-
作者及作品
1.
本杰明
.
富兰克林（
Benjamin
Franklin
）
1706-1790
The
Autobiography
<<
自传
>>
第一章
富兰克林
是
18
世纪殖民地时期、启蒙时期和独立战争时期的代表人
物，他是科学家，作家，政治家和发明家。他是人文主义者，相信人
性善良，主张人权平等、政治平等。他的小说自传以亲身经历再次说
明，
美国有的是机会，
只要勤奋便能成功。
His
style is characterized by
simplicity,
frankness, wit, clarity, logic and order.
< br>他的成功经验对美国
人的人生观、
事业观和道德观产生过
深远影响。
他的自传还开创了美
国名人写传记的风气、建立了传
记文学的传统。
Franklin
was
a
representative
of
the
colonial
period,
the
Enlightenment period, and the American
revolution in the 18th
century. He was
a scientist, a writer, a politician, and an
inventor.
He
is
a
humanist
and
believes
in
good
human
nature
and
advocates
equality
of
human
rights
and
political
equality.
His
autobiographical
autobiography
once
again
explained
that
the
United
States
has
opportunities
and
can
only
succeed
if
it
is
diligent.
His
successful
experience
has
had
a
far-reaching
impact
on
Americans'
outlook
on
life,
career,
and
ethics.
His
autobiography
also
created
a
culture
of
American
celebrity
biography and
established a tradition of biographical
literature.
The
Autobiography
：
它是美国第一部成功的传记体作
品，是美国
民族文学的早期代表作。
自传不仅描写了一个成功者
在美国建国前期
取得的成就，
其价值和意义还在于揭示这一人物
内在道德品性的塑造
过程。
自传展示了他之所以成功，
一方面是依靠自身的勤奋和信念的
力量，另一方面还在于时代的造就。自
传展示了
18
世纪美国的社会
图景以及
启蒙时代的精神风貌，
塑造了一个全新的美国人的形象，
并
以个人的发展和成就再现了社会孕育的活力。对于美国个性的形成，
有着重要长久的影响，
同时也在一定程度上开始扭转欧洲人对美国的
蔑视和偏见。
It is the first
successful biography in
the United
States and
an
early
masterpiece
of
American
national
literature.
The
autobiography
not
only
describes
the
achievements
of
a
successful
person
in
the
early
days
of
the
founding
of
the
United
States,
but
also
reveals
its
value
and
significance
in
revealing the process of
shaping the character's intrinsic moral
character. Autobiography shows that he
has succeeded. On the
one hand, he is
relying on his own diligence and the power of
faith,
on
the
other
hand,
it
is
also
the
creation
of
the
era.
Autobiography shows the
social landscape of the 18th century
in
the
United
States
and
the
spiritual
outlook
of
the
Enlightenment
era,
shaping
a
brand-
new
image
of
Americans
and
reproducing
the
vitality
of
social
gestation
with
personal
development and achievements. For the
formation of American
personality,
it
has
an
important
long-term
influence.
At
the
same time, it also begins to reverse
the contempt and prejudice
of Europeans
to the United States to some extent.
2.
欧文（
Washington
Irving
）
1783-1859
欧文以短篇小说见长，
他的见闻札记
the sketch b
ook
开创了美国短篇
小说的传统，
使
他成为第一个享有国际声誉的美国作家。
充满美国式
的浪漫气息
和传奇色彩。
Irving is known for
his short stories. His sketch book created the
tradition
of
American
short
stories,
making
him
the
first
American
writer
to
enjoy
international
reputation.
Full
of
American-
style romance and legend.
3.
<
/p>
亨利
.
大卫
.<
/p>
梭罗（
Henry David
Thoreau
）
1817-1862
Walden
<<
沃尔登
>>
第
2
章
浪漫主义时期的散文家、哲学家、诗人。他接受爱默生关于认识自我
和研究自然的思想，
独自在沃尔登湖畔生活了两年，
把超验主义
的原
则和自己的哲理信念付诸实践。
他宣传自然的美好，
批判资本主义文
明的消极影响，呼吁人们到自然中寻找生活的意义和丰
富的精神世
界。他倡导个人主义、自力更生、物质节俭。他主张和平斗争的方式
反对战争和奴隶制。他后来逐渐脱离超验主义
transcendent
alism
，成
为一位社会活动家。
他
一生追求崇高的道德境界，
为崇尚物质的美国
生活增加了一个精
神侧面。
Style:
文章清晰，直截了当，文雅
He
is a prose writer, philosopher and poet during the
Romantic
period.
He
accepted
Emerson's
thoughts
about
understanding
himself
and
studying
nature
and
lived
alone
for
two
years
on
the
shores
of
Walden.
He
put
the
principles
of
transcendentalism
and
his
philosophical
beliefs
into
practice.
He
advocates
the
beauty
of
nature,
criticizes
the
negative
influence
of
capitalist
civilization,
and
calls
on
people
to
seek
the
meaning
of
life
and
a
rich
spiritual
world
in
nature.
He
advocates
individualism,
self-reliance,
and
material
thrift.
He
advocated
peace
fighting
against
war
and
slavery.
He
later
gradually deviated from
transcendentalism and became a social
activist. His lifelong pursuit of a
noble ethical realm has added a
spiritual dimension to the respect of
material American life.
Walden
<<
沃尔登
>>
书中讴歌了人类与自然的和谐生活，倡导个人主义、自力更生、物质
节俭。
他试图将身体的物质需求减少到最低限度，
以便在读书、
思考、
观察自然与自我中获得最大的精神财富和自由。
他努力发掘美国自然
环境在人类教养、
心灵塑造等方面的潜能，
强调所有人都应该有充分
的自由来选择独一无二的生活方式，<
/p>
将自己的生活看做诗、
当做艺术。
The book sings a harmonious life
between mankind and nature,
advocating
individualism, self-reliance, and material
prosperity.
He tried to minimize the
physical needs of the body in order to
obtain
maximum
spiritual
wealth
and
freedom
in
reading,
thinking,
and
observing
nature
and
self.
He
endeavored
to
explore the potential of the United
States' natural environment
in human
cultivation and spiritual shaping. He stressed
that all
people should have full
freedom to choose a unique way of life
and treat their lives as poetry and
art.
4.
<
/p>
埃德加
.
爱伦
.
坡（
Edgar Allan
Poe
）
1809-1849
The Cask of
Amontillado
<<
阿芒提拉多的酒桶
>>
埃
德
加
.
爱
伦
.
坡
< br>是
浪
漫
主
义
时
期
的
作
家
，
黑
色
浪
漫
主
义
dark
romanticism
他反对民主
，赞成蓄奴制。他的诗歌如乌鸦
The
Raven
等充满古怪，
奇特，
甚
至病态的形象，
poem should be short, concise
and
readable
at
one
sitting.
He
stressed
the
form
of
poem,
especially
the
beautiful and neat rhyme. He emphasizes
the integrity of poem (
完整性
).
他的小说充满哥特式的元素
Gothic
elements
，
deep analysis of
human
psychology.
以异国他乡为背景，以
混乱、死亡、怪诞和变态心理为
主要内容。
他是美国第一位主张
advocate
为艺术而艺术的作家
art for
art
’
s
sake
，还因写了大量推理小说而被推崇为西方侦探小说的鼻祖
precursor of detective
stories, science stories and New Criticism.
他反对
文学以说教为目的，
强调创造美感和激情的理
论对后世作家产生较大
影响，是当今世界最受欢迎的作家之一。
Style
：简洁明了，
ordinary,
traditional
，
Gothic
Edgar
Poe
is
a
writer
of
romanticism,
dark
romanticism,
he
opposes democracy, and favors slavery.
His poetry, such as The
Raven, is full
of bizarre, strange and even morbid images, poem
should
be
short,
concise
and
readable
at
one
sitting.
He
stressed
the
form
of
poet,
especially
the
beautiful
and
neat
rhyme.
He
emphasized
the
integrity
of
poem.
(Integrity).
His
novels
are
full
of
gothic
elements,
gothic
elements,
deep
analysis
of
human
psychology.
With
foreign
countries
as
the
background, the main contents are
chaos, death, grotesque and
abnormal
psychology. He is the first writer in the United
States
to
advocate
art
for
art
and
his
art
for
art's
sake.
He
is
also
regarded
as
the
precursor
of
western
detective
novels
for
precursor of detective stories, science
stories and New Criticism.
He
is
opposed
to
literature.
For
the
purpose
of
preaching,
emphasizing
the
theory
of
creating
beauty
and
passion
has
a
greater impact on later
writers, and is one of the most popular
writers in the world today.
The Cask of Amontillado
<<
阿芒提拉多的酒桶
>>
复仇者：
Montresor (monster)
被复仇者：
Fortunato(fortunate)
Cask: casket
棺材
两人都有性格上的缺陷，
f
的缺陷在明处，
m
的则是隐匿的。刻画这
种区别的意图
在于强化故事结尾高潮到来时应有的恐怖效果。
小说的
聚焦点正
是
m
的老谋深算反衬出的人格中更深层次的缺陷。他比
f
更邪恶、更可怕，没有节制的复仇欲望完全毁坏了他的灵魂。小说篇<
/p>
幅短小节奏很快，使用大量象征手法。
Both
have
personality
deficiencies,
f's
defects
are
in
the
light,
and m's are hidden. The purpose of
portraying this distinction is
to
strengthen the
horror effect that
should
be achieved
when
the climax of
the
story arrives.
The
focal point of
the
novel
is
exactly
the deeper flaw in the personality of m's old
plan. He is
more evil and more terrible
than
f, and
his desire for
revenge
without
temperament
completely
destroys
his
soul.
The
short
space of the novel is
very fast and uses a lot of symbolism.
5.
纳撒尼尔
.
霍桑（
Nathaniel
Hawthorne
）
1804-1864
The
Scarlet Letter
<<
红字
>>
浪漫主义时期的小说家，
不赞成超验主义，
反对清教主义对人
的压抑，
但常用清教主义关于人的罪恶天性、
人生来有罪等观念
去看待社会中
的现实问题。
他的作品中心主题往往是人的内心深
处隐蔽的罪恶和过
于自信的个人主义的种种缺陷。
Evil
is at the core of human life.
他善
于借用哥特式小说的手法并和传统的寓言故事的特点相结合，
剖析背
景和人物内心冲突，对后世作家影响颇大。
Style:
a
man
of
literary
craftsmanship,
extraordinary
in
the
use
of
symbol,
revelation
of
characters
’
psychology, the use of supernatural mixed with the
actual.
The
romantic
period
novelists
did
not
approve
of
transcendentalism and oppose the
suppression of Puritanism to
people.
However, he often used the Puritan principles of
human
nature, such as the nature of
crime, and the guilt of life to see
the
real problems in society. The central themes of
his work are
often
the
hidden
sin
of
the
human
heart
and
the
defects
of
overconfident
individualism. Evil is at the core of human life.
He
is
good
at
borrowing
the
techniques
of
Gothic
fiction
and
combining
it
with
the
characteristics
of
traditional
fables
to
analyze
the
background
and
the
inner
conflicts
of
the
characters, which has a great influence
on the writers of later
generations.
The
Scarlet Letter
<<
红字
>>
女主：白兰
Hester Prynne
丈夫：科学家齐里沃斯
Chillingworth
牧师：狄姆斯台尔
Dimmesdale
女儿：珍珠
私通：
Adultery
白兰以正直
、善良的品格以及对于生活的信念重新赢得了社会的承
认。
①它讲述的故事“符合人的心灵的真实”
②擅长使用象征的手法
③致力于表现重大冲突发生后的故事
历史题材的小说。
通过刻画特定的清教环境中的三种罪人，
在较
深的
层次上探讨了清教社会的本质，
尤其是人类本性中的善恶与
社会环境