-
英语语法总结全集
名词和主谓一致
一、
名词的分类
英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1
.可数名词
可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时,名词前可加不定冠
词
a/an
;复数时,前面可加数词,名词本身要改成复数
p>
形式。
可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词,只要在单数名词之后加“
s
p>
”
,
“
es
”或去
“
y
”加“<
/p>
ies
”
就行,如:
an umbrella, twelve umbrellas
;
a factory, three f
actories
。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆,
如:<
/p>
a mouse, ten
mice
;
a policeman, six
policemen
。
p>
有少数可数名词,
如
sheep
,
works
(工厂)
,
Chinese
等,
它们的单复数同形
:
a
sheep,
four
sheep
;
a
chemical
works, five
chemical works
。
此外,还有一些可数名词只有复数形式,如
clothes
p>
,
trousers
,
cattle
,
police
,<
/p>
people(
人,人民
)
等。
英语名词中
还有一些合成词,它们的复数形式有三种可能:
1
)后面的部分
变成复数形式:
grown-
ups
,
boy
students<
/p>
,
grandchildren
。
2
)前面的部分变成复数形式:
passer
s-by
,
lookers-
on
,
sons-in-law
。
p>
3
)前、后都变
成复数形式:
men doctors
,
women
drivers
。
2
.不可数名词
不可数名词没有单复数的变化,前面也不能加
a/an
,或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量,
p>
单复数表现在量词上,如:
a piece of
paper
;
two pieces of
paper
。
在有些情况下,不可数名词也可用
a/an
,表“一
种”
、
“某种”的意思,如
have
a wonderful time
,
receive a
good education
,
be
made into a fine paper
。
有时为了表示量大,不可数名词的后面也可加“
s
”
,如
sands
,
ashes
,
waters
等。
但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候,特别要记住英语中有一些名词,它们无论在什么情况下,前
面都不能用
a/an
,后面也不可加“
s
”
,如
weather
,
information
,等。
< br>
3
.有的名词既可是可数名词,也可是不可数名词
p>
英语中有相当一部分的名词,既
可以是可数,也可以是不可数,它们的意义有时略有不同,有时则完全不同。
如:
difficulty, success, time, work
,
paper
,
glass
,等。
4
.用于表示可
数与不可数名词的数量“多”
“少”的常用词和词组
跟可数名词连用的如:
few, a few,
many
。
跟不可数名词连用的如:
little, a little,
much
。
可数与不可数都能用的是:
a lot of ,
plenty of
。
二、主谓一致
1
.通常被看作单数的主语部分
1
)不定式、动名词和主语从句。
eg.. To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
What he said was different from what he did.
2
)表示“时间”
“距离”
“金钱数量”的名词。
eg. Twenty
years is quite a long time.
10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long
distance
to Mira.
300
dollars is too much for this old coin.
3
)数学式子。
eg. Two plus five is seven.
4
)书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。
eg. The Times is published daily.
The United States is a big
country.
5
)前面用
a
kind of, a sort of
或
this kind
of, this sort of
等词组的名词。
eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows
well in warm weather.
6
)代词
either,
neither
作主语。
eg.
Either of the plans is good.
Neither of them was carrying a weapon.
7
)
many a/ more
than one
加单数名词,或
one out
of
加复数名词作主语。
eg.
Many a young man has tried and failed.
More than one employee has been dismissed.
One out of ten thousand computers
was infected with the virus.
2
.通常被看作复数的主语部分
p>
1
)一些只有复数的名词如
clothes
, trousers, police
等。
eg. These trousers are dirty.
但要注意比较:
A new pair of
trousers is what you need
。
<
/p>
2
)代词
both
作主语。
eg. Both of them
have received high education.
3
.需要进行分析才能确定的主语部分
1
)代词
all,
some,
作主语。
所代的名词是可数名词,就看作复数;是不可数名词,就看作单数。
eg. All is ready. (= Everything is
ready.)
All are present. (= All
the people/students... are present.)
2
)
a lot of, lots
of, plenty of, some, any, 20% of, half
of...
等词组作主语。
p>
所修饰的名词是可数名词,就看作复数;是不可数名词,就看作单数。
eg. 70% of the surface of the earth
is covered with water.
90% of the
graduates from the high school go to university.
3
)关系代词
who, which,
that
作主语。
由先行词决定单、复数。
eg.
The student who is talking with the principal is
Tom.
The students who have chosen
physics will have a test tomorrow.
但要注意
one of
...
与
only one
of...
所修饰的先行词。
eg. He is one of the students in our class who
have been to Beijing.
He is the
only one of the students who has been to London. <
/p>
4
)一些表示集体意义的名词如
fami
ly, team, class
等。
当这些名词强调的是一个整体时,看作单数;当它们强调的
是这个集体中的成员时,看作复数。
eg. Happy
families are all alike; every unhappy family is
unhappy in its own way.
My family
are all early risers.
4
.出现在句
首,用连词或介词连接的两个名词或词组
1
< br>)用
both...and...
连接的两个名词看作复
数。
Both Kate and Jean are
football players.
2
)
用
or,
either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but a
lso...
连接的两个名词,由靠近动词的名词决
定单复数。
Either you or I am to go.
Not only the students but also the
teacher has to observe the rules.
3
)
用
as
well as, (together) with, like, besides, but, exce
pt
等连接的两个名词,由第一个名词决定单复
数。
eg. His eyebrows as well as
his hair are now white.
No one but
these two peasants has been there.
实际上这些都是介词短语提前,不是并列的主语。
4
)用
and
连接的两个
名词有几种情况:
a)
看作复数。
eg.
Tom and Mary are primary pupils.
b)
在有
every ... and every ...,
each ... and each ...
的时候;或用
and
连接的两个名词表示的是一件东
西或一个人时,看作单数
。
eg. Every boy and every
girl in our country has the right to go to school.
Bread and butter is what he eats
for breakfast every day.
考研真题试析:
As a
result of destroying the forests, a large ____ of
desert ____ covered the land.
A.
number; has
B. quantity; has
C. number; have D. quantity; have
选
B
。因为第一格后的名词
desert
是不可数名词,所以
A
、
C
两项排除;又
desert
做主语,谓语要用单数形式。
He is the only one of the students who
____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is
B. are
C.
have been
D. has been
选
D
。因为定语从句的先行词是由
only one
of
修饰,所以应看成单数;另外后面有时间状语
for
three
years
,所
以用现在完成时态。
The young dancers looked so
charming in their beautiful clothes that we took
____ pictures of them.
A. many of
B. masses of
C. the number
of
D. a large amount of
选
B
。
p>
空格后面的名词是复数,所以不可以选
D
,
而
many
后不跟
of
用,所以
A
项排除;
the
number of
的确是放
在可数名词复数的前面,但意思是
“
......
的数量”,不符合题意。
Where and when to go for
the on-salary holiday ____ yet.
A.
are not decided
B. have not
been decided
C. is not being decided
D. has not been decided
选
D
。此句是不定式做主语,看成单数。而
C<
/p>
项的时态不对,所以只有
D
。
No one in the
department but Tom and I ____ that the director is
going to resign.
A. knows
B. know C. have known
D. am
to know
选
A
。谓语动词应该
跟
no one
一致,所以选
A
。
We
have only a sofa, a table and a bed in our new
apartment. We need to buy ____ more furniture.
A. any
B. many C. little
D. some
选
D
。后面的名词是
furniture
,不可数。而且整
句的意思是“要买些家具”
,
是肯定意义,所以选
D
。
Telephone messages for the manager ____
on her desk but she didn’t
notice them.
A. were left
B. was left
C. was leaving
D. were leaving
< br>选
A
。句子的主语是
messa
ges
,是复数,另外它与动词“留(在桌上)
”的关系是被动
。
Professor
Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the
project day and night to meet the deadline.
A. work B. working
C. is
working
D. are working
选
C
。谓语的单复数跟
Professor
Smith
一致,应该是单数。
动词的时态与语态
一、动词的时态
英语的动词可以有十六种变化,
但现在常用的是十二种,
其中有九种是高中学生必须掌握的,
还有三种只要理解。
现以
动词
do
为例,十二种时态的形式列表如下:
< br>
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
do/does
did
shall/will
do
would do
进行
is/am/are doing
was/were
doing
*shall/will
doing
be
完成
have/has done
had done
*shall/will have done
完成进行
have/has
been doing
*had been doing
(打星号的为理解项目)
1
.一般现在时态
A)
意义:现阶段经常反复发生的动作或现在的状态。
eg. He gets up at six every morning.
There is a big tree in the back
yard.
B)
常用的时间状语:
always, often,
usually, sometimes, seldom, never,
every day,
once a
week,
等。
C)
表示一种真理、自然规律等,在间接引语中也仍然用一般现在时态。
eg. The scientist explained that the
earth goes round the sun, but no one believed him
then.
D)
在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来时。
eg. If he is not busy, he will come
to the party tomorrow.
E)
注意
第三人称单数时,动词后面要加“
s
”
。
2
.
一般过去时态
A)
意义:
过去的动作或状态。
注意,
即使是刚刚发生的事情,
时间非常短,
也要用过去时态。<
/p>
如:
Why!
It’s
you—
Mary!
I
didn’t know you were here!
B)
常用的时间状语:
yesterday, last
week, 3 years ago, just now,
等。
C)
动词过去式的规则变化(加
ed
)和不规则变化。
3
.一般将来时态
A)
意义:将来要发生的动作或状态。
B)
常用的时间状语:
tomorro
w, next moth, in two weeks,
等。
C)
除
了用
shall/will
之外的将来表达法:
a) is/am/are going to do
,意为“打算、准备、马上就要”
。
eg. It’s going to
rain.
b)
is/am/are to do
,意为“
(计划好
/
安排好)要
......
”
eg. The new underground
railway is
to be opened to
traffic
next year.
c)
is/am/are about to
do
,意为“马上就要”
。
eg. Hurry up! The plane is about to
take off.
d)
某些动词(主要是一些表示位置
移动的动词)可用
一般现在时态或现在进行时态表示将来的动作。
eg. The train leaves for Beijing at
8:30 this evening.
He is going to
London next week.
4
.现在进行时态
< br>A)
意义:表示在说话的同时或最近一个阶段正在发生的动作。
< br>
B)
常用的时间状语:
now, these days,
at present, at the moment,
等。
C)
有时可以和
always, constantly, f
orever
等时间状语连用,表示说话人的某中特殊的感情。
eg. He is always thinking of
others.
Mrs Smith is
constantly
quarrelling with
her neighbours.
D)
有些瞬间动词可以用
进行时态表示“马上就要
......
”
eg. The old man is dying.
E)
英语中有些表示状态、感觉、心理活动的动词没有进行时
态,如
know,
understand,
believe,
like,
love,
see,
hear,
seem,
等等。
5
.过去进行时态
A)
意义:表示过去某个时刻正在做的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语:
this
time yesterday, at 9:00 last night,
等。
C)
有些动词(主要是一些表示位置移动等的动词和瞬间动词)的过去进行时态可以表示过去将来的意义。
eg. I was told that she was
leaving for Australia the next morning.
*6
.将来进行时态
A)
意义:表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语:
this
time tomorrow, at 9:00 next Sunday morning,
等。
eg. What
will you be doing at 9:00 on June 7next year?
7
.现在完成时态
A)
意义:
a.
表示过去某个时刻开始,
一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
(
只有部分延续性动词,
如
live,
work,
study,
等可以表示这一意义)
eg. I have lived in Shanghai since I was born.
He has been
married for half a year.
b.
表示过去做过的某一个动作对现在的影响。
eg. I have seen
this film. It’s fantastic!
Jack is playing video games, because he has done
his homework.
B)
常用的时间状语:
a. since 1990, for
9 years,
等。
b. already, yet, just, now,
this
week
,
never
,
ever
,
so
far
,
up till
now
,
lately
,
in
the
past
/
last few
years
,
等。
C)b
组所表示的现在完成时态与过去时态的区别:虽然现在完成时态
b
组表示的动作也是发生在过去,但它强调的
是与现在的关系,而过去时态只表示过去
发生的动作,叙述一个事实。试比较:
eg. 1)
He went to Beijing two days ago.
He has gone to Beijing.
2) Henry
lost his mobile phone yesterday, but found it
later.
Henry has lost his mobile
phone again.
D)
瞬间动词要表示“一直到现在
”
,不能直接用“完成时态加
for
”
的方式,
必须用其他句型。
eg.
他离开已经三天了。
He has left Shanghai. He left three days ago.
He has been away from Shanghai
for three days.
It is three days
since he left Shanghai.
8
.过去完成时态
< br>A)
意义:表示过去某个时刻之前所做的动作,即“过去的过去”
。所以一般要用过去完成时态的话,句子中或上下文
一定有一个过去时态的动作
或时间状语做比较,才能用。
eg. He had
learned English before he went to Canada.
B)
常用的时间状语:
by the
end of last year
等。
C)
在用间接引语时,主句的动词是过去时态,用来替换直接引语中的过去时态或现在完成时态。
eg. He asked the girl,
“Where have you been?”
→
He asked the girl where
she had been.
He said,
“I cleaned the classroom yesterday.”
→
He said that he had
cleaned the room the day before.
D)
有些动词(如
hope, wish, expect,
think, intend, mean, suppose
等)的过去完成时态可表
示过去事实上没
有实现的希望、计划等。
eg. I had hoped to attend the party,
but I was too busy.
*9
.将来完成时态
A)
意义:表示在将来某个时刻之前将会完成的动作。
B)
常用的时间状语:
by the
end of next year
等。
eg. You will have studied English
for 10 years by the time you finish high school.
10
.现在完成进行时态
A)
意义:表示一个动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在。
p>
(同现在完成时态的第一种意义)
B)
常用时间状语:
since ..., for ...,
so far, up till now
等。
C)
现在完成进行时态与现在完成时态的比较:
只有现在完成时态的第一种意义的那些动词,
它们的现在完成与现在完成进行两种时态表示的意义相同,
可以互
换使用。
eg. I have
studied here for 3 years. = I have been studying
here for 3 years.
而其他的一些动词,使用两种时态,意义就各不相同了。
试比较:
The
little boy has read the text.
(小男孩已经读过课文
了。
)
The little boy has been reading the
text.
(小男孩一直在读课文。
)
试翻译:
1
)从上午九点开始我就一直在做功课。
I have been doing my homework since 9 in the
morning.
2
)今天的功课我已经做好了。
I have done today’s
homework.
*11
.过去完成进行时态
意义:表示从过去某一时间开始的动作一直持续了一段时间再结束。
(结
束的时间点也在过去)
eg. He had been
searching for the watch for a half hour when we
came back.
12
.过去将来时态
意义:表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态,一般多
用在间接引语中。
eg. He told me
that he would read the book a second time.
二、动词的语态
英语中的动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词,以及系动词。及物动词有主动语态和被动语态;不及物动词
或动词
词组(如
happen, belong to,
take place
等)和系动词(如
become,
seem, sound, look,
taste,
等)没有被动语
态。
<
/p>
1
.以动词
do
为例,被动语态的各种时态的表达方式如下表:
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
is/am/are done
was/were done
shall/will be
done
would be done
进行
is/am/are
being done
was/were being done
完成
have/has been done
had been
done
shall/will be done
各种时态在助动词
be
上表示,动作由过去分词体现。
2
.注意在动词词组变被动的时候,原来词组中的
介词或副词不要漏掉
。
eg. The villagers
took good care of the wounded soldier.
→
The soldier was taken good
care of by the villagers.
3
.
有些动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词,这些动词比较少用被动语态。
eg. We begin our class at 8:00 every
morning.
→
? Our class is
begun ... ?
Our class begins at
8:00 every morning.
4
.有少数动词或
动词词组可用主动形式,表示(从中文里我们所感觉的)被动意义。
eg.
The book sells poorly.
His translation reads better than
yours.
Who is to blame for the
accident?
考研真题试析:
He will
have learned English for eight years by the time
he ____ from the university next year.
A. will graduate
B. will
have graduated
C. graduates
B. is to graduate
选
C
。虽然句子的时间状语是
ne
xt
year
,但是“他从大学毕业”是以
< br>by
the
time
引出的
状语从句,在状语从句中,
用现在时态代替将来时态。
I feel it is your husband
who ____ for the spoiled child.
A. is
to blame
B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed
D. should
blame
选
A
。因为词组
be to blame for
这一词组用主动形式来表示中文中“该
为某事受到责备”的被动意义。
“Will you go skiing
w
it
h me this winter
vacation?” “It ____.”
A.
all depend
B. all depends
C.
is all depended
D. is all depending
选
B
。
It
all depends.
是习惯说法,意思为“要看情况而定了”
,不用将来时态,也不用被动语态。
I thought Jim would say something about
his school report, but he ____ it.
A. doesn’t me
ntion
B. hadn’t mentioned
C. didn’t mention
D. hasn’t mentioned
< br>选
C
。从前面一句
I
though
可以看出是过去时态,用
but<
/p>
连接的两个并列句中的动作是发生在同一时间,所以后面
的动词也
应该是过去时态。
The
first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their
power ____ increased enormously ever since.
A. is
B. was
C.
has been D. had been
选
C
。因为句子的时间状语是
ever since
,
意即“自从那时起”
(
“那时”指前面讲到的
< br>1945
年)
,所以是现在完成
时态。
The number
of deaths from heart disease will be reduced
greatly if people ____ to eat more fruit and
vegetables.
A. persuade B.
will persuade
C. be persuaded D. are
persuaded
选
D
。因为“人
们”和“说服”是动宾关系,所以用被动语态。
More than a dozen students in that
school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
A. sent B. were sent
C had
sent
D. had been sent
选
B
。因为学生是被送到国外学医的,所以要用被动语态,而句末
时间状语表明要用过去时态。
Send my regards to your
lovely wife when you ____ home.
A.
wrote
B. will write
C. have
written D. write
选
D
。这是祈使句中的状语从句的动词,所以用一般现在时态代替将来时态。
When
he
turned
professional
at
the
age
of
11,
Mike
____
to
become
a
world
champion
by
his
coach
and
parents.
A.
expected B. was expecting
C. was
expected D. would be expected
选
< br>C
。根据整个句子的意思,可以判断,是他的教练和父母期盼马克成为世界冠军,
所以用被动语态,时间在他
7
岁的时候,显然是过去时态。
p>
“Did
you tidy your room?”
“No, I
was going to tidy my room but I ____
visitors.”
A. had
B. have C. have had D. will have
选
A
。根据前面的疑问句,可判断谈论的是过去的事
情,而且回答的前半句也说明了时态:
“我正要打扫屋子,但我
有客人来访了”是过去时态。
With the help of high technology, more
and more new substances ____ in the past years.
A. discovered
B. have discovered
C. had
been discovered
D. have
been discovered
选
D
。全句的时间状语是
in
the
past
years
,是典型的现在
完成时态的时间状语,而且“发现”与“新的物质材料”
是动宾关系。
< br>
情态动词
一、
can, may, must
根据意思与习惯用法,我们可以把
can, may,
must
分成以下两组用法,方便学习与掌握。
1
.第一组用法见下表(主要在初中的时候我们所掌握的)
< br>:
can
may
mus
t
词义
能、
会
可以
必须
肯定
can
may
must
否定
can’t
mustn’t/may
not
needn’t
疑问
Can...?
May...?
Must...?
过去式
could
might
must/had to
A) can
a)
can
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:
eg. Computers can do a lot of things
for us.
Money cannot buy
everything.
Can you speak French?
I could run very fast when I was young.
b) can
与
be able
to
can
与
be able
to
的意思相近,经常可以互换使用,但是
be able t
o
除了有一般现在与过去时态之外,还有将来、
完成等时态,所
以要表示将来能够或已经能够做什么事,就要用
be able
to
。
eg. You
will be able to communicate with foreigners
fluently if you finish the course.
The baby has been able to one or two simple
sentences.
在用过去式的时候,
could
与
was
able
to
的意思不同,
could
表示的是
“当时能够做某事”
的意思,
而
was/were
able
to
表示的是“当时能够,并且成功地做到了”的意思。
试比较:
Einstein was able to flee Germany
when Hitler came into power.
I
could pass the examination, but I was too
careless.
c) could
在疑问句时用意表示
请求,意义同
can
,是一种比较客气的表达方式。
eg. Could you give me a hand?
B) may
a)
may
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:
eg. You may choose anyone here you
like.
—
May I
leave now?
—
Yes, of
course/Sure. Go ahead.
—No, you mustn’t. (注:口语中也能用
c
annot
。
)
I was told that the boss might come to
the office before 9
b)mustn’t
与
may
not.
mustn’t
一
般是说话人表示“不可以”或“禁止”
,而
may not
p>
一般是指按规定“不允许”的意思。
试比较:
You mustn’t leave the
bike here.
The sign on the wall reads, “Visitors
may not feed the animals in the zoo.”
c)
may
可放在句首,表示“祝愿”
。
eg.
May our friendship
last forever.
d) might
有时用在疑问句中,只是一种比
may
更客气一点,
而非过去式。
eg. Might I
have a few words with you
,
sir?
C) must
a)
must
的肯定、否定、疑问及过去式的例句:
eg. Everyone must obey the rules.
—
Must I
finish the work today?
—
Yes, you must.
—No, you needn’t/don’t have
to.
He told me he
must/had to see a doctor tomorrow morning.
b) must
与
have to
用
must
< br>更强调主观上“必须”
,而
have to
更强调客观上的“不得不”
。
在间接引语中,主句动词是过去式时,用
had to
多,但
must
也可以用。
have
to
有现在、过去和将来三种时态。
c)
must
有时可以表示“偏偏”
“非
...
不可”的意思。
eg. Why must you make such a mess
when the visitors are coming?
2
.第二组用法见下表:
ca
n
ma
y
mu
st
词义
可
能<
/p>
/
一
定
可能
一定
t
肯
定
/
may
mus
否定
cann
ot
may
not
/
疑问
Can..
.?
/
/
过去式
can’t
have
done
may
dong
must
done
have
have
进行式
can’t
be
doing
may be doing
must be doing
a) can, may, must
的第二种用法,是用来表
示说话人的一种推测。其中
may
与
m
ust
的区别其实是说话人对可能性
大小所做判断的区别,觉得
可能性大,就用
must
,可能性小,就用
may
。而
can
与
may, must
是肯定、否定、疑问分
工的不同
。
现在时举例:
—
Can Tom be in the
classroom?
—
Yes, he must be there.
或—Yes, he may be there,
but I’m not quite sure.
或—No, he can’t be there, because he
hasn’t come to
school today.
过去时举例:
I must have been asleep.
I didn’t hear your footsteps.
David became angry
at
the meeting. He may have
misunderstood what I meant.
James can’t have forgotten the
examination yesterday. There must have been
something wrong
with
him, I
believe.
b)
表示可能性的否定句中有时也可用<
/p>
may
,但意思与
cannot
有所不同。
may
not
一般解释为“可能不”
,而
cannot
< br>解释为“不可能”
c)
表示
可能性,也可以用
might
和
cou
ld
,但并非
may
和
can
的过去式,而是表示说话人觉得可能性实在是比较小
了,有虚拟的意味。跟
may
与
c
an
一样,
might
用在肯定句,<
/p>
could
用在否定句和疑问句。
mig
ht
do
的过去式是
might
have done
,
could
p>
的过去式是
could have
done
。
eg.
—
Could it be Susan at the
door?
—
Yes, it
might be her.
(现在口语中也可用
could
be
回答)
*d) could
have done
也可以用在肯定句里,表示过去有这种可能,但事实上没有发生(虚
拟语气的用法)
。
eg. It
was dangerous to do so. You could have killed
yourself!
二、
shall, will,
would
1
.用在一般疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见。<
/p>
第一、第三人称用
shall
,第二人称
用
will
或
would
。
eg. Shall turn on
the TV?
Shall my brother go with
us?
Will/Would you do me a favour?
2
.
shall
与第二、第三人称连用,用在肯定、否定句中,表示“命令、允诺、
警告、威胁,
p>
及说话人的意愿和决心”
。
eg. You shall do it at once!
He shall have the money when he
finish his work on time.
You shall fail if you don’t work
hard.
If Shylock breaks
the law, everything he has shall be
taken away from
him.
3
.
will
在述句中可用于任何人称,表示“意愿、意志、决心”等。有时也可用在条件
句中。
eg. I will help you
at any time
if necessary.
The captain will land you safe in
Liverpool, if you will be man.
4
.
will
和
would
p>
可以表示习惯性反复发生的动作,或在某一条件下,一定回发生的动作。
这时,
will
一般指“现
在”<
/p>
,
would
一般指“过去”
。
eg. Oil will float
on water, because it is lighter.
He
would take a walk after supper when he lived here.
上面例句中的
would
可以用
used
to
来替换。
used
to
也表示“过去常常”
,但
used
to
还隐含了“现在不再这样
了”的意思。而
< br>would
则没有这种意思。
eg. He used to smoke, but he has given it up now.
三、
should/ought to
1
.可以表示一种必要性、义务,解为“应当、应该”
。可以
与任何人称连用,并用在肯定、否定、疑问句中。
但疑
问句时用
should
更多一些
。
eg. You should/ought to pay
more attention to your spelling.
2
.
可以表示一种推测,
解为
“应该是”
。
用于任何人称的肯定、
否定、
疑问句。
它还有进行和完成两种形式:
< br>should/ought
to be doing
(
对现在正在进行的动作的推测)和
should/ought to have don
e
(表示与过去的事实相反,
“本来应该”
的意思)
。
eg.
They should be here by now.
The
students should be doing the experiment in the
lab.
You should have come here ten
minutes earlier.
3
.
should
有时可以表示说话人惊讶的感觉,解为“竟然”
。
eg. I have never
imagined that he should say so at the meeting.
四、
need
和
da
re
need
和
dare<
/p>
两词,都既可作为情态动词,又可作为实意动词,所以复习的重点是分清在句子中它们分别
是哪
种动词。
1
.
need
解为“需要、必须”
。
A)
作为情态动词时,多用于疑问句和否定句。
eg.
—
Need I
do it again?
—No, you
needn’t.
注意:与
Must
I
do
it
again?
的意思相近,但用
need
问,问的人一般希望得
到的是否定的回答;而用
must
问,
问话的人一般希望得到的是肯定回答。
B)
作为实意动词,可用于各种句型,是及物动词,可以跟名词做宾语。
eg. We need another five workers to
do the work.
C)
needn’t
have done
与
didn’t need to
do
的区别
needn’t
have
done
和
didn’t need to do
分别是情态动词用法与实意动词用法的过去形式,但是所表示的
意义不同。n
eedn’t have done
意思是“本来不必”
,言下
之意是“做了不必要做的事了”
;而
didn’t need
to do
意思是“当时不必要”
,言下之意是“当时不必要,
因此可能就没有做”
。
试比较:She was too nervous to reply, but
fortunately she didn’t need to say
anything.
她紧得无法答复,但幸运的是,她那时什么也不必说。
You needn’t have
mentioned it to him, because he had been told
everything before.
你本来不必跟他提这件事的,之前已经有人把一切都讲给他听了。
2
.
dare
解为“敢”
。
A)
作为情态动词时,多用于疑问句和否定句。
eg. Dare you say that to your boss?
The little boy dare not face his
teacher.
但是
dar
e
的固定词组“
I dare
say...
”
,用在肯定句中。
eg. He’ll come again, I
dare say.
注意:<
/p>
dare
作为情态动词时,它的过去式是
dared
。
eg.
They dared not laugh in front of their manager.
B)
作为实意动词,
dare
可以用在各种句型里。
但是注意在否定句里,有时后面的不定式的
< br>to
可以省略。
eg.
They did
n’t
dare (to) laugh
in front of their manager.
考研真题试析:
You can’t
imagine that a well
-behaved gentleman
____ be so rude to a lady.
A. might
B. need C. should
D. would <
/p>
选
C
。这里的
s
hould
作“竟然”解,表示说话人的惊讶。
Mr. Bush is on time for
everything. How ____ it be that he was late for
the opening ceremony?
A. can
B. should
C. may
D. must
选
A
。因为在本句里的
can
用在疑问句中,意思是“可能
”
。全句的意思是“布什先生每件事都是准时的,他怎么可
能在
开幕式时迟到呢?
Oh, I’m
not feeling well in the stomach. I ____ so much
fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat
B. mustn’t have eaten
C
. shouldn’t have
eaten
D. mustn’t
eat
选
C
。根据上下文,这里表示的是“本不应该吃这么多的炸鸡”
。所以
shouldn’t have eaten
是正确选项。
My English-Chinese
dictionary has disappeared. Who ____ have taken
it?
A. should
B. must C.
could
D. would
选
C
。这是对过去事实的一种推测,
must
只能用在肯定句里,
could
是用在疑问和否定句里,
p>
所以选
could
。
Children under 12 years
of age in that country ____ be under adult
supervision when in a public library.
A. must B. may
C. can
D.
need
选
A
。根据整个句子的意思
,这里用
must
(必须)最恰当。
You
might
just
as
well
tell
the
manufacturer
that
male
customers
____
not
like
the
design
of
the
furniture.
A. must B. shall
C. may
D.
need
选
C
。在此句中,
may not
解释为“可能不”
。全句的意思
是“你最好告诉生产商,男性顾客可能不惜换这种家具的
设计。
”
There ____ be
any difficulty about passing the road test since
you have practised a lot in the driving
school.
A.
mustn’t
B. shan’
t
C.
shouldn’t
D. needn’t
选
C
。因为整句的意思是:
“既然你在驾驶学校练得
很多,那么通过路考应该不会有什么困难了。
”这里的
shou
ld
是
一种推测。
而
< br>must
表示推测时(解为“一定”
)
< br>,一般只用于肯定句,否定时要用
can’t。
According
to the
local
regulations,
anyone
who
intends
to
get
a
driver’s
licence
____
take
an
eye
test.
A. can
B. must C. would
D. may
选
B
。这里
must<
/p>
的意思是“必须”
,正和题意。
Black holes ____ not be
seen directly, so determining the number of them
is a tough task.
A. can
B.
should
C. must D. need
选
A
。本句的意思是“黑洞不可能直接看得到,所以要确定黑洞的数量是一
件棘手的事情。
”要表示可能性的时候,
must
只能用于肯定,
can
才是用于否定。
You know he is not
going to let us leave early if we ____ get the
work done.
A.
can’t
B. may not
C. shouldn’t
D.
mustn’t
选
A
。此句用
can’t,意思是“不能够”
。
—“Guess
what! I have got A for my term paper.”
—“Great! You ____ read
widely and put a lot of work into it.”
A. must B. should
C. must
have
D. should have
选
C
。这是对过去事实的推测,
must have d
one
的意思就是“过去一定
......
”
。
The boss has given everyone a special
holiday, so we ____ go to work tomorrow.
A. can’t
B. mustn’t
C.
needn’t
D.
shouldn’t
选
C
。needn’t
意思是“不必”正和题意。
代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1
.人称代词的主格、宾格和所有格
作主语时用主格,做宾语和表语时用宾格,作定语时用所有格。
形容词性的所有格和名词性的所有格:如
< br>my
和
mine
,
your
和
yours
等。
eg. Your school is so
different from ours (= our school).
2
p>
.英语中第一、第二、第三人称代词在句子中的排列次序:单数时为
you,
he
and
I
;复数时为
we,
you
and
they
。
3
.
it
用于指人的情况:
A)
—
Who
is it/that speaking?
—
It
’
s
Mary speaking.
B)
—What’s
wrong with the baby?
—
It
’s crying
loudly.
4
.双重所有格的用法
在英语中经常会碰到双重所有格的情况,如
a friend
of mine
,
the invention of
his
等,这种表达法的意思与
my friend, his
invention
基本相同,只有细微的差别。
另外,名词也有双重所有格的表达法,如
a friend
of my father’s, the invention of
Prof
esso
r
Brown’s
等。
5
.在表示宾语的身体部位的名词前,一般用定冠词
the
代替所有格。
试比较:
The policeman caught the
thief by
the arm
.
The young lady carried a
small baby in her arm.
6
.
We
students
与
Our
students
的区别
We
students
中文为
“我们学生”
,
“学生”
是
“我们”
的同位语,
用这一词语的时候,
说话人是学生。
而
Our
stud
ents
其实是“我们的学生”
,说话人不是学生。当然,用<
/p>
We students
的时候,
We
students
必须是主语,如果是宾语,则
用
us students
。
eg. We students should learn more
than book knowledge at school.
Good teachers always bear us students in mind.
7
.反身代词的用法
A)
作宾语
eg. We must learn to adjust
ourselves to the new situation.
注意反身代词与代词宾格作宾语的区别:
eg. Jane’s mother
stared at her in the mirror. (
Jane
的母亲望着镜子中的
Jane
。
< br>)
Jane’s mother stared at herself in the
mirror. (
Jane
的母亲望着镜子中的自己。
)
试译:请好好保重。
Please take good care of yourself.
在幼儿园里,老师会很好地照顾你的。
Teachers will take good care
of you in the kindergarten.
B)
用作同位语,强调主语或宾语
eg. I myself
would never do such a
thing. (= I would never do such a thing myself.)
We talked with the
mayor himself
.
C)
反身代词的一些词组
by oneself
单独,独自
eg. He
finished the task by himself.
for
oneself
为了自己
eg. She
cooked a meal for herself.
between
ourselves
就我们之间
eg. This
is a secret between ourselves.
teach oneself sth.
自学
... eg.
Lenin taught himself English when he was in
Siberia.
seat oneself =
be seated eg. He seated himself
at the
back of the room.
devote
oneself to = be devoted to
献身于
二、指示代词
1
.
this,
these
经常指下面要讲的东西,而
that,
those
经常指前面讲过的东西。
eg. He always begins his story like
this: “Once upon a time, there was
a
..
.”
He was ill. That’s why he didn’t
come.
2
.
that
与
those
可以指代前
面提到的名词,经常在比较级的句子中出现。
eg. The boy told me his story and also
that of his sister’s.
Weather in Shanghai is warmer than that in
Beijing.
The products produced
this year are different from those produced last
year.
3
.
this
与
that
可用作副词,放在形容词或副词前,意
思相当于
so
。
eg. I didn’t expect the
exam would be this easy.
I can only go that far, to the riverside.
三、不定代词
1
.
one
one
只能指代可数名词的单数形式
,它与
it
的不同之处是
it
代替前面所提到的名词,是特指的,也就是前面提
到的同一件东西,而
one
代替前面所提到的名词,但它是一
种泛指,即是这一类东西中的任何一个。
试比较:
I have lost my cell phone and I have
to buy one (= a cell phone).
I have
bought a new cell phone. I bought it in Hong Kong.
2
.
any, some,
anyone, someone, anybody, somebody, anything,
something
A)
any
一
般用在否定句,疑问句与条件状语从句中
。
eg.
—
Have you
any questions?
—No, I haven’t
any.
Please buy some
apples if there are any.
any
也可以用在肯定句中,表示“任何一个”的意思。
eg. This is common knowledge. Any
pupil knows it.
B)some
一般用在肯
定句中,但可以用在一种表示邀请的疑问句中。
eg. Would you like to have some drinks? (= Have
some drinks, please.)
试比较:
Have you bought any
drinks?
some
有时
还可以解释为“某个”的意思,相当于
certain
。
eg. I have read it in some
magazine. (= in a certain magazine.)
C)
anyone, someone, anybody,
somebody
都是指人,
anything, somet
hing
都是指物。无论是指人还是指物,都
是单数性质。
p>
3
.
anoth
er
与
the
other
等的用法见下表:
泛指
特指
单数
another =
another one
the other = the other
one
复数
other ones = others
the
other ones =the others
eg.
I don’t like the colour of the shirt. Will you
please show me
another (one/ shirt)?
There were only two
shir
ts left in the shop. I didn’t like
the blue one. So I took
the other.
We have been told that only three
of us have passed the exam, and the others have to
do it again
next week.
There are many children in the park. Some are
singing, others are dancing.
4
.
each
与
every
each
相当于形容词或名词,而
every
相当与形容词。
ea
ch
指两个或两个以上的“每一个”
,
every
指三个或三个以上的“每一个”
。
< br>
用
each
的时候,常可强调“各不相同”
,而用
every<
/p>
时,常强调“全部都”
。
eg. Each of the hats cost 30 dollars.
(= The hats cost 30 dollars each.)
There are shops
on each side
of the street
.
At
the meeting,
each student
expressed his
or her own idea.
Every
one of the students
agreed with me.
5
.
everyone
与
every one
ev
eryone
只指人,同
everybody
< br>。
every one
既可指物,也可指人,指人时只用在
of
短语之前。
eg. No one is absent today.
Everyone is here.
All the
pictures are beautiful. I like every one of them.
6
.
all
与
both
;
any
与
either
;
none
与
neither
这三对代词的区别是一样的,在与指代数量上的不同。
all,
any,
none
都是指代三个或三
个以上,
both,
either,
neither
都是指代两者。
eg. All the students like my idea.
Both his parents are ordinary
workers.
There are many books in
our library. You can borrow any of them.
I have two dictionaries. You may
take either one.
None of my
classmates will go there with me.
Neither of his two brothers could help him during
that time.
7
.
no
one, nobody, nothing
和
none
。
no one = nobody<
/p>
,都是指人;
nothing
指物;
p>
none
既可指人,也可指物。
no one, nobody, nothing
都是单数性质
,
none
作主语,如指代不可数名词,看作单数,如果指代可数名词,既
可看作单数,也可看
作复数。
在作否定回答时,
p>
用
none
回答有针对性的人或东西,用<
/p>
no one, nobody,
nothing
回答无针对性的人或东西。
eg.
—
Who did
you see in the office?
—
No
one/ Nobody.
—
Is there anything in the
room?
—
Nothing..
—
Is there
any water in your bottle?
—
None.
—
How many students have been
chosen in your class this time?
—
None.
8
.
not
与
all, both,
every
连用
not
与
all, both, ev
ery
连用时都是部分否定,意思是“不全是”
。
eg. All that glitters is not
gold.
Not every student can solve
the problem.
Both of his parents are
not at home, today.
试析:
Don’t spit ____
(anywhere/
everywhere).
考研真题试析:
Both
teams were in hard training; ____ was willing to
lose the game.
A. either
B. neither
C. another
D. the other
选
B
p>
。因为在句首有
both
一词,表明只有两
支队伍,所以后面要选
neither
。说明两支队伍都不想输
。
In fact ____
is a hard job for the police to keep order in an
important football match.
A. this B.
that C. there
D. it
选
D
。这里用
it
作形式主语,
真实主语是后面的不定式。
Some of the wheat is from Canada. What
about ____?
A. another
B.
the other
C. others
D. the
rest
选
D
。因为空格中要指代的
是前面说到的小麦,是不可数名词,
another
,
the
other
与
others
就都不能用。
而
the
rest
既可指可数名词,也可指不可数名词
< br>,意思也是“剩下的”
。
Equipped with modern facilities,
today’s libraries differ greatly from
____.
A. those of the past
B. the past C. which of the past
D. these past
选
A<
/p>
。因为只有
those
可以指代前文中的
复数名词
libraries
。
I had to buy ____ these
books because I didn’t know which one was the
best.
A. both B. none C.
neither
D. all
选
D
。从句子的最后一个单词
best
可以
知道,书起码有三本。另外根据全句的意思,是要买书,所以选
all
< br>。
Some of the
stamps belong to me, while the rest are ____.
A. him and her
B. his and
hers C. his and her
D. him and hers
选
B
。因为此处要用的是一个所有格,且后面
没有跟名词,所以
B
是正确选项。
No progress was made in the
trade talk as neither side would accept the
conditions of ____.
A. others
B. the other
C. either
D. another
选
B
。从句子中的
neither
可以看出,谈判是
在双方间进行。那么各方都不能接受对方的条件,没有第三方了。所
以用
the other
。
My daughter often makes a schedule to
get ____ reminded of what she is to do in the day.
A. herself
B. her
C. she
D. hers
选<
/p>
A
。因为根据句子的意思,
“我的女儿”
做个日程表是要提醒她自己,所以要用反身代词。
I made so many changes in my
composition that only I could read it. To ____
else, it was hard to make
out.
A. none B. everyone C. someone
D. anyone
选
D
。
To
anyone else
的意思是“对于其他任何人来说”
。其
余的选项都说不通。
Both
sides have accused ____ of breaking the contract.
A. another
B. the other
C. neither
D. each
选
B
。这道题同
01
年的
22
题和
05
年的
26
题,前面有了
both
,说明只有双方,大家都指责对方撕毁合同。
The mayor has offered a
reward of $$ 5000 to ____ who can capture the tiger
alive or dead.
A. both B. others
C. anyone
D. another
选
C
。此处的
anyone<
/p>
的意思是任何一个人,放在句中正和题意。
Treat ____ to a glass of
wine to help you relax at the end of the day.
A. one
B. oneself
C. you
D. yourself
选
D
。此句是祈使句,所以事实主语是“
< br>you
”
,主语和宾语是同一人,所以要用反身代词。<
/p>
形容词和副词
一、形容词、副词的比较级与最高级
1
.形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化
< br>形容词和副词的比较级与最高级的变化分规则和不规则两种情况。
规则的变化,短的词(单音节及部分双音节的词)一般是在词尾加“
er
p>
”或“
est
”
(
其中重读闭音节要双写最后的
辅音字母;
e
结尾只要加“
r
”或“
st
”
;
“
y
”加辅音结尾的去“
y
”加“
ier
”或“
iest
”
)如:
big,
bigger,
biggest
;
late,
later,
latest
;
early,
earlier,
earliest
等,
较长的词
(部分双音节及多音节的词)
在前面加上
more
或
most<
/p>
,
如:
careful, more
careful, most
careful
;
clearly, more
clearly, most clearly
等。
不规则变化的词为:
good, well, bad,
badly, ill, many, much, little, old,
far
。变化见下表:
原级
good, well
bad, badly, ill
many, much
little
old
far
比较级
better
worse
more
less
older, elder
farther,
furthest
最高级
best
worst
most
least
oldest, eldest
farther,
furthest
2
.常用的比较级、最高级句型
A)
用原级形容词、副词的句型:
a) as... as...
“和
......
一样
......
”<
/p>
eg. Try to make as few
mistakes as you can.
He speaks
English as fluently as you.
b) not
as/so... as...
“不如
.......
那样
......
”
eg. People’s brains
cannot work as f
ast as computers.
c)
在以上两个句型中,我们还可以加上“倍数”
“分数”
“百分数”等词。
eg. Tibet is twice as large as
Texas. (= Tibet is twice the size of Texas).
My handwriting is not half so
good as yours.
B)
用比较级形容词、副词的句型:
a) ...er than... / more ... than...
“比<
/p>
......
更
......
”
eg.
It
’s cheaper to eat at home than in the
restaurant.
注意
:用比较级句型的时候,比较的对象必须是同类事物。在汉语中,我们常看到“的天气比热”
,这样的句子,
但在做翻译的时候就要注意,必须是同类作比较:
< br>
The weather in Shanghai is warmer
than that in Beijing.
在比较
级形容词和副词前,还可以用一些副词或短语修饰,如:
much, far,
even, still, a lot, a little, a
bit,
rather, slightly, *many
等。
eg. Your argument is far more
persuasive than his.
这些修饰语中的
many
只用在
more
+
可数名词之前,表“多得多”之意,如
many more
students
。而要表示“多得
多”的不可数的东西,则要
用
much more
。
还可以用“倍数(如
three times
< br>)
”
,
“数词
< br>+
量词(如
two
degrees
或
five hours
等)
”来修饰。除此之外,还有
by
far
也能修饰比较级的句型,但
by
far
多用在比较级之后,个别情况下,可用在比较级之前。
eg. He arrived here only 5 minutes
earlier than you.
The new method
is more complicated by far than the old one.
b) less ... than...
“不如
......
那样
......
”
eg. In
my opinion, the writer’s second boo
k is
less interesting than his first one.
c) ...er and ...er/ more and more
“越来越<
/p>
......
”
eg. With the final examination
drawing nearer and nearer, Tim was getting more
and more nervous.
d) the ...er, the
...er / the more ..., the more...
“越
p>
......
,就越
......
”
eg. The faster
you solve the problem, the best result you will
get.
e)
带有
than
p>
的句型,但不是比较的意思。
more than = not only eg. Students have learned
more than book knowledge at school.
other than = 1)except eg. There’s
nothing in his room other
than books.
2)anything but
eg. I couldn’t feel other than
surprised.
3)different from eg. His tastes are quite other
than mine.
rather than = instead of
eg. The color seems green rather than blue.
I would
sleep rather than see a film tonight.
f)
在表示“两者之中比较
......
的那一个”时,比较级形容词前要用定冠词
the
。
eg. Bill is the taller of
the twin brothers.
C)
用最高级形容词、副词的句型:
a) the ...est/ most ... of/ in...
eg. China is one of the largest countries in the
world.
b)
可以用比较级的句型来表示最高级的意思:
eg. Tom is taller than anyone else/
any other one/
any of the
others
/ all the others in our class.
No one is taller than Tom in our
class.
I have never seen a
better film than this one.
请注意在上面第一个例子中的
other,
else
等的用法。试比较:
China is bigger than
any other country
in Asia
.
Chins is
bigger than
any country in
Africa
.
c)
在最高级形容词或副词前可以用序数词或
very,
much, by far
等。
eg. The Yellow River is the second longest river
in China.
Among the candidates,
John is the very youngest.
The
Pacific is by far the largest ocean in the world.
d)
在作比较的时候,最高级形容词前必须用定冠词或物主
代词所有格、指示代词,在最高级副词的前面可用可不
用。
eg. Don’t forget to wear
the/your best clothes to the job
interview.
He runs (the) fastest
in our class.
但是有时候会看到在最高
级形容词前不用定冠词的例子,这时,这个最高级其实
不是“最
......
”的意思,而是
“非常
.
.....
”的意思
。
eg. This is a most interesting film.
二、有关形容词的一些要点
1
.作定语和作表语的形容词
英语中很多形容词都既可作定语,也可作表语,如
p>
kind
,可以说
She is a
kind teacher
,或
She is kind
。
但是有些形容词只能作表语,如很多
a
p>
开头的形容词(
afraid,
alive,
alone,
asleep,
awake
)以及
glad,
pleased,
sorry,
tired
等。
有些形容词用作表语时的意思与用作定语时的意思不一样。试比较:
1
)
He is ill in
bed.
Ill news runs
apace
(=quickly).
2) What’s your
present
address?
All the members were
present
at
the conference. <
/p>
*2
.多个形容词修饰同一个名词的词序排列:
< br>
eg. a charming small round old
brown French oak writing table
<
/p>
(描述性→大小→形状→新旧
/
年龄→颜
色→地方→物质材料→用途)
3
.形容词和名词的正确搭配
eg. price (high/low); goods
(cheap/expensive); population (large/ small); rain
(heavy/
light
)
4
p>
.形容词作状语
/
补语
形容词有时可以作句子的状语(也有的语法书上
称之为补语)
。
eg.
The little girl went home,
cold and
hungry
.
The captain
promised to land the passengers
safe
.
5
.一些由同一词根派生出来的形容词词义辨析
英语中根据构词法,
经常可碰到一些由同一词根派生出的不同的形容词
,
在学习掌握的时候需要加以注意,
不要
混淆。
A)
historic
与
historical
historic
意思为“历史上有重大意义的”<
/p>
,
historical
意思为“历史的
”
。
eg.
Waterloo is a historic battlefield,
where Napoleon’s ar
my was defeated.
Have you seen the historical
film about Napoleon?
B)
sensible
与
sensitive
sensible
意思为“明智的”
“合理的”
“可感觉到的”
,
sensitive
意思为“敏感的”
“神经过敏的”
。
eg. Surely it
would be sensible to get a second opinion before
taking any further action.
There is a sensible increase in temperature
because of the global warmth.
This is such a sensitive issue that we should deal
with it carefully.
C) imaginable,
imaginary
与
imaginative
imaginable
意思是
“能够想象的”
“想象得出的”
,
i
maginary
意思是
“想象
(出来
)
的”
“虚构的”
,
< br>imaginative
是“富于想象力的”
。
eg. The seven
dwarfs tried every imaginable means, but couldn’t
wake her up.
All the
characters in the story are imaginary.
Jack was an imaginative child
though he
didn’t do well at school.
三、有关副词的一些要点
1
.副词的位置
频度副词一般在动词“
be
p>
”与助动词之后,行为动词之前
.
eg. David is usually late.
He
seldom comes early.
You can never
imagine how embarrassed I was at that time!
修饰动词的副词经常在动词之后,有时也可放在句首。
eg. Though I did the exercise very
carefully, I failed again.
Suddenly, a tall man appeared from behind the
curtain.
表地点和时间的副词可放在句尾或句首。
2
.与形容词同形的副词,以及词尾以
ly
结尾的副词
A)
有些有
ly
结尾的副词经常可以有抽象的意义,
而与形容词同形的副词表示的是比较具体的意义。
如
high
/highly;
deep/deeply; wide/widely
eg. He can jump very high.
The principal speaks highly of
your work.
B)
有些词的意思完全不同如
hard/hardly;
near/nealy; late/lately;
most/mostly
,需要加以注意。
3
.一些常用副词的用法
A) very, much, very much
与
well
的用法
very
一般修饰形容词、副词和现在分词,如:
very
good/hard/interesting
much
一般修饰比较级和过去分词,如:
much
faster/ respected
very
much
一般修饰动词,如:
I love it very
much.
well
一般修饰
worth
doing
与介词短语,如:
well worth
reading/above the trees
B)
fairly
与
rather
fairly
与
rather
都有“相
当”的意思,但一般
fairly
修饰带有褒义的形容词或副词
,含有“正合适”
,
“恰当”
等的意义
;而
rather
含有“过分”的意义,所以修饰带有贬义的形
容词和副词更多,如:
fairly
warm,
rather
hot;
fairly cool, rather cold; fairly easy,
rather difficult
等。
C) nearly
与
almost
nearly
与
almost<
/p>
都可以解释为“几乎”
,一般情况下,两个词经常可以互换,有人
认为用
almost
时,感觉上比
ne
arly
更接近一些。
eg.
The work was almost/nearly completed.
Almost/Nearly all the Japanese eat rice.
在
any
及一些否定词
no, none, never, nothing, nobody
的前面,必须使用
almost
。
p>
eg. Almost no one believed
what he said.
固定词组
not nearly
的意思
是“远远不(够)
。
”
eg. There are not nearly enough
people here to do the job.
I have 20 dollars, but that isn’t
nearly enough for m
y journey fare.
考研真题试析:
In recent years travel companies have
succeeded in selling us the idea that the further
we go, ____.
A. our holiday will be
better
B. our holiday will be the
better
C. the better our holiday will
be
D. the better will our holiday be
p>
选
C
。这是一个“
the more..., the more...
”的比较结构,在用这一结构时,
后面的主谓是正常语序,不用倒装。
I don
’
t think
Peter is too young to take care of the pet dog
____.
A. correctly
B.
properly C. exactly
D. actively
选
B
。
p>
此句中
properly
可解为
“完全地”
,
全句的意思是
“我认为比德已经不小了,
完全可以照顾好他的宠物狗了。
”
而其他三个选项都不符合题意。
According
to
the
new
research
gardening
is
a
more
____
exercise
for
older
women
than
jogging
or
swimming.
A. mental
B. physical C. effective
D.
efficient
选
C
。根据上下文,本题的意思是“根据最新研究,对于年纪较大的妇女来说,园艺是比慢跑和游泳更
加
......
的
一项锻炼”
,那么在四个选项中,只有用
effective
(有效)才讲得通。
mental
意思是“智力的”
,
physical
是“体力
< br>的”
,
efficient
是“
效率高的”
,显然都不符合题意。
As far as I am concerned, education is
about learning and the more you learn, ____.
A. the more for life are you equipped
B. the more equipped for life you are
C. the more life you are equipped for
D. you are equipped the more for life <
/p>
选
B
。
本题考比
较级
the
more...,
the
more...
的句型。
p>
在用这个句型的时候,
值得提醒的是:
我们
所记的
“
the
more
”
,
其实是“
the
+
形容词或副词比较级”
。本句中,
过去分词
equipped
作用相当于形容词,意思是“做好准
备的”
,那么
它的比较级就是
more
equipped
。这样就不难理解为什么要选
B
了。
The
secret of his success is that he does everything
____.
A. efficiently
B.
curiously
C. anxiously
D.
sufficiently
选
A
。<
/p>
四个选项中,
efficiently
意
思是
“效率高地”
;
curiousl
y
是
“好奇地”
;
anxiously
是
“急切地”
;
sufficiently
是“充分地”
。只有用
efficiently
,本句才讲得通,
“他成功的秘诀在于他做每一件事都效率很高”
。
The shopkeeper gave us
____ weight: we got 9 kilos instead of 10 kilos.
A. scarce
B. short
C. light
D. slight
选
B
。本题
考英语的习惯表达法。中文所说的“缺秤”
,
“分量不足”
p>
,在英语中用“
short weight
”来表达。不用
其他说法。
Broadly speaking, I would agree with
Shirley, though not ____.
A. widely
B. thoroughly
C. entirely D.
extensively
选
C
p>
。根据上下文,本句的意思为“大体上说来,我还是同意丽,虽然不是全都同意。
”
entirely
的意思就是“完
全地”
,符合本题要求。
Those who change mobile phones
frequently will pay a heavy price for being ____.
A. graceful B. fashionable
C. particular
D. feasible
选
B
。本题
考形容词词义。解题时要考虑的是“频繁换手机的人将为什么东西而付出高额代价?”所以显然答案就
是
fashionable
,
“他们是为追求时髦而付出代价”
。其他各项都不符合题意。
The house rent is
expensive. I’ve
g
ot about
half the space I had at home and I’m paying ____
here.
A. as three times
much
B. as much three times
C. much as three times
D. three times as much
选
D
。本题考倍数的正确表达。用英语表达倍数,一般都是把倍数放在
p>
as
...
as
或
...er
than
之前。这个句子为
了避免重复,把
three times as much
之后的
as ...
部分省略了。
He speaks English well indeed, but of
course not ____ a native speaker.
A.
as fluent as B. more fluent than C. so fluently as
D. much fluently than
选
C
。本句考副词的比较等级。因为要修饰怎么“说英语”
< br>,
不能用形容词,应该是用副词来修饰,所以
A
、
B
两项
不用考虑。而如要表示“比
......
更流利”
,应该是
more fluently than
,所以
D
项也不对。表示“不如
......
”可
以用“
not
as/so+
原级形容词或副词
+ as
”的句型。全句的意思是“他英语说得的确很好,但当然还是不如一个以英
语为母语的
人那么流利。
”
Most people on this island are
recreational fishers, and ____, fishing forms an
actual part of their
leisure time.
A. accidentally B. purposefully C.
obviously
D. formally
选
C
。本题考副词。根据前后两个半句,
“岛上大部分人都是钓鱼爱好者”
,
“钓鱼成为
他们休闲时间的一个实际组
成部分”
,最恰当的连接应该用“很
显然”
,所以用
C
,其他选项都不符合
逻辑。
At a rough
estimate, Nigeria is ____ Great Britain.
A. three times the size as
B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of
D. three times the size of
选
D
。本题考倍数表达法。在英语中倍数应该放在“
as ... as
”
,
“
-er
than
”
,或
“
the
size/length/
width...
”之前,所以
D
是正
确的表达。
There was
such a long queue for coffee at the interval that
we ____ gave up.
A. eventually
B. unfortunately
C.
generously
D. purposefully
选
A
。
本题考
副词。
根据上下文,
可以知道
“有一个
很长的队伍排着要咖啡”
,
所以
“我们
最终放弃了。
”
eventually
意思是“最终”
,正合题意,其他都说不通。
At times, worrying is a
normal, ____ response to a difficult event or
situation
––
a loved one
being
injured in an accident, for
example.
A. effective
B.
individual
C. inevitable
D.
unfavorable
选
C
。本题
考形容词。所给的四个形容词,
effective
意思是“有
效的”
,
individual
是“个
人的”
,
inevitable
是
p>
“不可避免的”
、
“必然的”
,
unfavorable
是“不利的”
。本题的意思应该为“有时候,处于一种困境时——比如一个
所爱的人在一
次事故中受伤了——忧虑是一种正常的,不可避免的反应。
”
A typhoon swept across this
area with heavy rains and winds ____ strong as 113
miles per hour.
A. too
B.
very C. so
D. as
选
D
。
本题考形容词比较的句型,
只有
as...as
可以在次运用,
因为<
/p>
so...as
的形式一般是用在否定句里的。
< br>as...as
在这里的意思是“有
......
如此强的程度”
,整句的意思为“伴随着大雨和强达每小时
113
英里的狂风,台风袭击了这
个地区。
”
Alan
is a careful driver, but he drives ____ of my
friends.
A. more carefully
B. the most carefully
C.
less carefully
D. the least carefully <
/p>
选
D
。本题考副词的最高级。
“在我的朋友当中”
,一定是超过两个人,同时句子中也没有
than
一词,所以不可能用
比较级,而后半句由<
/p>
but
引出,说明意思有转折,所以不可能用
the most carefully
,只能选
D
。
语法讲座:分词
一、分词的形式
1
.现在分词与过去分词的主要区别
A)
及物动词的现在分词与过去分词的区别
eg. The news excited the children.
→
The news
was exciting. The children were excited.
→
the
exciting news the excited children
My teacher’s words
encouraged me greatly.
→
My teacher’s
words were
encouraging. I was greatly
encouraged.
通过上述例子,可以发现,
及物动词的现在分词表示的是“主动”
,它的过去分词是“被动”
。
试分析:
tiring
与
tired
interesting
与
interested
pleasing
与
pleased
B)
不及物动词的现在分词与过去分词的区别
eg. China is a developing country and
the UK is a developed country.
developing
:正在发展,发展中
developed
:已经发展好的,发达的
试比较:
boiling
与
boiled
,
f
alling
与
fallen
,
burning
与
burned
。
通过上述例子
,可以发现,不及物动词的现在分词表示的是“进行”
,它的过去分词是“完成”
。
2
.现在分词的四种形式
现在分词除了一般式之外,还有完成式和被动式,以动
词
do
为例,现在分词的四种形式见下表:
doing
having done
being done
having
been
done
A) doin
g
:主动
/
进行
eg. a)I hear someone singing an
English song in the next room.
Last night, I heard someone singing an English
song in the next room.
b) The man
standing on the platform is waving his hand to us.
c) They stood by the roadside,
begging.
doing
所表示的动作与谓语动
词同时发生,与逻辑主语是主动关系。
B) being d
one
:被动
/
进行
< br>
eg. The problem being discussed
is very important.
The museum
being built there will be open to the public next
year.
being done
所表示的动作与谓
语动词同时发生,但与逻辑主语是被动关系。
C)
having done
:主动/完成
eg. Having done his homework, Tim
played chess with his friends.
Having cleaned the classroom, I went home.
having done
所表示的动作发生在谓语动
词之前,与逻辑主语是主动关系。
D) having
been done
:被动
/
完成
p>
eg. Having been
surrounded by the flood for over a week, the
villagers lacked food and medicine.
Having been shown the library, the visitors were
led to the audio-visual lab.
having been done
所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,与逻辑主语是被
动关系。
E)
Conclusion
:
现
在
分
词
doing (
主动
/
p>
进行
)
having done (
p>
主动
/
完成
)
being done (
被动
/
进
行
)
having been done(
被动
/
完成
)
done
(
被动
/
完
成
)
过
去
分<
/p>
词
/
having been done
与
done
的区别:
试分析:
Written in simple
English, the book is easy to read.
Built more than 800 years ago, the Krimlin is the
working place of the Russian president.
Having
been
surrounded
by
the
flood
for
over
a
week,
the
villagers
lacked
food
and
medicine.
Having
been shown round the library, the visitors were
led to the audio-visual lab.
过去分词所表示的动作
也发生在谓语动词之前,与逻辑主语的关系也是被动,但它不象
having
been
done
强调两个
动作先后发生,过去分词经常可表示一种完成的状态。
3
.分词的否定形式:
not
+
分词
eg. She
remained silent, not knowing what to say.
Not hearing the bell, the
teacher kept on teaching.
二、分词的功能
1
.表语
(doing/
done)
eg. The situation is
inspiring.
The little girl is
charming.
He looks disappointed.
Nanjing Road is crowded
at
weekend.
Those days are gone
forever.
2
.宾语补足语
(doing/ done)
可以跟分词作宾语补足语的常用动词有
see,
look
at,
notice,
watch,
observe,
hear,
listen
to,
feel,
smell,
have, get, set, leave, keep, make,
find
等。
eg.
Mary heard someone knocking at the door.
I found him sitting/seated at the
back of the room.
I
didn’t recognize him, because he had his hair
cut.
Don’t
worry. I’ll have the car
waiting for
you.
She saw her baby playing
with their pet dog.
She saw a
patient carried out of the room by the doctors.
The policeman noticed the small
kitchen window broken.
*The teacher
caught him cheating in the exam.
*I
won’t have you
talking like that.
3
.定语
(doing/
done/ being done)
分词作定语,如
果只是单个的分词,一般放在名词前,如是词组,一般放在名词之后。
eg. He took a burning stick from the
fire.
There was a lighted candle
at the corner of the table.
We
met a group of children training in the
playground.
Mr Smith is a man
greatly respected by his colleagues.
The house being repaired was on fire last night.
试分析:
What I saw
in the dark was a
?
face. (frightened/frightening)
注意:现在分词作定语时,分词表示的动作是与句子谓语动词同时发生,不能表示位于动词之前发
生的动作,
如“我要跟那位打碎玻璃窗的男孩谈谈”就不能分词翻成“
< br>(X)
I’ll talk with the boy breaking
the window”
,而
要用定语从句“
< br>the boy who broke the window
”
。
< br>有些分词还可放在形容词前,用法相当于一个副词,如
burning hot,
freezing cold,
等。
4
.状语
(doing/
done/ having done/ having been done)
分词(短语)经常用作时间、原因、条件及伴随状语。
eg. Hearing the news, they jumped
for joy.
Having received the
final medical check, the astronauts boarded the
spaceship.
Having been operated
on the leg, the patient was moved to the ward.
Being young, he was
energetic.
Badly injured, the
driver lost consciousness.
Having
lived there for more than half a year, she
is familiar with
the city.
Given more time, I
could do it better.
Heated for a
while, water will turn into vapour.
They sat on the grass, looking at
the setting sun.
Holding the
million-pound note, he stood there dumbfounded.
分词作状语,分词短语前有时还可以用连词
when,
while, if, unless, once, until,
though
等。
eg.
If playing all day, you will waste your time.
Don’t mention it
when/while talking with Mary.
He will not come unless invited.
Though warned of the danger, he
still went skating on the ice.
Leave the chicken in the oven until cooked to a
brown color.
有的分词短语已经相当于一个固定用语,如
generally
speaking, judging from..., talking
of...
等,要靠
平时注意和积累。
eg. Judging from his
a
ppearance, he can’t be over
forty.
Generally
speaking, boys are more interested in such
activities than girls.
Talking
of
language
learning, communication is of great importance.
注意:我们用分词作状语的时候,它的逻辑主语必须是句
子的主语或分词前面的名词。
错句:
Walking through the
park, the flowers looked beautiful.
→
Walking through the park, I
saw some beautiful flowers.
错句:
Running into the house,
the door
banged after
the
boy.
→
Running into the house, the
boy banged the door.
5
.分词独立结构
(Absolute
Construction)
A)Try to turn the
following complex sentences into simple ones:
a) Because I had lost all my money,
I had to give up my plan.
→
Having lost all my money, I
had to give up my plan.
b) When she
was left alone in the room, she began to weep.
→
Left alone
in the room, she began to weep.
c)
If time permits
, I will show
you round the campus.
→?
Permitting, I will show
you round the campus
X
→
Time permitting
, I will show
you round the campus.
当分词的
逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,我们可以保留这个逻辑主语,这种“名词
+
分词”的结构,就是分词的
独立结构。
eg. The work done, they set to clean
the room.
= After the work was
done, they set to clean the room.
There being no one in the room, I left a note on
the desk.
=Since there was no
one in the room, I left a note on the desk.
The last bus having gone, we had
to walk home.
=Because the last
bus had gone, we had to walk home.
试试看:
I saw
a boy lay on the ground, his teeth ______(set),
his eyes ______(look) upwards, his right
hand ______(clench) on his chest.
(set/ looking/ clenched)
B)
分词的独立结构之前,有时还可以带有介词
with
。
(with + noun +
-ing/ -ed)
eg. The little boy
called out to his mother, with tears running down
his cheeks.
The old woman sat on
the bed, with her legs crossed.
如果在
with+
分词独立结构中的分词是
p>
being
的话,
being
经常省略
。
eg. Don’t talk with your mouth
(b
eing) full.
She set
out in the morning, with a heavy basket (being) on
her back.
考研真题试析:
Finding
her car stolen, ____
A. a policeman
was asked to help
B. the area was
searched thoroughly
C. it was looked
for everywhere
D. she hurried to a
policeman for help
选
D
。本题考的是现在分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题。因为
finding
这一动作必定是“
she
”所做,所以就选
p>
D
。
The bell ____ the end of the period
rang
, ____ our heated
discussion.
A. indicating;
interrupting
B. indicated; interrupting
C. indicating; interrupted
D. indicated; interrupted <
/p>
选
A
。如果在句子中注意到
rang
这个动词,就不难理解本句的主要成分是:
The bell rang
。因为句子里没有任何
连词,所以
句子中的两个空格应该都是非谓语动词。第一格是用分词短语做定语修饰
the
bell
,因为
the bell
与<
/p>
indicate
是主谓关系,所以我们要选用现在分词。第二格
是分词短语做状语,而
the bell
与
interrupt
也是主谓关
系,所以也要用现在分词。
Though ____
money, his parents managed to send him to
university.
A. lacked
B.
lacking of
C. lacking
D.
lacked in
选
C
。本句考分
词作状语的用法。当分词与逻辑主语的关系是主谓关系时,用通常用现在分词;而当分词与逻辑主
语的关系是动宾关系时,一般要用过去分词。本句中“他的父母”是“缺钱”的主语,所以只能在
B
与
C
两项中作选<
/p>
择。而动词
lack
可以及物,也可以不
及物,
不及物的时候一般后面跟介词
in
。只有在
lack
当名词的时候,后面用介
< br>词
of
。
所以本题选
C
。
Don’t use words, expressions, or
phrase
s ____ only to people with
specific knowledge.
A. being known
B. having been known
C. to
be known
D. known
选
D
。本句考非谓语动词作定语。四个选项中,
having
been
known
这一分词的完成
被动形式一般不用于作定语。如
果用
being
known
,
意思是
“正在
被
(某人)
所知”
;
< br>to
be
known
的意思
是
“将被
(某人)
知道”
;
known
的意思是
“<
/p>
(已)
为(某人)所知”
,根据题意,只
有
known
符合逻辑。
It is believed that if a
book is ____, it will surely ____ the reader.
A. interested; interest
B. interesting; be interested
C. interested; be interesting
D. interesting; interest
p>
选
D
。第一格用
i
nteresting
(有趣的)是大家都理解的;在第二格要用
interest
,是因为在此处
interest
是谓语
动词,意思为“使(某人)感兴趣”
。<
/p>
Generally
speaking, ____ according to the directions, the
drug has no side effect.
A. when
taking
B. when taken
C. when
to take D. when to be taken
选
B
。本题考分词作状语。因为分词作状语是,到底用现在分词还是过去分词,看它跟逻
辑主语是主动还是被动关
系,
是主动就用现在分词,
是被动就用过去分词。
本题中分词的逻辑主语是
d
rug
(药)
与
take
(吃)
显然是被动关系,
所以用
B
。
According to a recent US survey,
children spend
up to
25
hours a week ____ TV.
A. to watch B.
to watching
C. watching D. watch
选
C
。本题考
-ing
p>
分词。因为动词
spend
的固定搭配是<
/p>
spend some time (in) doing sth.
,所以本句选
C
。
The flowers ____ sweet in
the botanic garden attract the visitors to the
beauty of nature.
A. to smell B.
smelling C. smelt
D. to be smelt
选
B
。
本题考非谓语动词作
定语的用法。
因为动词空格后面跟的是形容词
sweet
,
说明它前面的那个动词应该是一个
联系动词
,而联系动词是没有被动的用法的,所以可以排除
C
、
D
两项。如果用不定式作定语,表示的是一个将要发生
< br>的动作,在此句中意思说不通,所以选
B
。
The disc, digitally
____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party
that night.
A. recorded B. recording
C. to be recorded
D. having
recorded
选
A
。本句也是考
非谓语动词作定语的用法。因为所修饰的词
the disc
与
动词
record
的关系是被动,而且是“已
< br>经被录制下来”的意思,所以只能选
A
。如果选用
C
,虽然也是被动,但意思是“将要被录制下来”
,在本句中不适合。
Having been attacked by terrorists,
____.
A. doctors came to their rescue
B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken
D. warnings were given to tourists
选
B
。本题考分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题。我
们都知道,分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,根据这
一语法规则,就可以根
据上下文来判断,到底是谁或什么“受到恐怖分子的攻击”
,所以选
B
。全句的意思是“受到恐
怖分子的攻击之后,高楼倒塌了
。
”
____ into use in April 2000, the
hotline was meant for residents reporting water
and heating supply
breakdowns.
A. Put
B. Putting
C. Having put
D. Being put <
/p>
选
A
。本题考分词作状语。因为
the hotline
是分词的逻辑主语,所以我们可以判断出
hotline
与
put into use
是
被动关系。四个选项中,
A
、
D
两项是被动,但
b
eing done
一般不作状语,且这一形式的意思是“正在被
......
”与
in April 2000
有矛盾。所以正确选项是
A
。
More
and
more
people
are
signing
up
for
Yoga
classes
nowadays,
____
advantage
of
the
health
and
relaxation
benefits.
A. taking
B. taken
C. having taken D. having been taken
p>
选
A
。
本题考分词
作作状语,
因为分词作状语时,
它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语
。
本句中
people
与
take
advantage
of ...
p>
是主动关系,而且不是这一动作完成之后,人们才去加入瑜珈班的,所以选用
taking
。
Russ and Earl were auto mechanics ____
the same pay, but Earl had more ambition.
A. to earn
B. to have
earned
C. earning
D. earned
选
C
。本句中的分词
< br>earning
是作为伴随情况的状语,它的逻辑主语是
Russ
和
Earl
,跟主语的关系是
主谓关系,所
以用现在分词。
____ automatically, the will be
received by all the club members.
A.
Mailed out
B. Mailing out
C.
To be mailed out D. Having mailed out
选
A
。
“
mai
l out
”与“”是动宾关系。
A
与
C
两项都是表被动意义的,但
c
项是不定式,带有将来意义,所以在此
不合适。
After a knock at the
door, the child heard his mother’s voice ____
him.
A. calling
B. called
C. being called D.
to call
选
A
。
本句考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。
因为谓语动词
h
ear
后,
只跟没有
to
的不定式,
所以
D
项排除。
选
calling
是因为宾补与宾语是
主谓关系,不是动宾关系。
The
Town Hall ____ in the 1800’s was the most
distinguished building at that time.
A. to be completed
B. having been completed
C. completed
D. being
completed
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