

that

the

quality

of

the

impulse

or

its

condition

was

influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning

of the neural circuits.

13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine

was

generally

abandoned

in

favor

of

the

opposing

view,

namely,

that

nerve

impulses

are

essentially

homogeneous

in

quality

and

are

transmitted

as

currency

throughout

the

nervous system.

（

4

）

尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，

这一点从来都没有在严格的意义

上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本 质

相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。

难句类型：复杂修饰、双重否定

解释：前半个分句中有一个双重否定，

was never rigidly disproved,

这种表示法用中文说出来

还是比较好懂的，

原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法，

但在英 文中出现，

因为在以前的学习

中见得少，

所以感觉上很别扭。

因此，同学们的任务，就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这

样的英语。

其实在英文表达中，

很多双重否定 与中文表达是一样的，

表示肯定；

如

n ot unlimited

就等于

limited

。

但是值得读者注意的是在

GRE

< br>和

GMAT

这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的

dichotomous(

即二分法的词汇，比如上面例

子中的

l imited

和

unlimited)

，则双重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的

not disprove,

理解为

agree

，

不反对者中，

的确有人会同意，

但通常心存疑虑，

随大流者居多。

不但如此 ，

大双重否定中加上限定词以后，在否定的范围上也有所变化，如本句的

be

never

rigidly

disproved

，

没有完全被反对，

不能理解为从来都被严格支持的，

而应该理解成从来都可能有

人支持的。综上所述，对双重否定的句子，简单的把其置换为肯定，不是最精确的理解。而

最好的办法，

就是通过多读、

多练来熟悉其语言表达 及其逻辑方式，

按照其字面的表达理解

成没有完全否定，

然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态；

这种理解 才

6

好好学习，天天向上

是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。

运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法，

可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说 前

面的那种观点被反对了。但是，初学者会对这个分句中的

so mething be abandoned in favor of

something

else

这种语 言表达感到突然，如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者，虽然也能说

得通，但是其实原文 从来没有这种因果关系，

in favor of

强调的是这两 种动作的同时性；抛

弃了前者，而转向后者，

namely

之后的内容是前面的

opposing view

的同位语。

意群训练：

Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the

doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are

essentially

homogeneous

in

quality

and

are

transmitted

as

currency

throughout

the

nervous system

14.

Other

experiments

revealed

slight

variations

in

the

size,

number,

arrangement,

and

interconnection

of

the

nerve

cells,

but

as

far

as

psycho

neural

correlations

were

concerned,

the

obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any

of the minute differences.

（

4 -

）

尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的 大小、数量、排列和相互

连接上有一些小的差异，但是就心理

-

神经的关系而言，这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相

似性看起来 比起微小的差异更为令人注目。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语

as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned

。

在后面的分句中，主语

the obvious sim ilarities

之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多

读者看到相隔很远的

more

remarkable

than

时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简