-
Unit1
does covenant
mean?describe the old covenant and the new.
The Old Covenant is the
first section of the Christian Bible, based
primarily upon the
Hebrew
Bible
,
a
collection
of
religious
writings
by
ancient
Israelites.
It
is
the
counterpart
to
the
New
Covenant,
the
Christian
Bible's
second
section.
It
includes
such
diverse
materials
as
prophetic
oracles,
teachings
of
wise
men,
instructions
of
priests and ancient records of the
royal courts. Some material is historical, some is
legendary; some is legalistic, some is
didactic.
The books of
the
Old Covenant
can be
broadly divided into several sections: 1) the
first five books or Pentateuch (Torah);
2) the history books telling the history of the
Israelites, from their conquest of
Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon; 3)
the
poetic
and
books
dealing,
in
various
forms,
with
questions
of
good
and
evil
in
the
world;
4)
and
the
books
of
the
biblical
prophets,
warning
of
the
consequences of turning away from
God.
The
New
Covenant
is the second major part of
the Christian biblical canon, the first
part being the Old
Covenant,
which is based on the Hebrew Bible. The Greek New
Covenant
discusses
the
teachings
and
person
of
Jesus,
as
well
as
events
in
first
-
century
Christianity.
Although
Christians
hold
different
views
from
Jews
about
the Hebrew scriptures of the Old
Covenant, Christians regard both the Old and New
Covenants together as sacred scripture.
The New Covenant (in whole or in part) has
frequently accompanied the spread of
Christianity around the world. It reflects and
serves as a source for Christian
theology and morality. Both extended readings and
phrases directly from the New Covenant
are also incorporated (along with readings
from the
Old
Covenant)
into the
various
Christian
liturgies.
The
New
Covenant
has
influenced religious, philosophical,
and political movements in Christendom, and left
an indelible mark on its literature,
art, and music.
The
New
Covenant
is
an
anthology,
a
collection
of
Christian
works
written
in
the
common
Greek
language
of
the
first
century,
at
different
times
by
various
writers,
who were early
Jewish disciples of Jesus. In almost all Christian
traditions today, the
New Covenant
consists of 27 books.
is the meaning of the original
sin?
Original
sin
, also called ancestral sin, is the
Christian doctrine of humanity's state of
sin
resulting
from
the
fall
of
man,
stemming
from
Adam's
rebellion
in
Eden
.
This
condition
has
been
characterized
in
many
ways,
ranging
from
something
as
insignificant
as
a
slight
deficiency,
or
a
tendency
toward
sin
yet
without
collective
guilt,
referred
to
as
a
nature
to
something
as
drastic
as
total
depravity
or
automatic guilt of all humans through
collective guilt.
Jewish
theologians are divided in regard to the cause of
what is called
Some
teach
that
it
was
due
to
Adam's
yielding
to
temptation
in
eating
of
the
forbidden fruit and has been inherited
by his descendants; the majority, however, do
not hold Adam responsible for the sins
of humanity, teaching that Adam's sins are his
alone. However, Adam is recognized as
having brought death into the world by his
1
disobedience
by
some
theologians.
Because
of
his
sin,
his
descendants
will
live
a
mortal life, which will end in death of
their bodies. The doctrine of
not found
in most of mainstream Judaism. Although some in
Orthodox Judaism place
blame
on
Adam
for
overall
corruption
of
the
world,
and
though
there
were
some
Jewish
teachers
in
Talmudic
times
who
believed
that
death
was
a
punishment
brought upon
humanity on account of Adam's sin, that is not the
dominant view in
most
of
Judaism
today.
Modern
Judaism
generally
teaches
that
humans
are
born
sin
-
free and
untainted, and choose to sin later and bring
suffering to themselves. The
concept
of
inherited
sin
is
also
not
found
in
any
real
form
in
Islam.
Some
interpretations of original sin are
rejected by other Christian theologies.
3.
Justification, in Christian theology,
is God's act of removing the guilt and penalty of
sin
while
at
the
same
time
declaring
a
sinner
righteous
through
Christ's
atoning
sacrifice. In
Protestantism, righteousness from God is viewed as
being credited to the
sinner's account
through faith alone, without works.
Some
people
argue
that
natural
evils
are
a
mechanism
of
divine
punishment
for
moral evils that humans
have committed, and so the natural evil is
justified. God's
condemnation of evil
is subsequently believed to be executed and
expressed in his
created
world;
a
judgment
that
is
unstoppable
due
to
God's
all
powerful
will;
a
constant
and
eternal
judgment
that
becomes
announced
and
communicated
to
other
people
on
Judgment
Day
.
In
this
explanation,
God's
condemnation
of
evil
is
declared
to be a good judgment.
4. Evaluating the Image of Eve from the
feminist perspective
Feminist
movement
was
considered
as
one
of
the
most
influential
cultural
developments
in
western
civilization.
Interestingly,
if
we
traced
back
to
Christian
Bible,
the
primary
religious
texts
of
Christianity,
which
plays
the
dominant
role
in
western theology, we could hardly find
any evidence of feminism or gender equality.
Instead, a patriarchal system formed in
the Garden of Eden since Adam and Eve were
created. The following perspectives can
illustrate this point of view
explicitly.
The
creation
of
Eve:
Patriarchy
can
be
found
from
the
reason
why
Eve
was
created
as
well
as
the
process
how
Eve
was
created.
The
beginning
of
Genesis
portrayed how God
created the heaven and the earth in seven days,
followed by the
arrangement
of
the
Garden
of
Eden
and
a
man
named
Adam.
After
completing
all
these work, God made a woman named Eve
from Adam’s rib by saying “It is not good
that
the
man
should
be
alone;
I
will
make
him
an
help
meet
for
him.”
(Zhu,
5)
Considerable
debates
were
aroused
on
the
word—the
“help
meet”.
The
literal
meaning of the “help
meet” undoubtedly refers to someone who is a
helper to the
other
person
and
belongs
to
the
second
-
class
status.
In
other
words,
woman
was
born to help man,
to
accompany man,
and to
please
man
in
order to
prevent
him
from
loneliness.
Based
on
this
explanation,
some
people
would
insist
that
women
can
still
share
an
equal position
with
men,
for
they could
work
together.
However,
Thomas Aquinas
argued that the woman was created “not indeed to
help him in any
2
other work, as some have maintained,
because where most work is concerned man
can get help more conveniently from
another man than from a woman; but to help
him in the work of procreation.”
(Aquinas, 35) Thus, it was clearly that woman was
created not to share the same status
with man.
Another fact can also demonstrate that
woman was created to subordinate to
man. For the first woman, Eve, was
blamed as the symbol of original sin. She could
not resist the temptation of the
serpent, and also induced Adam to eat the
forbidden
fruit. She was the reason why
human beings were cast of the Eden garden.
However,
from
the
feminist
perspective,
such
criticism
on
Eve
is
unfair.
Because,
Eve
herself
wad
induced
by
the
serpent.
She
didn’t
mean
to
betray
the
Lord’s
will.
Besides,
without Eve, human beings would still
be naked and don’t know shame. And if so,
human
beings
can
never
be
different
from
animals.
Therefore,
Eve
should
be
the
origin of the history of
civilization of human beings.
The Old Testament written
in the patriarchal society was meant to
consolidate
the dominate status of man.
And at that time, women were treated as appendant
to
men.
可以参考
“
《圣经
·
旧约》中夏娃
、大力拉及路德形象的女性主义解读
”
5.
旧约中的主更严苛,新约中的耶稣更仁爱。
< br>旧约《圣经》中关于耶稣基督的预言,在新约中得到完全应验。新约首先在四福
音
书向我们揭示这位奇妙的人物是神的儿子,神的话、神的解释、说明和彰显。
祂将无限的
神带到有限的人里,
将三一神与三部分人联调在一起,
借着祂芬
芳的
美德,
在祂的人性里彰显全备之神丰富的属性,
并且完成了包罗万有之法理的救
赎。新约《圣经》继续解释这位奇妙人物在
复活里成了赐生命的灵,生为神的长
子,并为着祂的身体祂的教会重生信徒。祂这赐生命
的灵要进入信祂的人里面,
作他们的生命与他们成为一,
使他们
在生命性情上与祂一样,
成为神的众子。
这
些众子建造在一起,
成为基督的身体,
终极完成于新耶路撒
冷。
这是神对人永远
的定旨。
Christian
canon
is
contained
in
the
Bible,
comprised
of
the
Old
and
New
Testaments. The word bible comes from a
Greek word meaning books. Appropriately,
the
Bible
is
a
collection
of
scripture
(as
separate
books)
considered
sacred
and
inspired by the Holy
Spirit. The Jewish Bible, the Tanakh, contains
books of the Old
Testament. The
reverence and respect for the Jewish Old Testament
in the Christian
faith is evidenced in
Christ's own words. He says
fulfill
it.
-
20). The
Old
Testament
focuses on the Hebrews'
covenant with
God, their history,
wisdom and laws. The
New
Testament
centers on Christ's life and
ministry, crucifixion and
resurrection
Old
Testament:
Moses leads the
Isrealites out of Egypt
Old
Testament
books
include
the
study
of
creation
in
Genesis,
the
flight
of
the
Israelites
out
of
Egypt
in
Exodus
and
the
beautiful
Psalms.
Many
phrases
used
in
everyday life come from the Old
Testament.
Ecclesiastes
3.1
-
8. The Old Testament is
valued in the Bible as a source of prefiguring
3
the coming of
the Messiah.
New
Testament:
The New Testiment
begins with the birth of Christ
New Testament books include the four
Gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the
testimony
of
Jesus'
apostles.
Other
books
include
the
works
ascribed
to
Paul,
including Corinthians, Romans,
Ephesians and Timothy. The New Testament records
the life and ministry of Jesus. Through
the eyes of Jesus' apostles, the story of Jesus'
humble birth in the manger and the
angels telling the shepherds,
life.
6.
十诫,有时可能写做十戒,是《圣经》记载的上帝借由以色列
的先知和众部族首
领摩西向以色列民族颁布的十条规定,即《摩西十诫》
。耶稣复活以后,十诫成
为给全世界的人的诫命。
<
/p>
十诫对以色列人的生活有广泛的影响,
但是耶稣也曾经指出,
p>
犹太人故意寻找律
法的空子,即绕过律法的约束。在新约圣经中,由
于耶稣的降临,使得现在的基
督徒已经不是活在
“
律法中
”
,乃是活在
“
p>
恩典里
”
,但是十诫仍然对所有的基督徒<
/p>
产生深远的影响,并且一直是基督徒信仰的根基。
自圣奥思定开始,教会在给候洗者和信徒的教理讲授中,
「十诫」占着优越的
地
位。
在十五世纪,
人们习惯把十诫的
规条写成有节奏的词句,
以便背诵并采用积
极的形式。这种方式
直到今日仍被沿用。教会的教理书在讲解基督徒的伦理时,
经常随从「十诫」的次序。<
/p>
The central event in the
national founding of the Israelite people is the
giving of the
Law at Mount Sinai. The
“Ten Commandments” (Exodus 20:
1
-
14), pronounced there
by the Lord God to the assembled and
recently liberated children of Israel, constitute
the most famous teaching of the book of
Exodus, perhaps of the entire Hebrew Bible.
Prescribing proper conduct toward God
and man, the Decalogue embodies the core
principles of the Israelite way of life
and, later, of what would become known as the
Judeo
-
Christian
ethic. Even in our increasingly secular age, its
influence on the
prevailing morality of
the West is enormous, albeit not always
acknowledged or
welcomed.
Yet, despite its notoriety, the
Decalogue is still only superficially known, in
part
because its very familiarity
interferes with a deeper understanding of its
teachings.
7.
4
当我们读圣经的时候,
我们不应过分追究其中是否存在这些那些
信条的错误,
而
更应该关注它所记载的历史。
< br>事实上,
不难发现圣经上有许多信条、
信仰值得商
榷,甚至可以直接被否定;然而,大多数的还是通古至今的。对圣经的解读是一
次对历史的追溯和反省。这也许是圣经阅读的乐趣所在。
8.
这一题个人觉得看过了就可以了,没啥讨论的意义。
9.
a.
Bone of his bones
b. Eve’s
apple
c. Forbidden
fruit
d. Dust thou art; to
dust returnest/ P6
最后(
returne
st
不是一个单词来的,它是一
种古英语的语法现象。
thou
是古英语来的,相当于现在的
you<
/p>
,
art
是用在
thou
后面的系动词。
returnest
< br>里的
est
是与
thou
连用的动词后缀。
)
e. Adam and
Eve/
王侯将相宁有种乎?(人生而平等)
Unit2
1.
dialogue/
respond by asking back
2.
His
way
of
asking
back
guides
quizzer
to
find
the
truth
with
a
clear
logic.
In
his
argument,
he always emphasizes that he knows nothing as he
regards the argument
as
a
process
in
which
quizzer
and
responder
explore
the
truth
together.
Socrates
suspects
his
own
knowledge
and
other
wise
man’s
knowledge.
He
believes
there
must be some knowledge that he doesn’t
know.
3.
For Plato,
knowledge should be certain and infallible and
genuinely real as contrasted
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