-
(print only:
P1-P14
)
Unit Eleven
Text
I:
Cultivating A Hobby
Winston
Churchill
Pre-reading
Brainstorming:
1. What is
your hobby? How do you develop your hobby?
2. What are
functions of hobbies in general?
Teaching objectives
1.
To use
metaphorical language in exposition.
2.
To
use
synonymous
expressions
that
add
to
the
vividness
and
effectiveness of exposition.
3.
To appreciate
Churchill
’
s style of
writing, focusing on parallelisms in
particular.
Notes
1.
Hobbies
,
broadly
defined,
are
constructive
spare-time
activities
that
may
have
a
variety
of
goals:
pleasure,
relaxation,
therapy,
self-improvement,
and
making
new
friends
and
social
contacts.
They
generally
fall
into
one
of
two
categories:
collecting
(such
items
as
stamps
or
coins)
and
creating
(such
activities
as
model
making
and
painting). Hobbies offer a change from
daily routines. Hobbies are of
many
various
kinds
, for example:
1. collecting stamps,
coins, rocks, seashells, butterflies, books,
autographs,
postcards, chinaware,
antiques, and many other things;
2. making model cars, ships, planes,
railway cars. etc.;
hobbies
such
as
gardening,
cooking,
woodworking,
making
furniture,
decorating, etc.
;
4. photography; 5.
needlework and knitting;
6.
writing poetry, prose, fiction, etc.
7.
painting
and
sculpture.
There
are
also
hundreds
of
other
interesting
leisure-time
activities.
2.
Sir Winston
Churchill
was a distinguished amateur
painter.
the
first
concededly
amateur
artist
ever to have
a
retrospective
show of
his own at New York
City's Metropolitan Museum of Art. As an amateur's
show,
it
was
accorded
a
most
favourable and
enthusiastic
reception;
by
professional
standards,
it
would
not
have
been
as
graciously
received.
15th
ad. , 1984, v. 8, p. 974)
in
his later years to this favourite hobby of his.
`If it weren't for painting,'
he said,
`I couldn't bear the strain of things. 'His works
were featured by
the
Royal
Academy
of
Arts.
He
was
also
an
amateur
mason,
held
a
bricklayer's
union
card,
and
personally
built
the
kitchen-garden
wall
at
Chartwell, his estate in
Kent.
ad. , v. 4, p. 490. )
About Winston Churchill
(1874- 1965)
1)
A
public man having a most colorful political
career:
?
early
career: been a solider, war time correspondent
?
at
27, (in 1901) served as Conservative MP
?
office held
including:
a.
President of the
Board of
Trade
（商务部长）
b.
Home Secretary
（内政部长）
c.
First Lord of
the Admiralty
英国海军大臣
d.
(1922-24)
Chancellor of the Exchequer
（财政部长）
?
（
for
a
decade
between
late
19
20’s
to
19
40’s
< br>）
became
a
political
outcast,
not
holding
any
office
(The
Conservative
government
failed
to
cope
with
the
economic
crisis
and
lost
power in 1929.)
?
(On
the
outbreak
of
World
War
II)
returned
to
public
life,
served as the First Lord of the
Admiralty
?
(1940-1945) served as the Prime
Minister
首相
, as War leader,
becoming a symbol of British resistance
in the darkest days of
the
conflict,
fighting
as
the
Nazism
(He
warned
the
British
government against
the threat of German military expansion.)
?
defeated in the
General Election of 1945 (ironically)
?
returned to
office in 1951
?
finally resigned at the age of 80 in
1955
2)
A man of
versatile talents
?
a powerful orator , Passage B, one of
his speech)
?
man
of letter (awarded Nobel Prize for literature in
1953)
?
an
amateur painter (paintings were displayed in the
galleries of
the Royal Academy of Arts
in 1958
?
he
was
awarded
the
his
mastery
of
historical
and
biographical
description
as
well
as
for
brilliant
oratory
in
defending exalted human
values
Main Idea
:
Churchill's concern in this essay is
the role hobbies play in relaxing the
mind of rational, industrious, and
useful human beings
Purpose
of writing and Tone
:
To
bring
home
to
the
reader
the
importance
of
cultivating
a
rightly
chosen hobby.
3) Organization and
Development
:
Introduction
: (P1-2)
Development:
(P3-5)
Organization of the text by
XU
Section 1 (para. 1-2): Raising the
topic: explaining what worry is and
the
importance of a hobby in attenuating worry
Para.
1:
explain
the
notion
of
“
worry
”
,
but
something
else
is
implied
by
“
insinuate
something
else
into
its
convulsive
grasp
”
and
“
illumination of another
field of interest
”
Para.
2:
thesis
statement:
“
The
cultivation
of
a
hobby
and
new
forms of interest is therefore a policy
of first importance
to a public
man
”
.
Section 2
(para. 3-5): Classifying human beings into three
categories
and emphasizing the
importance of hobbies to them
Para. 3:
the classification of human beings into three
classes:
those who are
toiled to death; those who are worried to death;
and those who are bored to death.
Para.
4:
For
the
unfortunate
people
who
can
command
everything
they want, the most hopeful path is
discipline in one form or
another.
Para.
5:
the
classification
of
rational,
industrious,
useful
human
beings into two classes and the need of
hobbies to them:
those
whose
word
is
work
and
whose
pleasure
is
pleasure,
and those whose
work and pleasure are one.
ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT in TB
Churchill's concern
in this
essay is the role hobbies play in relaxing the
mind of rational, industrious, useful
human beings.
To explain
how a hobby works
, he first of all
explains what worry really
is. Although
here the word
expressions
that
are used
to
refer to
hobby
and
show
the
way
a
rightly
chosen
hobby
works
to
attenuate
worry,
e.
g.
something
else
into its convulsive grasp,
The classification in paras. 3 and 4
i
s the division of human beings
into three classes: those who are
toiled to death, those who are worried to
death, and those
who
are
bored to
death.
The other
classification is the
division
of
rational,
industrious,
useful
human
beings
into
two
classes:
those
whose
work
is
work
and
whose
pleasure
is
pleasure;
and
those
whose work and
pleasure are one. The two classifications are
related in
that in the second
classification, the third category of human beings
in the
first classification, ., those
who are bored to death, is excluded. Obviously,
in
Churchill's
opinion
these
cannot
be
justifiably
regarded
as
rational,
industrious, useful human beings, and
in their case,
no hobby can help to
relieve their boredom.
Hobby
is
good
only
for
those
rational,
industrious,
useful
human
beings,
no
matter
whether
they
regard
work
and
pleasure
as
one
or
as
separate.
But Churchill emphasizes that hobby is all the
more necessary
for those who integrates
work and pleasure. These are people who need
more
than
anyone
else
an
alternative
outlook,
a
change
of
atmosphere.
Comprehension Questions
:
1. While “
worry
”
is defined as a “spasm of emotion” in the first
sentence
of
the
passage,
what
other
phrases
are
used
in
the
first
paragraph
to
refer to this annoying
state of the mind?
---
2.
What does the word
“
attended
” on line 5
mean?
--- accompanied
3.
Metaphor
in
describe the
cultivation of a hobby
--- the last
sentence -
needed.
The
cultivation of a hobby is compared to that of a
plant. First of all,
the
right
hobby
(the
seed
of
a
plant)
must
be
carefully
chosen
for
a
person
(good ground); then the process of cultivating a
hobby, like that
of growing a plant,
requires care and effort. Only in this way can one
reap
in
due
time
the
fruit
of
one's
labour
the
relaxing
effect
of
one's
hobby.
4. What kind of
people do you think Churchill had in mind when he
made
the three-classes classification?
1)
who
are
toiled
to
death
refers
to
manual
laborers,
blue-collar workers. (para. 3)
2)
their brains,
e. g., professionals, public men.
(para. 3)
3)
anything
seriously,
perhaps
the
leisured
class.
The
fourth
paragraph
refers
particularly to this class of non-industrious and
useless creatures.
5.
Why
does
Churchill
classify
as
unfortunate
those
people
who
can
command
everything
they
want?
Do
you
think
he
sympathizes
with
them?
--- These
people are simply hopeless; nothing works to
relieve them of
their boredom.
Churchill
does
not
really
feel
sympathetic
towards
them.
Note
the
phrase
boredom
He
seems
to
think
that
this
is
what
they
deserve.
6.
What is the meaning of the word
“
discipline
” on line
30?
--- Regularity, a more
regularized way of life.
7. Some of the
simplest and most modern form of pleasure?
--- Jogging, taking a walk, listening
to music on the radio, watching TV,
gardening.
8. In what sense
are the second class of people, ., those whose
work and
pleasure are one, “Fortune’s
favored children”?
--- There
is never a clash between work and pleasure. They
are always
happy to work.
9.
How do you interpret the word “grudge” in para.
5?
--- accepted with great
reluctance
10. What does the word “it”
on line 43 refer to?
---
their work
11. Identify the expressions
in the last two sentences used to refer to the
notion “hobby”.
--- an alternative outlook, a change of
atmosphere, a diversion of effort,
a
means of
banishing it (work) from their
minds
5) Difficult Sentences for
paraphrasing
1. The stronger the will,
the more futile the task.
---The more you attempt to shake off
your worry, the harder it will be
for
you to get rid of it/have it off your mind.
2.
It is no use
starting late in life to say:
“
I will take an interest in
this
or
that”
(L.
15-16)
--- It is
not a good idea to begin thinking of pursuing a
hobby when
you have already
grown old.
3. It is not use
doing what you like; you have got to like what you
do.
---It
is
no
good
believing
that
you
are
in
a
position
to
enjoy
at
a
moment's
notice
any
pastime
which
happens to
catch
your
fancy;
pleasure
comes
from
exerting
one's
talents
in
a
hobby
suited
to
one's circumstances.
4. As for the unfortunate people who
can command everything they
want,
who
can
gratify
every
caprice
反复无常
,
任性
,
怪想
and
lay
hands
on
almost
every
object
of
desire
---for
them
a
new
pleasure, a new excitement is only an
additional satiation
使饱足
,
饱食
,
饱满
,
饱享的
,
厌腻的
.
---Since those very wealthy people can
afford to get access to almost
anything
they may think of and to turn the most fanciful
ideas into
reality, there is nothing in
this world that can interest or excite them
any
more.
To
them,
a
new
pleasure,
a
new
excitement
may
very
often make them even
more bored about life.
5. Indeed, it
may well be that those who work is their pleasure
are
those who most need the means of
banishing it at interval from
their
minds.
---In
fact, it is probably those whose work provides
them with their
enjoyment
arc
those
who
are
most
in
need
of
periodic
distractions
from their
work.
Difficult Sentences
for Translation (E-C):
1.
As
for
the
unfortunate
people
who
can
command
everything
they
want,
who
can
gratify
every
caprice
反复无常
,
任性
,
怪想
and
lay
hands on
almost every object of desire---for them a new
pleasure, a
new excitement is only an
additional satiation
使饱足
,
饱食
,
饱满
,
饱享
的
,
厌腻的
.
2.
In
vain
they
rush
frantically
round
from
place
to
place,
trying
to
escape
from
avenging
boredom
by
mere
clatter
and
motion.
For
them discipline in one form or another
is the most hopeful path.
3.
Indeed,
it
may
well
be
that
those
who
work
is
their
pleasure
are
those
who
most
need
the
means
of
banishing
it
at
interval
from
their minds.
Difficult Sentences for Translation
(C-E):
1.
他暗示
John
是肇事者的企图是徒劳的。
His
attempt at
insinuating
that
John was the culprit
犯人
turned
out to be
futile.
2.
当他未能完成期望他做的是时，他很善于临时找个借口来为自己
开脱。
He is very clever at
improvising
临时准备
excuses when
he fails to do
what is expected of him.
3.
他此行去西藏可以满足他想参观布达拉宫的愿望了
His trip to Tibet will
gratify
his desire to see the Potala.
4.
这个公司拥有雄厚的人力资源。
This
corporation
commands
指
挥
,
支
配
,
博
得
,
excellent
human
resources.
5.
另外想个办法去款待你的客人。不要老是请他们看影视光碟。
Think of an
alternative
way of
entertaining your guests. Don't always
show them VCDs.
6.
沉溺于胡思乱想和心血来潮是有害的。
It is harmful to indulge in whims
whim
一时的兴致
,
幻想
,
反复无常
,
怪念头
,
奇想
and
caprices
反复无常
,
任性
,
怪想
.
7.
不属于你的东西不要作非分之想。
Try not to
lay your hands on
anything that you
are
not
entitled
to
.
8.
他没来参加竞赛。很可能他把这件事全部忘记了。
He
did
not
come
to
the
competition.
It
may
well
be
that
he
had
forgotten all about it.
7)
Key Words and
Expressions:
1.
spasm
(L.
1)an
involuntary
muscular
contraction;
here,
a
sudden
violent spell (of)
2.
futile
(L.
3)ineffective, unsuccessful
3.
insinuate
(L.
4)introduce (something) indirectly and subtly
4.
convulsive
having a violent involuntary
contraction, spasmodic (refer
to 1)
5.
illumination
enlightenment, edification
6.
recuperation
getting back
strength; getting free from worry
7.
improvise
make or do without
preparation, practice, sufficient material,
etc.
8.
sedulously
(L.
12)diligently, assiduously
9.
vivifying fruits
results
that give one relaxation/ refreshment
10.
command
(L.
26) have within reach; be master of
11.
caprice
sudden wish to have or do something;
whim
12.
banish
(L. 42) drive out; get rid of
8) Key Language Points:
1.
futile
---ineffective,
unsuccessful. Example: All his attempts to solve
the problem were futile.
2.
attend
--- go with,
accompany. Example:
The
delegates
to
the
international
conference
were
well-attended by
bodyguards in casual clothes.
3.
improvise
--- do something
offhand or without preparation. Example:
He was asked to perform in the play at
the last minute, so
he
had
to
improvise
from
time
to
time
as
he
couldn't
remember his lines.
4.
alternative mental
interests
--- other interests of the
mind alternative
adj.
- that may be had instead of another.
Example:
There
is
no
alternative
way
of
doing
this. Our way is the only way.
5.
tend
--- take good care of,
look after. Examples: The head nurse tended
the patients with great care. The
farmer tended his sheep with
loving
care.
6.
at
hand
---
(rather
formal
use)
near
in
time
or
place.
Examples:
He
always keeps a dictionary at hand. The
graduation day is at
hand.
7.
command
---
have control of; be master of. Example: He
commands a
large sum of money.
8.
gratify every
caprice
--- satisfy every whim;
gratify
: satisfy a desire,
etc.
Example:
This
set
of
encyclopedias will gratify
her
thirst for knowledge.
caprice
--- a sudden wish to
have or
do something without any
reason. Example: I hope your
decision
to quit the job is just a caprice.
9.
lay one's hands on --
-
manage to obtain. Example:
He
tries
to
lay
his
hands
on
everything
that
comes his way.
---
(formal
word)
the
state
of
having
too
much
of
something
that
one
gets
tired of it. Example:
Overindulgence in
anything brings about satiation.
in one form or another
---
orderly and controlled way of behaving and
acting in various forms
--
- something received as a
repayment for services, loss, injury, suffering,
etc. Example:
The
fulfillment
of
a
difficult
task
is
the
best
form
of
compensation
for
your hard work.
means
of
sustenance
---the
income
to
support
themselves
with
food,
drink, and other
necessities of life
means
--
-
a
method
or
way
(of
doing
something),
e.
g.
,
means
of
instruction, means of transportation,
means of communication
diversion of effort
--- a
change in one's attempt to do something
diversion
--- 1)
something that turns one's attention to something
else.
Example:
What he said
was a diversion to the main point.
2) something that amuses. Example:
Diversions are many and varied in large
cities.
may well be
that
. . . --- it is likely or possible
that . . . Example:
He didn't show up
at the party. It may well be that he had no
interest in
it.
--- dismiss, drive out.
Example:
Banish worries from
your mind.
Post
reading Activities:
Classroom
discussion
1. In what way is the
cultivation of a hobby similar to the growing of a
plant?
2. Why is cultivation
of hobbies most important to
“
a public
man
”
?
3.
In
what
sense
are
those
whose
work
and
pleasure
are
one
“fortune’s
favored
children
”
?
Unit Eleven
Text II:
A
Debt to Dickens
Pearl S. Buck
Pre-reading Brainstorming
:
Do you owe any debt to any famous
writers or other people that have
influenced you a great deal?
How did him / her influence
you?
Main Idea of the passage:
Dickens'
novels
rendered
(give
her
help
or
assistance)
her
an
inestimable
service
when
she
was
a
lonely
American
child
in
a
remote
Chinese
countryside.
Structure of
the passage:
Introduction--
I have to write to meet my obligation;
Her living conditions and difficulties
at that time;
The hobby of
reading Dickens and benefit she obtained from it.
Organization
and development of the text by XU
Section 1 (para. 1): Stating the
writing purpose: to express a feeling
of warm gratitude to Charles Dickens
Section
2
(para.
2-3):
Explaining
factors
that
contributed
to
her
feeling of loneliness
and alienation
Para. 2: living
environment of the seven-year-old child
Para. 3: her feeling of being foreign,
and her longing to know more
about her
own folk
Section 3 (para. 4-7):
Explaining how she had benefited from reading
Dickens
Para. 4: an
extraordinary accident
–
the
discovery of Dickens
’
works
and thus the discovery of her playmates
Para. 5: the discovery meant to that
small, lonely child: she entered
into
her own heritage by reading Dickens
Para. 6-7: The reading program, which
lasted for about ten years, has
taught
me a lot.
I)
Comprehension Questions:
1.
What
were
the
factors
that
jointly
made
Buck
a
solitary
girl
in
her
childhood?
--- She lived in a remote part of the
Chinese countryside. She was alien to
the people around her, and they were
alien to her. Her parents were too
busy
to pay any heed to her and she did not have any
playmates.
?
Intensely solitary (alien from her own
culture, not accepted by
the Chinese
culture either)
2.
Why
did
Dickens’s
novels
appeal
so
much
to
Buck
when
she
was
a
child?
--- In
reading Dickens, she found her way into her own
heritage.
?
In
reading Dickens, she found her way into her
heritage. (She
was
able
to
identify
herself
with
her
culture,
to
regain
her
identity.
找到自我
?
Characters
depicted in the novels
3.
How did Buck’s “debt” to Dickens deepen
with
the passage of time?
---
They
did
not
just
satisfy
her
longing
for
her
own
culture,
but
also
taught
her Christian faith and shaped her morals.
?
She has been
reading Dickens for about 10 years (para 6)
?
“He opened my
eyes to people, taught me to love all
sor
ts of
people…
?
“give
me
the
zest
for
life,
that
immense
joy
in
life
and
in
people.
( not only satisfy her longer for her
own culture, but also taught
her
Christian faith and shaped her morals.)
More questions for Further
Understanding
I) Why does Buck say that
she owed Dickens a debt?
---
Because Dickens' novels rendered her an
inestimable service when she
was a
lonely American child in a remote Chinese
countryside.
II) What did
Dickens taught Buck in particular?
---
In particular, Dickens taught Buck
1.
to love all sorts of people, high and
low, rich and poor, the old and
little
children,
2.
to
despise
falsity/deceit/insincerity
and
hypocritical
uttering
of
flattery,
3.
that
beneath
bluntness,
there
may
be
kindness,
which,
as
well
as
goodness, is the best thing in the
world,
4.
to look down upon
making money by dishonest means,
5.
that his simplicity was a great zest
for life, ., the immense joy in life,
in people, and in their variety
Language Points in Text II
.):
1.
ache/pain/pang:
a
bodily
sensation
that
causes
acute
discomfort
or
suffering
A Pain
may range in its application from a
sensation that makes one
uneasily
aware
of
some
bodily
disturbance
or
injury
to
a
sensation
resulting
from
severe
injuries
or
disease
and
of
agonizing
intensity:
from a sensation
that is purely local to one that affects the
entire body.
. a pain in the finger,
chest pains
His body was wracked with
pain.
An
ache
is a
steady, dull, and often generalized pain that is
frequently
associated with some
underlying disorder.
. the ache of an
abscessed tooth;
…
backache that
accompanies kidney disease
A
pang
is
a
sharp,
sudden,
and
usually
transitory
pain
of
great
intensity, especially one that recurs
in spasms.
.
…
pangs have taken hold upon
me
…
…
attacking
them
(fleas)
was
a
waste
of
time,
and
unless
a
particularly savage pang forced you
into action, you just sat and let
yourself be devoured.
ache
(v.):
feel a continuous, but not very
sharp pain there
. The noise of the
traffic made my head ache.
an aching back
ache to do sth/for
sth:
want to do or have something very
much
. I was aching to tell him the good
news.
2. obligation:
a moral
or legal duty to do something
. You can look at the books without any
obligation to buy.
I have certain
obligations to
my family.
Meet / fulfill an
obligation:
do something that is your
duty
be
under
an
obligation:
(a)
to
have
to
do
something
because
it
is
a
legal
or
moral
duty;
(b)
to
owe
someone
loyalty,
thanks,
or
money
because
they have done something for you (+
to
)
place sb
under an obligation:
.
Signing a contract places you under a long-term
obligation.
3. perch:
be
perched on/upon/over etc: to be in a position on
top of, or on
the edge of
something
. a house perched on a cliff above the
town
4. treacherous:
(ground
or situations) particularly dangerous because you
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