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动词的语气——虚拟语气
一、语气
l
、语气:语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2
、语气的种类:
(1)
陈述语气
:
< br>表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问
句和某些感叹
句。如:
We are not ready.
我们没准备好。
What a fine day it
is!
多好的天气
啊
!
(2)
祈使语气
:
表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如
: Open
the door,
please
。
请打开门。
(3)
虚拟语气
:
< br>表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是与客观事实相反的假设或
不可能实现的
愿望等。如
: If I were you, I
wouldn
’
t do that again.
如果我是你,我不会再
那么做
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能
发生的,就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。
如
:
●
If it doesn’t rain
tomorrow, we will go to the park.
如果明天不下雨,我们就去公
园。
<
/p>
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来也不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条
件句。
如
:
●
If he had seen you
yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
如果他昨天见到
你,他会问你这件事的。
(
事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事。
)
●
If I had a million pounds,
I would make a round-the-world tour.
如果
我有一百万英
镑,我就去环游世界。
(
In
fact
I
don
’
t
have
so
much
money,
neither
will
I
make
a
round-the-world
tour.
)
在含有虚拟条件句的复
合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件
从句和主句的动词形式列表如
下
:
与现在事实相反
与过去事实相反
从
句
主
句
动词的
过去式
,be
的过去式一般用
woul
d/ should/ could/ might +
动
were
)
词原形
had +
过去分词
①动词过去式,
②
should +
动词原形,
③
were to +
动词原形
would/
should/
could/
might
+
have +
过去分词
would/
should/
could/
might
+
动词原形
与将来事实相反
注
:
主句中的
should
只用于
I
、
we
,但在美国英语中,
should
常被
would
代替;从句中
的
should
可用于各种人称。
1
l
、表示与现在事实相反的假设和
结果。
如
:
●
If my brother were here,
everything would be all right.
要是我哥哥在这儿
,一切
都没问题了。
(In
fact, my brother isn
’
t here
and there is still some trouble.)
2
、表示
与过去事实相反的假设和结果。
如
:
●
If you had taken my
advice
,
you wouldn't
(couldn’t) have failed in the exam.
如果
你按照我的建议去做,
你一定不会
(
不可能
)
考试不及
格。
( In fact, you
did
n’
t take my advice
and you have failed in the exam.)
3
、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设
和结果。
如
:
●
If
it
were
Sunday
tomorrow,
I
should
< br>(would
,
could
,<
/p>
might)
go
to
see
my
grandmother.
如果明天是星期天,我就
(
可能
)
去看望我奶奶。
(Tomorrow isn
’
t Sunday.)
●
If it were to snow this
evening, we could go skiing tomorrow.
如
果今晚下雪,我们
明天就可以去滑雪了。
(
in fact, it
’
s in summer.
It
’
s impossible that it will
snow.
)
4
、
有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一
致
(
表示错综时间的虚拟
语气
)
,这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。
< br>
如
:
●
If you had
listened to the doctor, you would be all right
now.
如果你当初听了医生
的话,身体现在就好了。
(
从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反
)
5
、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式
:
(l)
省略连词
if
。在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句谓语动词中有
wer
e
,
had
或
should
,
可以把
if
省略,把这几个词放
到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。
如
:
●
Should he come (If he
should come), tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了,让他给
我打个电话。
Were I you (If I were you), I would not
do it.
我要是你,就不做这事。
●
Had you (If you had )taken
my advice
,
you
wou
ldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the
●
exam.
(2)
有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,
但可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出
来。要根据个人理解进行正确判断。如通过介词短语来表示。常用介词短语如
without
,
but for
(
要是没有
…
,要不是因为有
…
),
以及
otherwise
;
如
:
●
Without air (If there were
no air), there would be no living things.
如果没有空气
的话,就不会有生物了。
●
But
for your
help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t
have done it.
要是没有
你的帮助,我就不可能
完成这件事。
如
:
●
I
was
busy
that
day.
Otherwise
I
would
have
gone
there
with
them.
(If
I
hadn’t
been busy that day, I would have gone
there with them.)
我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一
起去那儿了。
(
如果我那天不忙的话,我就??
p>
)
;
●
I would have finished the
work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill,
I would
have finished the work.)
我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了。
(
如果我没
生病的话,
我就会完成??
)
6
p>
、
省去条件从句或主句
:
< br>表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,
但其含义仍可
以通过上下文推知。
(1)
省去条件
从句
。
2
如
: You could have washed
your clothes yourself.
你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了
you
had wanted to
事实是
:
你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗。
)
(2)
< br>省去主句
(
常用以表示愿望
)<
/p>
。常见的是
If
……
,
或
If only
……
(
要是
…
就好了
p>
)
如
:
●
If my
grandmother were with
me!
p>
如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊
!(
事实是
:
祖
母已不在世。
)
;
If only she
had not left!
如果她没走就好了
!(
事实是
:
她已经走了。
)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l
p>
、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:在
It
is important (strange
,
natura
l
,
necessary,
vital, urgent)that
?
这类句型里,
that
所引导的主
语从句中的谓语动词常用
“
shou
ld
十动
词原形
”
结构,表示某事是
重要
、
奇怪
< br>、
自然
、
必要
等意义
。
如
:
●
It is important
that every member (should) inform himself of these
rules.
每个成员
●
知道这些规则是很重要的。
●
It
’
s
necessary that everyone of us (should) make a plan
for the new project.
有必要
每个人为这个新项目做个计划
2
、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法:
<
/p>
(1)
在动词
wish
< br>后的宾语从句中
,表示与客观事实相反或不大可能实现的主观愿望,
谓语动词用相应的过去式。从句通常省略连词
that
。
1)
表示对现在情况的虚拟
p>
:
从句谓语动词用
一般过去式,或过去进行
式
如
:
●
I wish I knew the answer to
the question.
我希望知道这个问题的答案。
(
可惜不知
道
)
;
●
I
wish
I
were
sitting
in
a
superb
music
hall,
enjoying
the
most
beautiful
masterpieces.
我希望我此刻正坐在最辉煌的音乐厅中,欣赏着最美的大师杰作。
2
)表示对过去情况的虚拟
:
从句动词常用
had
十过去分
词
。
如
:
●
I
wish
I hadn’t spent so much money.
我后悔不该花那么多钱。
(
实际已经花掉
)
;
3)
表示对将来的主观愿望
:
谓语动词形式为
would/ should/ could/ might
十动词原形
如
:
●
I wish it would stop
raining.
但愿雨能停止;
●
I wish I could take all the
sufferings instead of you.
希望我能替你承担所有痛苦。
(2)
在
s
uggest
,
advise
,
recommend, propose ,order
,
command
,
request
,
demand,
decide, desire,
insist
,
等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“
(
should +
)
动词原形”
,
表示建议、要求、命令等
主观意向。这种虚拟的谓语动词形式也适用于其它与这些动词
相关的名词性从句中。
p>
如
:
●
I demand that he
(should) answer
me
immediately.
我要求他立刻答复我。
●
It has been
decided that the meeting be put off.
●
My suggestion
is that we (should) have a holiday to get
refreshed.
需要明确的一点是
:
suggest
当“暗示”解时,从句用陈述语气;
insist
表示坚
持的是一种事实,或自认为的一种事实,而不表示主观提议时,也用
陈述语气。
如:
●
The
expression
on
his
face
suggested
that
he
didn
’
t
believe
the
fact.
他脸上的表情暗示着他不相信这一事实。
●
He insisted
he had seen me somewhere before.
他坚持说他以前
在某个地
方见过我。
3
3
、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
由
as
if
/
as though
引导的状语
从句如果表示与客观事实相反的情况,要用虚拟语气。
谓语动词用相应的过去式。
如
:
●
He treats me as
if I were a stranger.
他那样对待我,好像我是陌生人。
p>
(
事实上
我们很熟
)
He speaks English so
fluently as is he were a native English speaker.(<
/p>
事实上英语
对于他只是外语
)
。
注
:
如果表
示的事情是真实情况,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
如:
Dark clouds
are gathering as if it is going to rain.
4
、虚拟语气在
(
high
)
time
(that)
?
句型中
,从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语
气表示将来,动词形式一般用
< br>过去式
,意思是
该干某事的时候
了
。
●
如
:
●
It’s (high)
time we did our homework.
我们该做作业了。
5
、虚拟语气在
if only
(要是
…
就好了)引导的感叹句中
如:
●
If
only I had followed his
advice.
要是我听他的建议就好了。
< br>6
、
虚拟语气在
If it
were not for
…
(Were it not
for
…
),
(
与现在事实相反)
If it had
not been
for
…
( Had it not been
for
…
)
(
与过去事实相反)
中的使用
如:
●
If
it were not for the rain, the crops would die.
●
If it had not been for your timely
help, I would have failed.
7
、虚拟语气在
would
rather
后从句中的应用,
如:
●
I
would rather that you paid me now.
●
I’
d
rather you hadn
’
t do that.
●
I’
d rather you painted the
house green next time.
8
、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
p>
(1)
情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气
、有礼貌,或委婉
的语气,常见于日常会话中。
如
:
●
It would be better for you
not to stay up too late.
你最好别太晚睡觉。
●
Would you be kind enough to open the
door?
(2)
在一些习惯表达中。如:
had
better do, would like to do, would rather
do
(3)
用“
may +
动词原形”表示
祝愿
、
但愿
”
,此时
may
须置于句首(多用于正式
文体中)
。如:
May you be
happy!
祝你快乐!
May good luck be
yours.
祝你顺利。
4