-
浅析“吃”的翻译
班级
:英本
2043
学号:
200407139
姓名:魏盼
摘要:本文探究了英语中关于
“
p>
吃
”
的各种不同表达法;以汉语中
“
吃文化
”
为线索,对
由
“
吃
”
诞生
的短语及谚语进行归类,
然后在此基础上讨论其各自的翻译。
通
过实例阐述了翻译中必
须作到对源语言理解透彻,再对其进行意译,而不能逐字硬译。<
/p>
关键字
:
吃
吃相
<
/p>
“
吃
”
字短语<
/p>
引申意
Abstract:
his
paper
comments
on
the
various
expression
for
“eat”,
with
the
clue
of
“Chinese
culture
of
eating
”
,
it
brings
the
phrases
and
idioms
relating
to
“eat”
into
categories,
and
then
based
on
this
classification,
it
discusses
their
translation
.Through
examples,
this
paper
has
included that translators should have a
thorough grasp for the source language, and then
do free
translation. Do avoid word-by
word translation.
Key Word: eat
eating
manner
phrases relating to
“eat”
figurative
引言:一提到
“
吃
”
,人们自然而然想到的英语对等词就是
“eat”
。实际上,在很多情况下,并
不是用
“eat
”
来表达。
如《水浒传》第二十六回《偷骨殖何酒叔送丧
供人头武二郎设祭》有这么一个场景:武松
请邻居吃酒,
准备为兄报仇,
众邻居的紧张气氛、
害怕心理可想而知,
p>
特别是王婆和他嫂嫂。
“……
士兵斟酒到第
四杯酒,前后共吃了七杯酒过,
众人却似吃了吕太后一前个筵席。
”
这句
话中连用了二个
“
吃
”
,但在英译本中都没有一个
< br>“eat”
而译成
“So
the
soldier
came
again
and
poured out four rounds of wine and this
made seven rounds altogether and it seemed to the
guests
that by now they had sat through
the length of a thousand feasts.”
下面我们就由简单开始分析。
p>
一、
1.
在单纯表示
“
吃东西
”
这一概念上,英译是常见
的表达法大致有六种。
1.1
译作<
/p>
eat
,
take
或
have
(
1
)
“
哈
哈,
好小弟,
快吃啊!
吃了肚子就不唱
大戏了
。
”
(贾宝泉
《撷自那片芳洲的清供》
)
“Aha, my good brother, now
eat
it and your
stomach will not make any noise again.”
(
2
)
p>
在船里坐着舒服,
躺了也无妨,
又可以吃茶
,
吸水烟,
甚至吃大烟。
(叶圣陶
p>
《三种船》
)
Whether
it
was
no
trouble
to
lie
down
and
possible
to
take
tea
or
smoke
a
water
pipe
or
even
opium.
(
3
)
“
你且和我上街去
吃几杯酒。
”
(施耐庵罗贯中
《水浒传》
)
“Come out and
have
a few drinks with
me.”
1.2
译作
dine, feed,
consume
等词
(
1
)鲁达道:
“……
搅俺
兄弟们喝酒?
……”
(施耐庵
罗贯中
《水浒传》
)
“…disturb us while we
dine
…”
(
2
)
“
你总算有个吃饭的地方了。
”
(叶圣陶《一个练习生》
)
“Well, at last
you’ve found somewhere that’ll
feed
you.”
(
3
)约莫吃了十来碗。
(施耐痷
罗贯中《水浒传》
)
Lu
consumed
ten
big bowls of wine.
1.3
译作
like, love,
enjoy, care for/about, be fond of, would like
等
(
1
p>
)
“
怎么,他不吃糖吗?
< br>”
(陆文夫《美食家》
)
“Doesn’t he
like
sweets?”
(
2
)那玩艺老少都爱吃。
(陆文夫《小贩世家》
)
The old
folds
love
that sort of
thing .
(
3
)
:
“
都走了!快活吃酒!
”
(施耐庵
罗贯中《水浒传》
)
“They’ve all gone,”he said, “now I can
enjoy
this wine!”
(
4
)
“
p>
我不大喜欢吃。
”
(陆文夫《小贩世家》<
/p>
)
“I don’t
care for
good
food.”
(
5
< br>)全家的人都没有心思吃晚饭。柔石《为奴隶的母亲》
)
The household was so excited that no
one
cared about
supper.
(
6
)因此
对贪吃之徒总是有点瞧不起。
(陆文夫《美食家》
)
I always looked down on people
who
were
too
fond
of
good food.
(
7<
/p>
)茶博士问道:
“
客官,吃甚茶?
”
(施耐庵
罗贯中《水浒传》
)
A waiter approached him,
“What kind of tea
would
you
like
, Sir?”
1.4
译作
live on,
live off
等短语动词
(
p>
1
)我跳起来了:
“
你也不能天天吃清炒虾仁呀!
”
(陆文夫《美食家》
)
I blew up, “You
can’t
live on
shrimps.”
(
2
)农民来饭都没得吃,只好吃一点野菜煮番薯,哪里还缴得出什么租啊?(
叶圣陶《一
个练习生》
)
How could the peasants keep up with the
rent when were
living off
boiled sweet potatoes and wild
plants?
1.5
有些词本身并不表示
“
吃
”
,但在一定的语境中却有
< br>“
吃
”
的意思
< br>
(
1
)三人再吃了两角酒,下
楼来叫道。
(施耐庵
罗贯中《水浒传》
)
After the three men
finished
two more measures of wine they went
down the stairs.
(
2
)
“
我要吃火腿汤淘饭,
”
小的孩子咬着指头说。
(叶圣陶《潘先生在难中》
)
“I
want
ham soup with my rice,” announced the
younger child sucking his fingers.
(
3
)智深寻思道:
“
……
这早晚怎地得些酒来吃也好!
”
(
施耐庵
罗贯中
《水浒传》
)
Sagacious Lu said to himself with a
curse: “……if only I could
get
some w
ine.”
(
4
)有的甚至买十套,二十套,留着中午当饭吃
。
(蒋子龙《赤橙黄绿青蓝紫》
)
Some even bought as many as twenty to
keep
for lunch.
(
5
)史进道:
“
如何使得!
——
你肯吃我酒食么?(施耐庵
罗贯中《水浒传》
)
“Impossible,” retorted Shi Jin, “Will
you
share
my food and
drink?”
(
6
)陈奂生肚里吃得饱,身上穿得新
……
(高晓声《陈奂
生上城》
)
Chen was
with
a full stomach, a suit
of clothes......
(
7
)店家切一盘熟牛肉,烫一壶热酒,请林冲吃。
(施耐庵
罗贯中
《水浒传》
)
He served a planter of sliced
beef
,
heated a
pot of wine and invited Lin to help himself.
(
8
)那就是朱自冶
——
到苏州的外婆家来吃喜酒的。
(陆文夫
《美食家》
)
That was Zhu, who’d been
at
a wedding banquet
at his
gran
dmother’s in S
uzhou.
(
9
)
……
非常泄气,就去和何须他们吃吃喝喝,胡打胡闹。
(蒋子龙《乔厂长上任
记》
)
When feeling
blue, he would
go to a
restaurant
or mess around with He Shun
and his mates.
(
10
)老是不想吃饭,想吃新鲜的面、番茄等。但番茄或面吃了两餐,又不想吃,又想吃馄
饨,多吃又要呕。而且还想吃南瓜和梅子。
(柔石《为奴隶的母亲》
)
She
had
little
appetite
for
regular
meals
and
always
felt
like
eating
something
different
——
noodles and potatoes and
so on .But she soon got tired of noodles and
potatoes,
and
asked
for
meat
dumplings.
When
she
ate
a
little
too
much
she
got
sick.
Then
she
felt
a
desire
for
pumpkins and plums.
(
11
)果然,这孩子拿了就往嘴里送,吃得咂咂地流口水。
(陆文夫《美食家》
)
And
sure enough the little boy stuffed half the
chocolate into his mouth and
sucked
greedily.
2.
不同的人有不同的
“
吃
”
相,有的人细嚼慢咽,有的人狼吞虎咽。真可谓
“
吃
”
相种种,表达
< br>各异。下面我们来讨论一下英语中各种不同的吃相吃法。
(
1
)
guzzle
表示无节制、贪婪地吃
“
到来只顾吃嘴!
”
(施耐庵
罗贯中
《水浒传》
)
“All you can think of is
guzzling!”
(
2
)
raven
表示狼吞虎咽地、贪婪地吃
有时一坠
下去就寻不见,只得舍了它,一会儿又在那里大吃了。
(叶圣陶《苦菜》
)
Some
disappeared
as
soon
as
they
fell
and
had
perforce
to
be
abandoned
to
return
to
their
ravening.
(
3
)
gobble
表示贪婪、迅速地吞食
他一把夺过来就吃,淡淡的清苦味中,竟是一股甜丝丝的味道。
(贾宝泉《撷自那片芳洲的
清供》
)
He grabbed it and gobbled it up.
It even tasted somewhat sweet mingled with a
slight bitterness.
*
以上几个词意思相
近,都边式快速地吃,可以互换。
(
4
)
munch
是出声地咀嚼,用力地
嚼
只吃了一半,枣子分吃了几个。
(
施耐庵
罗贯中
《水浒传》
)
Scooping up half a ladle of wine, he
drank it while munching on a few dates.
(
5
)
chew
表示细嚼慢咽
Bite
表示齿类动物咬食
好比吃甘蔗,开头只是乱嚼一顿直到吃剩一节两节了,才慢慢地咬,慢慢地咀嚼,
舍不得糟
蹋一滴蔗汁。
(叶圣陶《一个练习生》
)
It was like eating
sugarcane. You chomp away at first, but you bite
slower and you chew slower
when there
is only one or two sections left, grudging every
drop of wasted juice.
二
.
但是,
在很多时候,
“
吃
”
并不表示
“
吃
”
这个动作的本意。
特别是汉民族崇尚
“
民以食为天
< br>”
,
其饮食文化历史之悠久,
内
容之丰富是举世皆知的,
由此而诞生出来的
“
< br>吃
”
字短语极为丰富。
而且,它
们大都脱离了
“
吃
”
< br>的本意,而拥有自己的引申义。所以,在对这些习语进行英译时
不可逐字对应地硬
译,若把
“
吃苦
”
译成
“eat bitterness”
,
“
吃闲饭
”
译成
“have free meal”
就会闹出笑话。
既然是习语,
理解时应从整体上把
握其意义,
然后进行意译。
若能在英语中找到对应的成语或谚语
,当然更好。
下面就分类讨论一下我们日常生活中的
“
吃
”
字短语。
1.
对中国人而言,和
“
吃
”
联系最紧密的当然是
“
饭
”
,而由简单的
一个词
“
吃饭
”
,就滋生了各
式各样的
“
饭
”
。
例如:吃江湖饭
,吃生意饭,吃衙门饭,吃开口饭,吃百家饭,吃四方饭,吃现成饭,吃闲
饭,吃大锅饭
,吃儿孙饭吃太平饭等。熟语中亦有
“
吃曹操的饭,做刘备的事
”
,
“
吃纣王
俸
禄,
不说纣王无道
”
等。
这些格式各样的
“
吃
p>
——
饭
”
说法中,
除了源自民间习俗的
“
吃豆腐饭
”
(指有丧事)
——to express
one’s
condolences to the
bereaved and share in
the bean curd mea
l
(是比较真实的
“
吃饭
”
之外,
其他的都是
“
p>
子虚乌有
”
的
“<
/p>
饭
”
。
不过它们
的共同特征是这些
“
饭
”
基本上和
“
过日子
”
有关,故翻译时要整体把握进行翻译。比如
“
吃衙门饭
”——
to
receive
a
salary from the government
,
“
吃开口饭
”——
to make a living as an entertainer
p>
,
“
吃百家饭
”<
/p>
或
“
吃四方饭
”
——
to live off donations from all quarte
rs
。
而
“
吃
闲饭
”
是指不劳而获,
译成
“t
o lead
an idle life or to be a sponger”
。
这样一来,
它似乎和
“
p>
吃现成饭
”
有些雷同,
但后者一般译成
“to
eat
what is already
prepared”
,或者更地道一点儿
“to enjoy the fruits of others’
work”
。再如
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