-
第一章
To understand the
human body it is necessary to understand how its
parts are put together
and how they
function. The study of the body's structure is
called anatomy; the study of the
body's
function
is
known
as
physiology.
Other
studies
of
human
body
include
biology,
cytology, embryology, histology,
endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology
etc.
了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学
叫解剖学；研究人体
功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚
胎学、
组织学、
内分泌学、
血液学、
遗传学、
免疫
学、
心理学等等。
Anatomists find it
useful to divide
the
human
body
into
ten
systems,
that
is,
the
skeletal
system,
the
muscular
system,
the
circulatory
system,
the
respiratory
system,
the
digestive
system,
the
urinary
system,
the
endocrine system, the
nervous system, the reproductive system and the
skin. The principal
parts of each of
these systems are described in this article.
解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、
肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌
、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文
描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部
分。
The skeletal system is made of bones,
joints between bones,
and cartilage.
Its function is to provide support and protection
for the soft tissues and the
organs of
the body and to provide points of attachment for
the muscles that move the body.
There
are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have
various shapes - long, short, cube -
shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of
the long bones have an interior space that is
filled with
bone marrow, where blood
cells are made.
骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人<
/p>
体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有
206
根骨头。骨形态不一，有长
的、短、立方的、扁的及不
规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的
制造场所。
A joint is where bones are joined
together. The connection can be so close that no
movement is possible, as is the case in
the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement:
either back and forth in one plane
- as with the hinge joint of the elbow
- or movement
around a
single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits
the head to rotate. A wide range of
movement is possible when the ball -
shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the
end of
another bone, as they do in the
shoulder and hip joints.
关节把骨与骨连接起来。
颅骨不能运动，
是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许
活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关
节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头
部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，
大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关
节）即成为可能。
Cartilage is a more flexible
material than bone.
It serves as a
protective, cushioning layer where bones come
together. It also connects the
ribs to
the breastbone and provides a structural base for
the nose and the external ear. An
infant's skeleton is made of cartilage
that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant
grows
into
an
adu
lt.
软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸
骨
连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生
长、骨化，使
婴儿长大成人。
The muscular
system allows the body to move, and its
contractions produce
heat,
which
helps
maintain
a
constant
body
temperature.
Striated
muscles
can
be
consciously
controlled.
The
ends
of
these
muscles
are
attached
to
different
bones
by
connective tissue bands
so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves
in relation to
the other. This makes it
possible to move the whole body, as when walking,
or to move just
one
part
of
the
body,
as
when
bending
a
finger.
Contractions
of
the
heart
and
smooth
muscles are not under
conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the
walls of organs
such
as
the
stomach
and
the
intestines
and
serve
to
move
the
contents
of
these
organs
through the body.
肌肉系统使躯体运动，肌
肉收缩产生的热有助于维持一个恒定的体温。人体能够
有意识地控制条纹肌。结缔组织使
肌肉末端附着于不同的骨面上，所以当肌肉收缩时，两骨彼此靠近
而产生运动。
这也就使整个人体可以运动起来，如走路，运动躯体某个部位，如弯曲
手指。心脏收缩和平滑肌收缩
就不是被意识所控制的。器官壁内层的平滑肌，如胃肠壁的
平滑肌把胃肠中的物质运送到全身。
The
circulatory
system.
All
parts
of
the
body
must
have
nourishment
and
oxygen
in
order
to
function
and grow, and their waste products must be removed
before they accumulate and
poison
the
body.
The
circulatory
system
distributes
needed
materials
and
removes
unneeded ones. It is
made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood,
which together make
up the
cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of
the body's defense system. It has
antibodies and white blood cells that
protect the body against foreign invaders.
循环系统：
机体的所有部分需要营养物质和氧气来使之发挥功能和生长，
也需要在这些器官所产生的废物积聚而
危害生命之前将其排除。循环系
统运送有用物质，排泄废物。心血管系统是循环系统的组成之一；心
血管系统包括心脏、
血管及血液。血液也是机体防御系统的一个部分，血液中有抗体及白细胞来防止
机体受到
外来的侵袭。
The heart is a muscle
that is divided into two nearly identical halves:
one half receives blood
from
the
lungs
and
sends
it
to
the
rest
of
the
body,
the
other
half
sends
blood
that
has
traveled through the body back to the
lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood
is
forced out into arteries and enters
small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart
through veins.
心脏是一块被分为几乎对等两半的肌肉。
一半吸收来自肺部的血液，
并将血液运送到机体的其余部位，
另一半使流经全身的血液回流人肺。心脏收缩时，动脉把全身血液输送到毛细血管。静脉输送血液返
回心脏。
Also
functioning in circulation is the lymphatic
system. Some of the fluid that surrounds cells
does not reenter the blood vessels
directly. This fluid, called lymph, returns to the
heart by
way of another system of
channels - the lymph vessels. Lymph nodes along
these vessels
filter the fluid before
it reenters the blood. The spleen is a large
lymphatic organ that filters
the blood.
淋巴系统也是循环系统的一个组成部分。
一些细胞周围的体液不
是直接回流入血管通道，
这种体液叫
淋巴液，它是流经另一个管
道系统——淋巴管而回流人心脏。沿淋巴管的淋巴结将淋巴液过滤，过滤
后再回流人血液
。脾是一个过滤血液的大淋巴器官。
The
respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air
and expels carbon dioxide and water
vapor.
Air
enters
the
nose
and
mouth
and
travels
through
the
larynx,
and
trachea.
The
trachea divides to enter each of the
two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to
form a
very
large
number
of
small
air
spaces.
Oxygen
from
the
air
enters
the
blood
through
capillaries in the walls of these air
spaces, and the blood release carbon dioxide into
the air
spaces to be exhaled.
呼吸系统从空气中摄取氧气，并将二氧化碳、水蒸气排出体外。空气经鼻腔、口腔人喉管、气管。气
管分成左右支气管，各连结左右肺，左右支气管再分枝
20
多次，在终端形成大量微小的肺泡。从空气
摄取的氧气流经这些肺泡壁内的毛
细血管流入血液，血液再经肺泡把释放出的二氧化碳排出体外。
The digestive system consists of a tube
extending from the mouth to the anus. In it, food
and fluids are taken in, moved through
the body, and broken down into small molecules
that
are
absorbed
into
the
circulatory
system.
This
breakdown,
known
as
digestion,
is
both
a
mechanical
and a chemical process.
Food enters
through the mouth, where chewing and saliva start
to break it up and make it
easier
to
swallow.
Next,
the
food
travels
down
through
the
esophagus
to
the
stomach.
Contractions of
the stomach's muscular wall continue to
break down the food mechanically, and chemical
digestion continues when acid and
enzymes are secreted into the stomach cavity.
消化系统是一个从口腔直到肛门的管道。食物和液体在消化道里被吸收，在肠道里移动时，被分解
成
小分子物质后再进入循环系统。这种分解，即消化，是一个机械过程，也是一个化学过
程。
食物进入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液开始将食物粉碎，使之便于
吞咽。接着，食物经食管人胃。胃肌壁的收
缩继续机械化地分解食物，而当酸和酶分泌入
胃腔时，化学性消化开始。
The
liquified
food
gradually
passes
into
the
small
intestine.
In
the
first
part
of
the
small
intestine,
called
the
duodenum,
enzymes
from
the
pancreas
are
added.
These
enzymes
complete the
chemical breakdown of the food. The digestion of
fat is aided by bile, which is
made in
the liver and stored in the gall bladder. The
small intestine of an adult is about 21
feet
(6.4
meters)
long.
Most
of
its
length
is
devoted
to
absorbing
the
nutrients
released
during these digestive activities.
液体化食物逐渐进入小肠。小肠的起始部分叫十二指肠，胰腺分
泌的酶辅
助食物消化。这些酶完成食物的化学分解。肝脏分泌的胆汁贮存在胆囊内，胆汁有助于脂肪
消化。一个成年人的小肠有
21
英尺（
6.4
米）长。小肠的大部分肠段用来吸收消化过程中释放的营养
物质。
The liquid remainder
of the food enters the large intestine, or colon,
which is about 12
feet
(3.7
meters)
long.
It
is
more
than
twice
as
wide
as
the
small
intestine.
In
the
large
intestine most of the
fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues
are expelled.
液状的剩余食物进入大肠，或结肠，它大约有
12
英尺（
3.7
米）长
。大肠是小肠的两倍多宽。大部分
液体在大肠内被吸收，相对干化的残余物被排出体外。
The urinary system
maintains normal levels of water and of certain
small molecules such as
sodium and
potassium in the body. It does this by passing
blood through the kidneys, two
efficient filtering organs that get rid
of any excess of various molecules and conserve
those
molecules that are in short
supply.
泌尿系统维持水分及体内某些小分子物质，如钠、钾的正常水平。身体
是通过让’肾过滤血液来做到
这一点的。肾是两个有效的过滤器官，它滤出各种多余的小
分子物质，保留那些供应不足的小分子物
质。
The fluid that leaves the kidneys,
known as urine, travels through a tube called the
ureter to
the bladder. The bladder
holds the urine until it is voided from the body
through another
tube, the urethra.
从肾流出的液体，即尿，通过输尿管人膀胱。膀胱起贮存尿液的作用，直到尿经膀胱另一端的管道
排
出。
The
endocrine
system.
The
two
systems
that
control
body
activities
are
the
endocrine
system
and
the
nervous
system.
The
former
exerts
its
control
by
means
of
chemical
messengers
called
hormones.
Hormones
are
produced
by
a
variety
of
endocrine
glands,
which release the hormones directly
into the blood stream.
内分泌系统。内分泌和神经是调控机
体活动的两个系统，前者依靠其化学信使——激素发挥作用。激
素是由各种内分泌腺体制
造，并直接被释放入血流
A major gland is
the pituitary, which is located under the brain in
the middle of the head. It
produces at
least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney
function, and development
of the
sex organs. Because some of
the
pituitary's hormones
stimulate
other glands to produce
their own hormones, the pituitary
called the master gland.
脑垂体是一个主要腺体，它位于
头中部脑下方。它至少分泌八种激素，这些激素对人体生长、肝功能
及性器官发育有影响
。
因为脑垂体分泌的一些激素促进其他腺体分泌
激素，
所以脑垂体是主要腺体。
Another gland, the thyroid, is located
between the collar bones. Its hormone controls the
rate of the body's metabolism. The sex
organs (ovaries end testes) make the sex cells and
also make hormones that control certain
characteristics of males and females. Located on
top
of
each
kidney
is
the
adrenal
gland,
which
produces
cortisone
and
adrenaline.
The
pancreas produces not only digestive
enzymes but also 3
insulin and
glucagon, which control the body's use of sugar
and starches.
另一个腺体，
甲状腺，
位于锁骨之间。
甲状腺激素调控着机体新陈代谢的速度。
性器官
（卵巢、
睾丸）
分泌性
细胞和性激素，这些激素控制着男性和女性的某些特征。每边肾上方是肾上腺，它分泌可的松
和肾上腺激素。胰腺不仅分泌消化酶，而且分泌胰岛素
和高血糖素，这两种激素控制机体的糖分及淀粉的消耗。
The nervous system. The brain, the
spinal cord and the nerve - also controls body
activities.
The lower parts of the
brain control basic functions such as breathing
and heart rate as well
as
body
temperature,
hunger,
and
thirst.
Above
these
regions
are
the
centers
for
sight,
sound, touch, smell,
and taste, and the regions that direct voluntary
muscular activities of
the arms and
legs. Performed here are the higher functions of
integrating and processing
information.
神经系统——脑、脊髓及神经，也调控机体活动。脑的偏下部位控制着诸如呼吸、心跳、
体温、饥渴
的基本活动。而脑的偏上部位则是视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉及味觉中心，也是
指挥臂、腿随意肌肉运
动的区域。神经系统更高级的功能是整合、处理信息。
The brain receives and sends
information by means of nerves, many of which lie
partly in the
spinal cord. The spinal
cord is protected by the spinal column. Nerves
enter and leave the
spinal cord at each
level of the body, traveling to and from the arms,
legs, and trunk. These
nerves bring
information from the various sense organs. The
information is processed by the
brain,
and then messages are carried back to muscles and
glands through out the body.
脑通过神经收集并传送
信息，许多神经部分地分布在脊髓里。脊髓由脊柱保护。在机体每一级，神经
传人、传出
脊髓，往返于臂、腿、躯体。这些神经输送来自各种感觉器官的信息。信息经脑处理后输
送回全身及腺体
The
reproductive
system
is
constructed
differently
for
males
and
females.
The
male
reproductive
system
is
responsible
for
producing,
transporting
and
maintaining
viable
sperm
(the
male
sex
cell).
It
also
produces
the
male
sex
hormone,
testosterone,
which
regulates
the
development
of
a
beard,
pubic
hair,
a
deep
voice
and
other
bodily
characteristics of
the adult male.
男、女性的生殖系统不同。男性生殖系统产生、输送
、维持能存活的精子（男性性细胞）
。它也分泌
男性激素、睾酮
，以此调节胡须、阴毛、深沉嗓音极其他成年男子身体发育的特征。
The female productive system is
responsible for producing and transporting ova
(the female
sex cells), eliminating ova
from the body when they are not fertilized by
sperm, nourishing
and providing a place
for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilized
by sperm, and
nourishing a
newborn
child.
The
female
reproductive
system
also
produces
the
female
sex
hormones,
estrogen
and
progesterone,
which
regulate
the
development
of
breasts
and
other
bodily
characteristics of the mature female. <
/p>
女性生殖系统产生、输送卵子（女性性细胞）
，将未受精的卵子排
出体外，而当精、卵结合时，女性
生殖系统培养、提供胚胎生长场所，并孕育新生儿。女
性生殖系统也分泌女性性激素——雌激素和孕
酮，以此调节乳房及其他成熟女性身体发育
的特征。
The
skin
is
a
complete
layer
that
protects
the
inner
structures
of
the
body,
and
it
is
the
largest of the body's
organs. It keeps out foreign substances and
prevents excessive water
evaporation.
The nerves in the skin provide tactile
information. The skin also helps keep the
body's temperature close to 37
°
C, heat is conserved by
reducing blood flow through the
skin or
is expended by increasing blood flow and by
evaporation of sweat from the skin. Hair
and nails are accessory structures of
the skin.
皮肤是保护肌体内层结构的完整层，也是机体的最大器官。皮肤防
御外来侵袭，防止过多水分蒸发。
皮肤上的神经提供触觉信息。皮肤也能将体温维持到<
/p>
98.6
华氏度（约
37
摄氏度）
。通过皮肤的血流量
降低时，热量就被储存起
来，通过皮肤的血流增加及汗液蒸发时，热量就散发。头发及指甲是皮肤的
附属结构。<
/p>
第二章
Human Diseases
The brief
survey of the human body in Chapter One has given
us a glimpse into two different
studies
that
are
considered
the
fundamentals
of
medical
sciences,
namely
anatomy
and
physiology. However, the
picture is not complete without considering
pathology, the science
that deals with
the structural and functional changes produced by
the disease. In fact, the
modern
approach
to
the
study
of
disorder
emphasizes
the
close
relationship
of
the
pathological
and
physiological
aspects
and
the
need
to
understand
the
fundamentals
of
each in treating any body diseases.
第一章中，通过对人体的概论，即解剖学与生理学，我们对两种被认为是医学基础的不同学科有
了一
个大致的印象。然而如果我们不考虑病理学，这门涉及由疾病带来的结构和功能变化
的学科，上述的
人体概论就不是完整的。实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调了病理学与
生理学方面的密切关系，强
调了我们在治疗任何人体疾病方面需要了解病理学与生理学基
础的重要性。
Then what is a
disease? It may be defined as a condition that
impairs the proper function of
the body
or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both
plants and animals, can succumb to
disease. People, for example, are often
infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn,
can be
infected by even more minute
viruses.
那么什么是疾病呢？它可能被定义为正常的功能或是部分功能遭受损
害时的一种状态。每一种生物、
植物和动物，都会受制于疾病。例如，人类常常被微小的
细菌所感染，但是，反过来说，细菌又能够
被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。
Hundreds of different diseases
exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms
and signs,
clues that enable a
physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is
something a patient
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