-
英语长难句结构分析
(
含
2019
年高考全国
1-3
卷长难句
)
英语中句子最基本的句式只有五
种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。五种基本句式
如下：
1
主语＋谓语
(
不及物动词
)
2
主语＋
谓语
(
及物动词
)
＋宾语
3
主语＋系动词＋表语
4
主语＋谓语
(
及物动词<
/p>
)
＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5
主语＋谓语
(
及物动词<
/p>
)
＋宾语＋宾语补足语
此外还有特殊句式如
there be-,
强调句，倒装句等。
但是在真实的语
言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各
种复杂
的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结
< br>构复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解。另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写
(
概要写作
)
和应用文写作。
在评分标准中把
“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”
视为是否得高分的
标准之一。因此，学会
分析长难句显得格外重要。
一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，具体说就是句中出现了复杂主< /p>
语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语
(
介词短语、
非谓语动词、定语和状语
)
以及各种从句等。下面分类解析：<
/p>
一、复杂主语
包括下列情形：含有连词如
and,
both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor...,
not only...but (also), as well as
；非
谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构做主语等。如：
Those
who were
highest
in
status
in
high
school,
as
well
as
those
least
liked
in
elementary
school
,
are
“most likely to
engage
(
从事
)
in dangerous and risky behavior.”
(2019
高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解
D) (as
well as
连接
those
who...
与
those least liked
...
做主语
)
The
gunners like to describe what they do as
character-building, but we know that
to
wound an animal and
watch it go through
the agony(
痛苦
) of
dying
can make nobody happy.
(
动词不定式
to
do
结构做主语
)
Connecting to the
community
（社区）
as you freely
give your time, money, skills, or
services
provides a real joy.
(2019
高
考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解
B) (-ing
形式做主语
)
Dismissing
small talk as
unimportant
is
easy, but
we
can
’
t
forget
that deep relationships
wouldn't
even
exist if it
weren
’
t for casual
conversation.
(2018
全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解
D)
(-ing
形式做主语
)
What
you need
is a great teacher who lets
you make mistakes.
(2019
高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解
B)
(
主语从
1
句充当主语
)
Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-
navy officer
who had got to within 100
miles of the South
Pole in 1908,
started a
business...(2016
全国甲卷阅读理解
D)
(
同位语结构做主语
)
二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔
Mr. Robbins
,
together with his wife and children,
is
leaving London for Paris.
Some
people think
that
the
great
Chinese
scholar
Confucius,
who lived
from
roughly
551
to
479
B.C.
,
influenced
the development of chopsticks.(
2016
全国丙卷语法填空
)
Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted
Australian photographer
who knew the
Antarctic,
was hired to make
the images, most of which have never
before been published.
(2016
全
国新课标甲卷阅读理解
D
)
According to the report's key findings,
“
the
proportion(
比例
)
who say they ‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’
read
for fun
has gone from 8
percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-
olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27
percent respectively today.”
(2018
全国卷Ⅱ阅读
C
)
The woman
sitting at the
desk
,
seeing my
madness,
sympathetically jumped up.
(2016
全国甲卷完
形填空
)
三、复杂表语
包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
One (reason) was
that I was
amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel
much better after seeing a
doctor.
(2019
高考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错
)(
表语从句中还含有一个同位语从句
)
The general rule is
that
mild zones have relatively few languages, often
spoken by many people, while hot,
wet
zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.
(2018
全国卷Ⅰ阅读
C
) (
表语从句中还含有
while
< br>并列
句
)
四、复杂宾语
包括非谓语动词、
(
并列
)
宾语从句
(
介词后和动词后
< br>)
等。
Dr.
Prinstein has also found
that the
qualities
that made the neighbors want
you on a play date--sharing,
kindness,
openness--
carry over to later years and
make you better able to relate and connect with
others.
(
2019
全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解
D
)
(
宾语从句中含有定语从句
)
Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack
Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported
that
young maple trees
getting bitten
by insects
send out a
particular smell
that neighboring
plants can get.
(2017
全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解
D
)(
宾语从句
中含有
-ing
形式和定语从句
)
2
In
order
to
pass
the
class,
among
other
criteria,
we
had
to
write
a
paper
on
①
how
we
plan
to
apply
②
what we
would learn in class
to our future
professions and ,eventually, to our
lives.
(
2018
全国卷Ⅱ完
形填
空
) (
①
是介词
on
所带的宾语从句，
②
是动词
apply
所带的宾语从句
)
Axani wrote in his
post
①
that he is not looking
for anything in return
and
②
that the woman
who uses the
extra ticket
can choose to either travel with him or
take the ticket and travel on her own.
(
2017
全国Ⅲ卷完形
填空
) (
wrote
带有
2
个由
that
引导的宾语从句，第<
/p>
②
个宾语从句含有
who
引导的定语从句
)
五、复杂定语
包括非谓语动词、形容
词短语、介词短语、
(
多个
)
定语从句等。
It’s an
amazing accomplishment and one
we
cannot achieve without generous support from
individuals,
corporations, and other
social organizations.
(2017
全
国卷Ⅰ阅读理解
A
)
(
省略了
that/which
的定语从句
)
To
people
who
are
used
to
the
limited
choice
of
apples
such
as
Golden
Delicious
and
Royal
Gala
in
supermarkets,
it can be
quite an eye opener to see the range of classical
apples still in existence, such as Decio
which was grown by the Romans.
(
2016
全国新课标丙卷阅读理解
< br>C
)
(
who
引导定语从句
)
But my connection with pandas goes back
to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,
when I was the first
Western
TV
reporter
permitted
to
film
a
special
unit
caring
for
pandas
rescued
from
starvation
in
the
wild.
(
2016
全国新课标乙卷语法填空
) (
when
引导的定语从句中含有
-ed
形式和
-ing
形
式做定语
)
Thursday
sees us make the short journey to Paris
where we will visit Disneyland Paris
park
，
staying until
late to see the parade and the firework
s.
(2018
全国卷Ⅱ阅读
A) (
where
引导定语从句
)
Readers also tended to share
articles
①
that were exciting
or funny,
or
②
that inspired negative
feelings
like anger or
anxiety,
but not articles
③
that left them merely
sad.
(
2016
全国新课标丙卷阅读理解
D)
(
含有三
个
t
hat
引导的定语从句
)
Also, it is not uncommon any more to
find carpenters
(
木匠
)
with college
degrees
and carpenters
with a
solid knowledge of
mathematics
,
which would enable them to deal with
more difficult house designs.
(
< br>含有两个
with
介词短语做定语和
which
引导的定语从句
)
Now, using teeth and bone pieces
taken from the baby’
s
grave,
scientists have compared the DNA
from the
Unknown Child with
those
collected from members
of five families
who lost relatives on
the Titanic and never
recovered the bod
ies.
(
含有两个
-ed
形式做定语和
who
引导的定语从句
)
六、复杂同位语
(
< br>同位语从句
)
3
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