-
中国石化英语分级测试
第一篇
How to be Happy
如何获得幸福
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2
第二篇
City Design
城市设计
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3
第三篇
Population
人口
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4
第四篇
Earthquake
地震
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5
第五篇
The
Aftermath of BP Fulf Oil
Spill----
英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏
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6
第六篇
Green Computers“
绿色
’’
电脑
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..
7
第七篇
Cell
Phones
手机
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8
第八篇
Touch Tech
触屏技术
..
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9
第九篇
Fossil Fuels and Our
Life
化石燃料与我们的生活
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1
0
第十篇
Carbon Emissions
碳排放
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1
1
第十一篇
Marine
Pollution
海洋污染
.
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1
2
第十二篇
China's Growth and the Clean Energy
Tech
中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术
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1
3
第十三篇
Market
Economy
市场经济
.
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1
4
第十四篇
CPI
消费者物价指数
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1
5
第十五篇
The
Internet
互联网
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1
6
十六篇
Apple Expands
its Touchy-Feely Vision
苹果公司用
iPad
延续梦想
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1
7
十七篇
3G
Technology
技术
....
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1
8
十八篇
Carbon Capture and Storage
碳捕
获和储存
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1
9
十九篇
GlobaIWarming
全球变暖
.
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2
0
二十篇
Alternate
Energies
替代能源
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2
1
二十一篇
Biofuels
生物燃料
....
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2
2
二十二篇
Coal
Chemicallndustry
煤化学工业
.
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2
3
二十三篇
Resource Curse
资源诅咒
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2
4
二十四篇
Company
Management
公司管理
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2
5
二十五篇
Recruitment
Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool
人才库
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2
6
二十六篇
Tips for Job
Seekers
找工作的秘诀
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2
7
二十七篇
Chinese Oil
Market
中国石油市场
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2
8
二十八篇
0il
Trade
石油贸易
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2
9
二十九篇
How I Lost My Head in the
V
olcanic Ash
Cloud
令人发疯的火山灰
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3
0
三十篇
Project
Management
项目管理
.<
/p>
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3
1
1
第一篇
How to be Happy
如何获得幸福
In
the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness
formula defined by positive_psychologist
Martin Seligman, where
H
（
happiness) = S (your
biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the
conditions of your life) + V (the
voluntary_choices you make).
过去两周我们研究了一
项幸福公式，这
是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。
在这
个公式中，
H
（幸福）
=S
（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）
+C
（个
人生活状态）
+V
（个人主观选择）
。
This
week
we
look
at
the
conditions
in
life
that
can
improve
our
happiness
quotient.
本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
Step l: Peace and quiet
第一步：平和宁静
Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book,
The Happiness Hypothesis
,
notes that research shows that
we can
never completely adapt to new or chronic noise
pollution.
乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福
假
说》
当中提到，
研究调查显示，
我们不
可能完全适应噪音污染，
无论是新近的还是长期的。
Loud
noises
trigger
one of our most primitive fear
responses (the other is the fear of falling) and
we can never fully
relax if we are
surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to
have some peace and quiet every
day.
巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应
（另一种是对于坠落的
恐惧）
，
如果周遭噪音喧闹，
我们不可
能完全放松。
每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。
< br> If
you
are
unfortunate
enough
to
live
somewhere
noisy,
persist
with complaining to your local onally,
try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite.
If
you
need
your
TV,radio
or
music
up
loud,
wearing
headphones
demonstrates
altruism
to
your neighbours,
which will make you and them feel good.
如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投
诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳
机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。
Step 2: Relationships
第二步：人际关系
This
is
the
most
important
of
all
the
extemal
conditions
that
can
improve
your
happiness
quotient.
Often our deepest sources of
unhappiness are found in poor relationships with
others.
这是增加幸福
指数的一条至关重要的外部条件
。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。
A cruelly
conflictual
relationship
with
a
partner
or
lover
leaves
us
feeling
betrayed
and
abandoned.
A
relationship with
our
parents
or children
which
is
not
based
on
compassionate,
unconditional
regard
creates
isolation and
misery
.
与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭
到背叛和遗弃的
感觉。
父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关
怀，
会产生隔阂与痛苦。
When
faced
with
such
relationships,
the most
positive thing we can do is to either mend the
relationship by confronting what is going
wrong or leam to moveon.
当我们面
临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。
Step 3: Share
第三步：分享
If
you have discovered conditions or choices in life
that have significantly improved your
wellbeing, remember to share them with
friends. Passing on what works is essential to
improve the
wellbeing of our own and
others.
如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记
得
与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都
有积极作用。
阅读理解
1. What's the happiness formula
according to the passage?
答案：
The formula refers to
H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for
feeling happy)+C(the
conditions of your
life)+V(the voluntary choices you
make)
．
2. Why
can we never completely adapt to new or chronic
noise pollution?
答案：
Loud
noises trigger one of our most primitive fear
responses aIld we can never fully relax
if we are surrounded by intruslve
noise.
3. How could we make both
ourselves and the neighbors feel good?
答案：
If
we
need
our
TV,
radio
or
muslc
up
loud,
wearing
headphones
demonstrates
our
kindness
and
consideration to our neighbors.
4. Where does the unhappiness come
from?
答案：
Our unhappiness
often comes from poor relationships with others.
5. What is the positive way to face
with the cruelly conflictual relationship?
答案：
What you can do is to
either mend the relationship by confronting what
is going wrong or leam
to move on.
2
第二篇
City Design
城市设计
When
I'm
being driven through a city from
our hotel to a conference center, I
couldn't
help but
note
the
overwhelming
presence
of
cars
and
parking
lots.
The
world's
cities
are
in
trouble.
In
hundreds
of
cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating.
Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent
to smoking two packs of
cigarettes per day.
The
number of
hours
commuters spend going nowhere sitting
in traffic-congested streets and
highways climbs higher each year, raising
frustration levels
．当
我从旅馆乘车穿行
城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，
数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。
在一些城市，
每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。
每天上班族驱车时
因街道和道
路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。
In response to these conditions, we are seeing the
emergency of a new urbanism. In just a few
years,
many
cities
banned
the
parking
of
cars
on
side
walks,
created
or
renovated
more
parks,
introduced
a highly successful bus-base rapid
transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of
bicycle paths and
pedestrian
streets,
reduced
rush
hour
traffic,
planted
more
trees
and
involved
local
citizens
directly
in the improvement of their
neighborhoods. The quality of
urban
life in
these cities has been greatly
enhanced with the vision of a city
designed for people.
针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主
义的
理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了
更多的停车场，建立了一套
以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，
兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，
高峰时段的交通拥挤得以
减缓，
种植了更多的树木，
并吸收当地市民直接参与
社区的改善工作。
城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生
活质
量有了很大的提高。
Now
govemment planners everywhere are experimenting,
seeking ways to design cities for people
not
cars.
Cars
promise
mobility. But in
an
urbanizing world there is an
inherent conflict
between
the
automobile and the city. After a
point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles
provide not mobility
but
immobility.
现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试
寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人
们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断
城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过
一个临界
点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。
Based
on
this
perspective,
some
cities
in
industrial
and
developing
countries
alike
will
dramatically increase
urban
mobility
by moving
away from
the car.
Let me remind you
once more,
cities
are built
for people, not for cars. A city full of cars is
like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted
-
all
mechanism
and
no
human.
In
order
to
avoid
this
disaster,
we'd
better
start
designing
sustainable
cities.
基于这个观点，
无论
在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，
一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的
通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科
幻小说里描绘的
——全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续
发展的城市。
阅读理解：
1. What means of transportation does
the author take to the conference
center?
答案：
(He takes)a bus.
2. According to the
first paragraph what
is
happening in
cities where there are
more
cars?
答案：
Cars not only do harm to
people's health but also cause heavy traffic jam.
3.
What
does
the
last
sentence
“
the
vision
of
a
city
designed
for
people
”
in
paragraph
2 mean?
答案：
Design cities for people
not (for) cars.
is there an inherent
conflict between the automobile and the city in
urban
areas?
答案：
Because people depend
largely on cars.
would a city look
like if cars were everywhere?
答案：
There would be all cars
(mechanism) no human.
3
第三篇
Population
人口
A
very
important
world
problem
is
the
increasing
number
of
people
who
actually
inhabit
this
planet.
The limited amount
ofland and land resources will soon be unable to
support the huge population ifit
continues to grow at its present rate.
在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。
如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。
So why is this huge
increase in population taking place? It is really
due to the spread of the
knowledge and
practice of what is becoming known as
那么为什么会出现人口的大量增
长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡
控制”的结果。
You
have
no
doubt
heard
of
the
term
毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”
这个术语。
“死亡控制”是大不相同的。
It
recognizes
the
work
of
the
doctors
and
scientists
who
now
keep
alive
people who, not very long ago, would have died of
a variety of then incurable diseases.
它
承
认了医生和科学家的工作，
现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各
样绝症的病人的生命。
而这些绝症在不久之前还是
不可治愈的。
Through
a
wide
variety
of
technological
innovations
that
farming
methods
and
the
control
of
deadly
diseases,
we
have
found
ways
to
reduce
the
rate
at
which
we
die. However,
this
success
is the very cause of
the greatest threat to mankind.
通过大范围的技术
创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症
的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是
这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。
If we
examine the amount ofland available for this ever-
increasing population, we begin to see
the problem. If everyone on the planet
had an equal share of land, we would each have
about 50,000
square meters. This figure
seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the
amount of usable land
we actually have.
More than three-fifths ofthe world's land cannot
produce food.
如果计算一下维持
不断增长的人
口所需的土地量，
我们就能意识到这个问题。
如果这个星球上的
每个人都平均分一块土地，
我们每
个人会拥有五万平方米。
这个数字看似相当振奋人心，
而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕
地之后，
就知道情
况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过
3/5
的土地都不能生产粮食。
Obviously, with so little land to
support us, we should be taking great care not to
reduce it
further. But we are not!
Instead, we are consuming its
other
mineral deposits that took millions of years to
form but which are now being destroyed in
decades(3). We are also doing the same
with other vital resources not usually thought of
as being
nonrenewable,
such
as
fertile
soils,
groundwater
and
the
millions
of
other
species
that
share
the
earth
with us.
显然
，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并
< br>没有这样做！
反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿
藏，
它们是在几百万年的时间
里才形成的，
然而现在，
几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。
我们对待其它通常不
被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是
如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共
同居住在地球上的物种。
阅读理解：
1. What can be learnt about the
population growth at present?
答案：
It continues to
increase
／
grow at its present
rate.
2. According to the article,
what contributes to the population increase?
答案：
Death Control
3. What is the doctors'job according to
paragraph
？
答案：
They keep people who
suffer from incurable diseases alive.?
isn't there enough land to support human beings
答
案
：
Becau
se
the world's
land
has
already
been
taken
up
／
occupied
by
the
ever-
increasing
population.
paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered
as____.
答案：
nonrenewable
4
第四篇
Earthquake
地震
Earthquakes
may
be
ranked
as
one
of
the
most
devastating
force
known
to
men;
since
records
began
to
be
written
down,
it
has
been
estimated
that
earthquake-related
fatalities
have
numbered
in
millions
and that
earthquake-related destruction has been beyond
calculation. The greater part of such damage
and
loss
oflife
has
been
due
to
collapse
of
buildings
and
effects
of
rock
slides,
floods,
fire,
disease
and
other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather
than from the quakes themselves.
地震是人类<
/p>
所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。
自从有记载以来，
估计由地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，
地震造成的破坏
< br>更是不计其数。
地震造成的破坏如此之大，
死亡如此之多
，
主要是由于地震引发的建筑物倒塌、
岩石崩落、
洪水、
火灾、疾病等现象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。
The great majority of all
earthquakes occur in two specific geographic
areas. One such area
encompasses
the
Pacific
Ocean
and
its
contiguous
land
masses.
The
other
extends
from
the
East
Indians
to
the
Atlas
Mountains,
including
the
Himalayas,
Iran,
Turkey
and
the
Alpine
regions.
They
may
happen
anywhere
at
any
time.
大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻的大陆架，另一个
是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔卑斯地区。那里随时 随地都可能
发生地震。
This
element
of
the
unknown
has
for
centuries
added
greatly
to
the
dread
and
horror
surrounding
earthquakes,
but
in
recent
times
there
have
been
indications
that
earthquake
prediction
may
be
possible.
By
analyzing
changes
in
animal
behavior,
pattems
of
movements
in
the
earth's
crust,
variations
in
the
force of
gravity and the earth's magnetic field and the
frequency with which minor earth tremors are
observed, scientists have shown
increasing success in anticipating when and where
earthquakes will
strikecl). As a
result, worldwide earthquake waming network is
already in operation and has helped
to
prepare for the vast destruction that might
otherwise have been totally unexpected.
几个世纪以
来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐惧性。但近几年
来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。
通过分析动物行为的变化，
地壳运动的方式，
地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及监测到的轻微地震的频率，
科学家
在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。
因此，
世界性地震预警网络已经运转，
而且已经帮助
人们
对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也可能是完全不能预料的。
< br>
It
is
doubtful
that
man
will
ever
be
able
to
control
earthquakes
and
eliminate
their
destructiveness altogether, but as how
and why earthquakes happen become better
understood, man will
become more and
more able to deal with their potential devastation
before it occurs.
人类是否能完
全控制地
震并消除它的破坏力还未可知。
但是，
随着我们对地震发生的方
式和原因有了更多的了解，
在地震发生
之前，我们就能更好地应
对可能造成的破坏。
阅读理解：
1. What are the causes ofthe
great part ofthe damage and loss oflife?
答案：
Collapse
ofbuildings
and
the
effects
ofrock
slides,
floods,
fire, disease
and
other
phenomena
from earthquakes.
2. Where are the two most active
earthquake belts in the world?
答案：
The
area
encompasses
the
Pacific
Ocean
and
its
contiguous
land
masses,
East
Indians
to
the
Atlas
Mountains.
3. What fact does
答案：
It
refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen
anywhere at any time.
4. What
four ways are used to anticipate earthquake
activity?
答案：
a) analyzing
changes in animal behavior b) pattems
ofmovements in the earth's crust
c)
variations in the force of gravity and the earth's
magnetic field
d) observation of
the frequency ofminor earth
tremors
。
is the
author's attitude toward the possibility of
earthquake predictions?
答案：
Earthquake prediction is
becoming more and more possible.
5
第五篇
The Aftermath
of BP Fulf Oil
Spill----
英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏
In
the
aftermath
of
the
BP
oil
spill,
President
Obama
voiced
the
concems
of
countless
scientists.
environmentalists(l). and Gulf Coast
residents when he declared.
potentially
unprecedented environmental disaster.
a
day contaminating the Gulf of Mexico - has many
people worried about the short and long-term
environmental harm it is causing (2)
英国石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奥巴马总统的一次公开讲话表达出
了无数科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在讲话中提到，“我们正在应对的是一场巨大的、史无<
/p>
前例的环境灾难”。每天足足有
21
万加
仑的原油泄漏并污染着墨西哥湾，这使得很多人为这次事件对环境所造
成的短期和长期的
危害感到担忧。
The
oil
spill
could
severely
damage
fragile
ecosystems
for
years,
possibly
decades.
Beaches
fouled
by
oil
spills are very difficult to clean
up. To make matters worse,
the spill
threatens beaches just
as
shorebirds are nesting and sea turtles are coming
ashore to lay their eggs.
这次原油泄漏事件对
脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会持续很多年，甚至数十年。被石油污染的海滩很难被清理干净。
更糟糕的是，
泄漏的石油对海滩造成污染的时间正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上孵蛋的季节
。
Even
worse
is
the
effect
the
oil
spill
could
have
on
sensitive
salt
marshes
and
mangrove
coastlines,
which would be practically impossible
to clean and that some fear might be permanently
destroyed (3)
These
wetlands
are
considered
the
nurseries
for
the
fishing
and
seafood
industry
and
are
a
vital
habitat
and
breeding
ground
for
many
species
of
wildlife.
Because
they
cover
much
more
land
area
than
beaches,
the risk oftheir
exposure to damage is greatly increased.
还有更糟的事情，石油污染还可能影响敏感的
湿地和红树林海岸，
< br>而这将是几乎不可能被清理干净的，
有些人甚至担心这将是永久性的毁坏。
这些湿地是捕鱼
业和水产品工业的摇篮，
也是
多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。
由于这些湿地面积远远大于海滩的面积，
所以它
们面临破坏的风险就大大增加了。
Fully 98 percent of the fish and
shellfish harvested in the Gulf of Mexico depend
on estuaries,
which are coastal waters
where freshwater from rivers and streams mix with
sea water. Estuaries are
dependant on
wetlands for their water quality and to provide a
basis for aquatic food chains. Many
species depend on wetlands for food,
shelter and breeding.
在墨西哥湾捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有<
/p>
98%
依
靠河口生存，
< br>这些河口就是江河与海水汇合的地方。
而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水
产品供应链提供
基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、栖息和繁殖的场所。
The waters of the Gulf
of
Mexico are homes to hundreds of
species
of aquatic1ife. The
longer the
oil fouls the water,
the
more polluted the food
chain
becomes,
which could result
in large fish
kills
and
seafood too contaminated for consumption.
< br>墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物的家园。石油对海水
造成污染的时间越长，
水产品食物链被污染的程度就会越大，
这最终会造成大量的鱼类
死亡以及水产品被严重污
染而无法食用。
阅读理解
1.
In
the
first
sentence
Obama
voiced
the
concems
ofcountless
scientists...
what does the
word
答案：Voice here means“to express an
idea of?”
2
．
How
long could the damage to the ecosystem last?
答案：
The damage to the
ecosystem could last decades.
important are the wetlands to the wildlife?
答案：
The wetlands are a vital
habitat and breeding ground for many species of
wildlife.
are estuaries dependent on
wetlands?
答案：
Estuaries
are
dependant
on
wetlands
for
their
water
quality
and
to
provide
a
basis
for
aquatic
food
chains.
will the oil spill affect the
seafood in the Gulf of Mexico?
答案：
Many fish will die and
the seafood will be too contaminated for
consumption.
6
第六篇
Green Computers“
绿色
’’
电脑
Computer
manufacturers,
chipmakers
and
software
companies
are
developing
products
for
environmentally
conscious consumers. While some tech companies are
developing more energy-efficient
product
lines
，
others
are
releasing
software
to
make
existing
computers
consume
less.
And
-electronics
manufacturers
are
expanding
ways
to
make
-new
computers
out-
of
recycled
materials,
as
well
as
encourage
customers
to
recycle
old
machines.
Consumers'may
pay
a
slight
premium
for
some
eco-friendly
electronics,
but .many prices will be comparable
with traditional offerings.
目前，电脑生产商、芯片
制造者和软件
公司都纷纷开发“绿色”产品来满足那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需求。一
些科技公司开发了更节能的生产线，
还有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。<
/p>
电子制造企业不断扩展工艺利用循环材料生产新电脑，
并鼓励
消费者循环利用旧电脑。
某些环保类电子产品可能需要消费者多花些
钱，
但仍有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑
差不多。
Several factors are pushing
companies to be greener. Many want to stay ahead
of environmental
legislation and to
gamer favor with green investors. And with energy
prices high, they are trying
to appeal
to people who are looking for ways to chip away at
expenses.
有几大因素推动着电脑公司更
注重环保。
许多企业希望走在环保法规的前面，赢得环保投资者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正尝试
吸引那些设法节省费用的消费者。
The
computer industry has been working on improving
energy consumption for years. The newer focus
has been on toxins and recycling. For
example, Lenovo Group Ltd. uses 10% t0 25%
recycled plastics
harvested from water
bottles. Last month, Intel Corp. introduced new
chips that it says will speed
up
computing performance without sucking
up
additional power.
The company also developed
technology,
called Remote
Wake,
to
keep
computers
in a
low-energy mode until users
need
them for retrieving
files
over
the
Intemet.
Hewlett-Packard
Co.
has
developed
a
new
feature
called
Auto-On
/
Auto-Off
that
puts
inactive printers into
a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once
they are used again(1). This
feature
has been added to HP's personal desktop laser
printers in 2009. Attention to manufacturing
materials is a priority. HP introduced
an ink-jet printer that is made of 83% recycled
plastics.
计
算机工业多年来一直致力于减少能源消
耗，
新焦点已经放到了毒性和循环利用上来了。
例如，
联想集团使用的塑
料中有
10%
至
25%
是用回收的水瓶制造的。上个月，英特尔集团
将新款芯片投放市场，据称这些芯片不用耗费更
多的能量就可以加快计算的速度。
该公司还开发了一种叫做“远程唤醒”的技术，
可以使计算机在使用者
不需要
通过网络检索文件的时候保持低耗能的模式。
惠普开发了
一个叫做自动开关的新功能，
可以不在工作状态的打印
机进入休
眠模式，一旦再次使用，又会很快地恢复到工作模式。惠普
2009
年生产的个人桌面激光打印机就已经
安装了这项功能。惠普公司还将注意力优先放在
了制造材料上，他们生产的一款喷墨打印机就是由
83%
的回收
塑
料制造的。
Experts
say that keeping your
old computer
out of
the landfill
is better for
the environment than
buying
a
new
one.
专家表示，就对环境的影响而言，对旧电脑再利用，让其避免流入垃圾场填埋比买台新电脑
更好。
阅读理解
1
、
Why are
computer manufacturers considering developing
greener products?
答案：
Because
they want to meet the requirements of
environmentally conscious consumers.
ed
to the old computer, the price ofthe greener
machine is____.
答案：
A little<
/p>
／
slightly
／
< br>a little bit more expensive.
the
three examples, Lenovo, Intel and HP, we can know
that____.
答案：
Companies
want
to
stay
ahead
of
environmental
legislation
and
to
get
good
impression
from
(gamer
favor
with) green investors. On the other hand they are
trying to appeal to people who want to save
their expenses because of high energy
price(
或
With energy prices
high, they are trying to appeal
to
people who are looking for ways to chip away at
expenses).
is the function ofAuto-On
/Auto-Off?
答案：
It can put
inactiVe printers into a sleep mode and can
quickly powerback up once used again.
does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean?
答案：
Don't throw your old
computer away as trash in order to keep the
environment clean.
7
第七篇
Cell
Phones
手机
What
would
life
look
like
without
cell
phones?
Today's
hottest
selling
mobile
phones
are
now
loaded
with
features
such
as
MP3
music
players,
TV,
music
and
wireless
photo
printing.
Cell
phones
have
changed
so much in the past
few years that with every new product launch comes
another big dilemma for the
cellular
manufacturers cl) How do you create the next big
hit? How does the manufacturer separate
the hits from the gimmicks, while
trying to decipher what cell phone users really
want or need in the
near
future?
Industry
insiders
say
the
most
popular
phones
will
have
advanced
functions
that
are
simple
to customize for individual tastes.
没有手机的生活会变得怎么样呢？今天畅销的手机都有
MP3
播放器、电
视、音乐、无线相片打印等功能。手机在过去几年里的变化非
常大，随着每次新产品的问世，手机制造商们都会
再次陷入苦恼之中。
< br>该怎么创造下一代人气商品呢？制造商该怎样做才能了解手机使用者们不久的将来真正想要
的东西，
并且区分畅销与滞销的产品呢？业内人士指出最受欢迎的手机是具有能
够简单地迎合顾客个人喜好的尖
端功能的手机。
Manufacturers believe that the success
of the cell phone lies in the building and
development
of high-speed networks to
deliver services like video, music and high speed
Intemet. While these
networks are now
in operation, the industry insiders are
considering radical redesigns to phones,
displays and services to ensure the new
features are simple to use. Such developments,
combined with
software that allows
users to customize their cell phone browser for
services such as sports scores
or
news,
could
replace
PDAs
and
other
gadgets.
Cellular
companies
are
also
betting
consumers
will
soon
use phones for
everything from watching TV to studying and
writing school exams. Developers should
now
concentrate
on
designing
exciting
new
looks
for
phones,
since
few
things
have
more
direct
influence
over a consumer's
fickle buying behavior than the emotional response
that the shape, color or look
ofa
phone
evokes
（
2)
制造商相信手机的成功取决于
高速网络的构建和开发以提供如影像或视频、音乐、高速
互联网的服务。在这些网络运营
的同时，业内人士正在考虑将电话、显示屏以及服务进行彻底的重新设计，使其
新的功能
使用简化。
这些开发产品结合了一种让使用者可以在手机浏览器上定制体育比赛得分或新
闻等服务的软
件，可以代替
PDA
（掌
上电脑）和其它装置。手机制造商确信，在不久的将来，消费者将用手机完成一切事务，
从看电视到学习和学校考试。
开发商们现在应当集中精力设计外形更吸引人的新手机，<
/p>
因为除了手机的外形、
颜
色或款式所引起
的情绪反应外，还几乎没有别的东西对消费者多变的购买行为起到更直接的影响。
阅读理解
1
、
What are the features oftoday's mobile
phones?
答案：
They are loaded
with (features such as) MP3 music players, TV,
music and wireless photo
printing.
2
、
What will
manufactures face ifthey produce a new product?
答案：
They will face a big
dilemma.
3
、
What
should the most popular phones have?
答案：
The most popular phones
should have advanced functions to customize for
individual tastes
．
4
、
What will
people do with cell phones in the future?
答案：
People will use phones
for everything from watching TV to studying and
writing school exams.
5. Why does the
writer mention
答案：
Because he
thinks that it affects customers' buying behavior.
8
第八篇
Touch
Tech
触屏技术
For mobile touch technology, it's only the
beginning. Apple Inc.'s phone revolutionized the
mobile phone with easy-to-use touch-
screen technology that allows users to surf the
Web, tap out
messages or control any
number ofinventive applications.
就移动触摸技
术而言，现在只是刚刚开始。苹
果公司的电话产品使移动电话行业产生了突破性变革，<
/p>
其便利的触摸屏技术可以便于用户浏览网络、
发送短信或
者掌控许多新颖应用软件。
Developers are working on new applications for
commands
the
user
gives
with
more
than
one
finger,
which
broadens
the
possibilities
for
applicationc”.
Other
developers
are
working
on
advances
in
feedback
-
vibrations
and
other
physical
sensations
that are now
used, for instance, to let a gamer know she's
reached a new level, but that can also be
used
to
communicate
emotions
and
may
soon
give
a
touch-
screen
keyboard
the
feel
of
a
physical
keyboard
(2) And for those who still prefer to
work with keys
on
their
phones,
even
some
traditional
keyboards
will
perform
certain
functions
in
response
to
touch
commands.
开
发人员正致力于新“多触点”屏幕的应用研究。这些屏幕可以处理用户用多手指同时给出的指令，
这也增加了这项技术被应用的可能性。
其他开发人员正在研究“触觉”反馈的升
级技术——即现在所应用的震动
和其它物理感知技术，
它们不但
可用来提醒游戏玩家已经过关，
也可以用来进行情感交流，
并且
有可能很快就能
使触摸屏具有真实键盘的触觉。
对于那些更喜欢
使用手机键盘的人来说，
即便传统的键盘也将能发挥与触摸指令
相对应的功能。
Software
developers set to work on multi-touch
applications. Some, for instance, allow users to
play
virtual
musical
instruments
on
the
phone.
But
multi-touch
developers
have
largely
focused
on
games.
软件开发人员开
始研发多触点应用软件。
例如，
有些软件可以使用户在电话上弹
奏虚拟乐器。
但是多触点开发人
员主要以开发游戏为主。
Haptic technology
already has many non-mobile applications. In
videogames, for instance, it
can
give
gamers
the
sensation
of
actually
steering
a
car
they're
controlling
on
the
screen.
In
medical
training, it can
make procedures like endoscopy performed on a
simulator feel real, so that medical
personnel can develop a better sense of
how to perform them. The use of haptics in mobile
phones is
still in its infancy, but the
wider deployment of haptic enabled phones will
open the door to new
applications.
触觉技术已经在非移动领域得到了广泛应用。
例如，
在视频游戏中，
它可以让游戏玩家感到自己
好像真的在驾驶
他们所控制的荧屏赛车。
在医疗培训中，
它可以让在模拟器上操
作的内窥镜检测法等程序感觉异
常真实，
从而使医疗人员能更自
如地操作这些仪器。
触觉技术在手机方面的使用仍然处于初创阶段，
但是触觉技
术手机的广泛运用将为这项技术得以更多、更新的应用开辟新的途径。<
/p>
For
now,
at
least
many
mobile
users
prefer
the
accuracy
of
a
physical
keyboard
rather
than
a
touch
screen. A new
technology is being designed to allow the best of
both worlds: a keyboard that can also
respond to touch commands.
目
前看来，至少还有许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，他们对触摸屏并
不十分感兴
趣。开发人员正在设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：即可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。
阅读理解
1
、
Why
do we say Apple's iPhone is a revolution?
答案：
Because Apple is the
first to develop a new technology called easy-
to-touch-screen.
2
、
What is the advantage ofmulti-touch
screen?
答案：
The screens can
process commands the user gives with more than one
finger.
3
、
What is the haptic feedback technology?
答案：
It is vibrations and
physical sensations.
4
、
What do gamers feel if they use haptic
technology in 'mes?
答案：
The
gamers feel that they have the actual sensation
when they play games.
5
、
Why
do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays?
New words and Expressions
答案：
Because they like the
accuracy of a physical keyboard.
9
第九篇
Fossil Fuels
and Our Life
化石燃料与我们的生活
Oil
and
natural
gas
are
an
important
part
of
our
everyday
life.
Not
only
do
they
give
us
mobility
they
heat
and
cool
our
homes
and
provide
electricityc.
Millions
of
products
are
made
from
oil
and
gas
，
including plastics, life-saving
medications,clothing
，
cosmetics, and many other items you may use
daily.
石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。
它们不仅使我们出行方便，它们还可以使我们的住所冬
暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。
我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成的，
如塑料、<
/p>
治病救人的药品、
服装、化妆品等等。
In
the
United
States,
97%
of
the
energy
that
drives
the
transportation
sector(cars,
buses,
subways,
railroads, airplanes, etc.) comes from
fuels made from manufacturers are developing cars
to
run
on
altemate
fuels
such
as
electricity,
hydrogen
and
ethanol.
However,
the
electric
batteries
need
to be charged and the
fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or
gas. The hydrogen needed for
fuel cells
could also- be generated from natural gas or
petroleum-based products. Even as altemative
fuels are developed, oil will be
crucially important to assuring that people can
get where they need
to be and want
to_go for the foreseeable future.
在美国，交
通运输系统（私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、
火车、飞机等）的运行所依赖的能源中有
97%
来自石油炼制的燃料。虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用像电、
氢气
和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，
但是，
汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然
气。燃料电
池所需要的氢气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预
测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。
’
In
areas
of
the
world
that
are
still
developing,
b
usinesses
and
individuals
are
demanding
greater
mobility
for
themselves
and
their
products.
World
vehicle
ownership
is
projected
to
increase
from
122
vehicles per thousand people in 1999
to144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the
growth occurring
in
developing
nations.
Airports
are
being
added
in
these
countries
as
well,
expanding
jet
fuel
demand.
Oil
is expected to remain the primary fuel source for
transportation throughout the world for the
foreseeable future, and transportation
fuels are projected to account for almost 57% of
total world
oil consumption by 2020.
在全世界的发展中地区，不论企业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便还是为销售公司
的产品，
对交通出行的需求都大大增加。
据预测世
界汽车保有量将由
1999
年的每千人
122
辆增加至
2020
年的每
千人
144
辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展
中国家。同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料
的需求也在不断增长
。在可预测的将来，石油仍将是世界各地交通的主要能源，预计到
2020
年交通燃料将占全
世界石油消耗总量的
57%
。
World population
is currently around 6 billion people, but is
expected to grow to approximately
7.6
billion
by
2020.
That
will
mean
a
huge
increase
in
the
demand
for
transportation
fuels,
electricity
and many other consumer products made
from oil and natural gas.
目前世界人口为
60
亿，但是到
2020
年
将会增至约
76
亿。这将意味着人们对石油和天气制成的交通燃
料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加
阅读理解
1
、
According to the text, how important is
oil to our life?
答案：
Oil and
gas give us mobility, they
heat and
cool our homes and provide electricity. They can
also be made into many products that
we
use every day
.
2
、
What is a disadvantage ofelectric
batteries used in
automobiles?
答案：
They must be
charged and
the fuel to generate the
electricity could be oilor gas.
3. Can altemate energy completely
replace oil and gas in the foreseeable
future?
Why?
答案：
No,
it
can't.
Oil
and
gas
will
still
be
crucially
important
to
assuring
that
people
can get where they
need to be and want to go for t
he
foreseeable future.
4
．
Were in the world can we see the big
increase in car
ownership?
答案：
In the
developing world
5
．
What willthe increase ofworld
populationindicate? New words and
Expressions
答案：
That will mean
a huge increase in the demand for
transportation fuels, electricity, and many other
consumer
products made from oil and
natural gas.
10
第十篇
Carbon
Emissions
碳排放
The
task
-
in
which
carbon
emissions
are
pumped
into
underground
reservoir
rather
than
released
-
is
challenging
for
any
fuel
source,
but
particularly
so
for
coalc'),
which
produces
more
carbon
dioxide
than oil or natural
gas.
将燃料燃烧排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对于任何
一种
燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。
尤其对于煤炭来说
，
这项任务就更为困难，
因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然
气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。
Under optimal current conditions coal produces
more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit
of electricity as natural gas, the
second most common fuel used for electricity
generation. In the
developing world,
where even new coal plants use lower grade coal
and less efficient machinery the
equation
is
even
worse.
在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭
而产生的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两
倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。在发展中国家
，情况则更糟，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档
次的
Without
carbon
capture
and
storage,
coal
cannot
be
green.
But
solving
that
problem
will
take
global
coordination and
billions of dollars in investment, which no one
country or company seems inclined
to
spend.
如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能
源。但是解决这一问题不仅需要全球的共同努力，也
需要花费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资
，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。
There are a few dozen small demonstration projects
in Europe and in the United States, most in
the early stages. But progress has not
been promisingc2).
虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模
的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。
< br>
The European Union had
pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture
projects for Europe(3).Many
have
likened carbon capture's road from the
demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available
reality as
a challenge equivalent to
putting a man on the moon. Norway, which is
investing heavily to test the
technology calls carbon capture its
'moon landing'.
欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设
1
2
个试验性碳捕获项目。
很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实
验室转化为安全、
低价的实际应用，
但他们都把这项任务比作把
人送往月
球那么难。挪威正在对此大量投资做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为“月球登陆
计划”
Then there is the
problem of storing the carbon dioxide, which is at
some level an inherently
local
issue.
Geologists
have
to
determine
if
there
is
a
suitable underground
site,
calculate
how
much
carbon
dioxide it can hold and then equip it in a way
that prevents leaks and ensures safety. A large
leak of underground carbon dioxide
could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel. <
/p>
碳捕获之后面临
的问题就是碳封存。
碳封
存从某种程度上来说则属于地域问题。
地质学家们需要确定地下是否有合适的地点，
计
算其对二氧化碳的存储量，然后再配备设施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以
确保安全。地下二氧化碳一旦发生大量泄漏，
就如同核燃料泄漏一样危险。
阅读理解
1
、
In
paragraph
l,
what
does
the
underlined
word
refer
to?
< br>答
案
：
The
word“so”refers
to“challenging'’
2. What can be leamed about carbon emissions in
the coal plants in
developing
countries?
答案：
The coal used
in the coal plants is low grade and the
machineries there
are less efficient.
As a result, produce much more carbon dioxide per
unit of electricity
.
3
．
How
can the use of coal become
答案：
Coal can become 'green'
through carbon capture and storage.
4
．
According to the text, what has Norway
been doing?
答案：
Norway has
been investing heavily in developing carbon
capture technology.
5. What is the
biggest concem of storing carbon at an underground
site?
答案：
The
carbon stored at an underground site could leak,
and a large leak of underground carbon
dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak
ofnuclear fuel.
11
第十一篇
Marine
Pollution
海洋污染
By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's
population could have increased to around 12
billion. Of these, some 60 percent will
live within 60km of the sea. The agricultural and
industrial
activities required to
support this population willincrease the already
significant pressures on
fertile
coastal areas.
到
2050
< br>年，估计世界人口可能会增加到
120
亿。其中大约有<
/p>
60%
的人口居住在距离海
洋
60
公里的范围内。为养活这些人口而进行的农业和工业活动将会加大富饶
的沿海地区已面临的巨大压力。
One
significant impact of human activity is marine
pollution. The most visible and familiar is
oil pollution caused by tanker
accidents and tank washingat sea(1).
人类
活动产生的一个重大影响是海
洋污染。最显而易见和为人熟知的是油轮事故和在海洋里清
洗油箱所造成的油污染。
Despite
the scale and visibility of such impacts, the
total quantities ofpollutants entering
the
sea
from
the
long
line
of
catastrophic
oil
spills
appeared
small
compared
with
those
of
pollutants
introduced
directly and indirectly from other sources
(2)(including domestic sewage, industrial
discharges, leakages, urban and
industrial run-off, accidents, spillages.
explosions, sea dumping
operations, oil
production, lture nutrients and pesticides, waste
heat sources and
radioactive
discharges)..
虽然这些影响有一定的规模、且显而易见，但是，与其
它直接和间接的海洋污染
源（包括民用污水、工业排放物、废料堆泄漏、都市和工业污染
排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋倾泄垃圾的
行为、石油生产、采矿、农业肥料和杀虫
剂、热源废料和放射性排放物）相比，一系列油轮发生灾难性油泄漏而
造成的海洋污染物
质总量还是显得很少。
Nutrient
pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture
can result in unsightly and possibly
dangerous '6blooms
in the
water. this led, in some areas, to
污水排放物
和农业生产所造成的肥料污
染使海岸水域里的藻类开出难看而且可能危险的花朵。
这些花朵死亡和腐烂将耗尽水里的氧气，
使这些地区变成
了“逐渐蔓延的死亡区”
Radioactive pollution has
many causes,
including the normal operation of nuclear
power stations.
Radioactive
elements
traceable
to
reprocessing
can
be
found
in
seaweeds
as
far
away
as
the
West
Greenland
Coast.
放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常运转的核电站。远在格陵兰岛西部海岸的海草里都能发现核燃料再处
理所产生的放射性元素。
Trace
metal
pollution
from
metal
mining,
production
and
processing
industries can
damage
the
health of marine plants
and animals and render some sea foods unfit for
human consumption,
金属采
矿、生产和加
工所造成的微量金属污染会损害海洋植物和动物的健康，使一些海产品不再适合人类食用
。
阅读理解
1. Why is it difficult to support the
population on fertile coastal areas by the
year
2050?
答案：
Because 60% of the
world's population will live within 60km of the
sea.
many kinds of sea
pollutions are mentioned in the passage? What are
they?
答案：
There are four:
marine pollution,nutrient pollution,
radioactive pollution, trace metal
pollution.
3. What is
mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine
pollution?
答案：
Oil
pollution
.
life dies in
creeping dead zones because ofthe lack of
——．
答案：
Oxygen.
5
．
The
West Greenland Coast has been polluted by
——．
答案：
Radioactive elements
12
第十二篇
China's Growth and the Clean Energy
Tech
中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术
China's
unprecedented
growth
in
recent
years
has
come
at
a
terrible
price.
Two-thirds
of
its
rivers
and lakes are too polluted for
industrial use,_ let alone agriculture or
drinking. Just l in 100 0f
China's
nearly 600 million city dwellers breathes air that
would be considered safe in Europe. At a
time when arable land is in short
supply, poisoned floodwaters have ruined many
productive fields.
中国近年来史无前例的经济增长是以可怕的代
价换来的。
中国
2/3
的河流湖泊污染
严重，
无法用于工业，
更别说
农业或饮
用了。中国近
6
亿城市人口中只有
1%
的人呼吸着按欧洲标准堪称安全的空气。在可耕地紧缺之际，受
到污染的洪水又毁坏了大量良田。
The
immensity of these troubles has produced a result
that may surprise many outside China:
The nation has emerged as an incubator
for clean technology, vaulting to the forefront in
several
categoriescl). Among all
countries, China is now the largest producer of
photovoltaic solar panels,
thanks to
such homegrown manufacturers as Suntech Power. The
country is the world's second largest
market for wind turbines. In car-
making, China's BYD Auto has leapfrogged global
giants, launching
the first mass-
produced hybrid that plugs into an electrical
outlet.
诸如此类的众多问题却产生了一
个令很多国外
人士感到惊讶的结果：
中国逐渐成为清洁技术的培育基地，
在若
干领域走到了前列。
凭借尚德太阳
能电力有限公司等本土厂商，
中国现在是世界上最大的光电太阳能电池板生产国。
中国也是全
球第二大风电机组
市场。
在汽车制造方面，
中国的比亚迪汽车有限公司已超过全球汽车巨头，
推出了第一款可大批量生产的充电
式
混合动力车。
Understanding
they
are
in
a
global
race.
China's
leaders
are
supporting
businesses
with
policies
and
incentives.
Beijing
recently
hiked
China's
auto
mileage
standards
to
a
level
the
U.S.
is
not
expected
to
reach until 2020. Beijing also says it will boost
the country's share of electricity created from
renewable sources t0 23% by 2020, from
16% today, on par with similar targets in Europe.
Beijing's
green intentions will soon be
put to the test. China is in the midst of the
biggest building boom in
history.
A
study
estimates
that
over
350
million
people
will
migrate
from
the
countryside
into
cities
by
2025.
Five
million
buildings
will
be
added,
including50,000
skyscrapers
-
equal
t0
10
New
York
Cities.
And as new offices
and houses multiply, they are filled with energy-
hungry computers, TVs, air
conditioners,
and
the
like,
sharply
increasing
demand
for
electricity
which
comes
mainly
from
coal-
powered plants.
中国领导人认识到了他们正处于一场全球竞赛中，于
是以各种政策和激励措施对企业予
以扶持。北京前不久将中国的汽车里程标准大幅提高到
美国估计要到
2020
年才能达到的水平。北京还表示，到
2020
年，中国的可再生性资源发电量所占比例将从目前的
16%
上升到
23%
，与欧洲的类似指标不相上下。北京的
绿色环保意向很快将受到考验。中国正处于有史以
来最大的建筑热潮中。一项研究估计，到
2025
年，中国将有
超过
3.5
亿人从农村迁入城市。中国
将新增
500
万幢建筑，包括
5
万幢摩天大楼，相当于
10
座纽约市的规模。
随着新建办公室和房屋的成倍增长，那些耗费能源的计算机、电视、空调等设备也要装备
到这些建筑中，这就大
量增加了电力的需求，而大部分电力是来自以煤做燃料的发电厂。
阅读理解
:
1.
What
are
some
of
the
downsides
to
China's
growth?
答案：
Rivers,
lakes
and
air
are
seriously
polluted.
Water and
agricultural land have been poisoned.
2. According to the passage, how many
people in China breathe safe air?
答案：
6
million
．
3.
What
can
be
learned
about
Suntech
Power?
答
案
：
It
is
a
domestic
(homegrown)
manufacturer
ofphotovoltaic solar panels.
are
Beijing's
green
intentions?
答案：
Beijing
will
boost
the
country’s
share
of
electricity
created from renewable sources to 23%
by 2020.
will be
increased sharply by the year 2025 in China?
答案：
City population.
13
第十三篇
Market
Economy
市场经济
There are pros and cons for command and market
economies.
Let's
look
at
the
command
economy
first.
The
foundation
of
it
is
that
it
is
directed
and
controlled
by
a
centralized
govemment.
A
command
economy
means
that
the
govemment
is
involved
in
every
step.
There
are
other
downsides
to
a
command
economy.
Often
factories
don't
meet
quotas,
needs
are
underestimated,
and a
product could sell too quickly, and so
on. Basically
things have to
be adjusted. Production and
prices
might have to be increased or decreased; there
might be restrictions on the number ofitems a
person
could
buy.
计划经济和市场经济各有利弊。首先我们来看一下计划经济。计划经济的基础是由中央集
权
的政府指导和控制。
计划经济意味着政府涉足经济生活的每一
步。
计划经济还有其它的负面影响。
工厂经常会达
不到配额，市场的需求会被低估，一种产品可能会很快销售一空等等。总的来说必须做出调整：产品和
价格可能
不得不或升或降；也可能会限制人们购买产品的数量等等。
Now
let's
look
at
the
market
economy.
That
means
private
enterprise
with
the
govemment
not
making
the decisions. Here's
how it works. We'll use the example of clothing.
Maybe somebody - say Jack -
decides to
open a company making clothes. He designs and
makes them fashionable so people will want
to
buy
and
wear
them.
If
the
clothes
become
popular
then
Jack
can
increase
the
price
and
keep
increasing
it. By doing this
Jack can make more profit and or expand his
business to make even more money. At
the same time other people will have
noticed how well he is doing and will start up new
businesses
in competition(').
This
way prices
will
level off or even come
down because people
will
buy
the
thing
costing
less.
The
companies
will
have
to
cut
costs,
and
perhaps
do
with
less
profit
to
stay
in
business.
In this case the market economy is the
way to go.
现在我们来看一下市场经济。这意味着企业私有制而政
府并不能为它们做任何决定。我们用服装行业的例子来说明它的运行方式。假如某人，我们就叫他
杰克，决定开
一家服装制造公司。他设计和制造时尚的服装，使人们愿意购买和穿着。如
果服装受欢迎，杰克会提高价格，并
维持价格的攀升。通过这种方式，杰克可获取更大的
利润。或者通过扩展业务，创造更多的财富。与此同时，别
人将注意到他做的很优秀，于
是这些人将创办新的企业与杰克竞争。这样价格将稳定下来，甚至可能降低，因为
人们都
愿意买更便宜的衣服。
各家公司将不得不降低成本、
减少利润，
使自己在行业内得以生存。
在这种情况下，
市场经济才是正确的方向。
With a
command economy the govemment runs everything and
everybody, but with a market economy
the
govemment
supposedly
provides
assistance
only
to
correct
problems
that
can't
be
solved
by
the
market.
With a command economy come chronic
shortages, inefficiencies. On the other hand, the
market economy
offers greater
opportunities for economic growth, technological
progress and prosperity.
在计划经
济下，政府掌管每件事和每个人；而在市场经济下，政府提供帮助来解决市场不能解决的问题。计划经济逐渐导
致长期物质短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市场经济能够更大程度地带来经济增长、技术进
步和社会繁荣的良机
阅读理解：
1. What is the role
ofgovemment in the command
economy?
答案：
The economy is
directed,
controlled by the centralized
govemment.
2. What might be
restricted in the command
economy?
答案：
How much of an
item a person
can buy.
is the market
economy?
答案：
Market economy
means private enterprise with the govemment
not making the
decisions
．
is Jack according to the
text?
答案：
Jack is a virtual
person who owns a company that makes
clothes.
does
the market
economy
provide?
答
案
：
The
market
economy
provides
／
offers
greater
opportunities for
economic growth, technological progress and
prosperity.
14
第十四篇
CPI
消费者物价指数
If the CPI, Consumer Price Index
was 2.1% in a country,what doses that mean? In a
nutshell, it
means
that
consumers
in
that
country
paid
2.1%
more
than
in
the
previous
year
for
the
goods
and
services
included
in
the
CPI
basket.
Although
prices
of
goods
and
services
rise
and
fall
over
time,
when
prices
change too
dramatically,
they
can have
negative
effects on
an economy.
In
order to
tell if an economy
is experiencing inflation, deflation or
stagflation,
we use the CPI
as
a gauge of the prices of
goods
and services.
如果某个国家的消
费者物价指数为
2.1%
，那意味着什么？简单地说，这意味着
这个国家的消费
者为消费者物价指数篮子里的商品及服务的支出比上一年多了
2.1%
。
虽然商品和服务的价格随时间而上下波
动，
但是如果价格变动幅度过大，
则会给经济带来负面影响。<
/p>
为了说明经济是否正在经历通货膨胀、
通货紧缩或者是
滞胀，我们把
CPI
作为衡量商品及服务价格的尺
度。
When
the
Department
of
Labor's
Bureau
of
Labor
Statistic
releases
the
CPI
data
monthly,
the
CPI's
results
are
widely
anticipated
and
watched.
Who
would
eagerly
await
the
results,
you
might
ask?
Well,
the
CPI
plays
an
important
role
for
many
key
financial
decision
makers,
including
individual
investors,
the Central Banks and the Federal
Reserve in the U.S. The CPI helps central banks
forecast the
interest-rate policy and
other decisions of major banks and corporations. <
/p>
劳工部劳动数据统计局每月
公布
CPI<
/p>
数据的时候，很多人都期待并关注
CPI
结果。你或许会问什么人会热切地等待着这些结果？
CPI
对许
多
重要的财政决策者来说起着重要的作用，其中包括个人投资者、中央银行和美国联邦贮
备银行。
CPI
帮助中央银
行预测主要
银行和企业的利息政策和其它决策。
I
mentioned the CPI basket before and now I want to
expand on what this basket is and how we get
the
information(1).
The
base-year
market
basket,
which
makes
up
the
CPI,
comes
from
detailed
expenditure
information
collected from surveys of thousands of
families(2). The information is not randomly
collected, instead,
the
information is
_gathered
through interviews and diaries kept
by
participants
who have agreed
to disclose their buying_habits. The basket is
divided
into eight groups: food and
beverages, housing, apparel, transportation,
medical care, recreation,
education and
communication and other goods and services, and
includes more than 200 categories.
Finally,
the
prices
of
80,000
items
in
the
market basket
are
collected
monthly
from
thousands
of
retail
stores, service
establishments, rental units, and doctors'
offices.
前面提到过
CPI
篮子，现在我想
进一步说明一下这个篮子是什么，
以及我们如何
获取信息。
组成
CPI
的基本年度市场
篮子是在调查了成千上万户
家庭的详细支出信息之后得出的。
这
些信息不是随机搜集来的，
而是通过对那些愿意公开自己购买习惯的消费者
所进行采访和记录中得到的信息。基本篮子可分为
8
个组，包括了
200
多个种类，食品和饮料、住宅、服装、交<
/p>
通工具、医疗、休闲、教育和通讯以及其它商品的服务。最后，市场篮子中的
8
万件物品的价格是从成千上万个
零售商店、服务部
门、租赁店、诊所等的每个月汇总中得来的。
阅读理解
1. What
is CPI short for?
答案：
Consumer Price Index.
2. What does that indicate if
CPIis 3.3% in a country this year?
答案：
Consumers
in
a
country
have
to
pay
3.3%
more
than
in
the
previous
year
for
the
goods
and
serwces.
3. What will haDDen if prices
change a lot?
答案：
They can
have negative effects on an economy.
are eager to await the results of the CPI? Why?
答案：
Many key financial
decision makers. Because the CPI plays an
'important role for them
．
is the information of the CPI basket
collected? New words and Expressions
答案：
The information is
collected through interviews and diaries kept by
the participants.
15
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