Unit12GenderBiasinLanguage的译文和练习答案

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在朋友之间进行的对话里，你有时会听到“

babe

”

,

“

broad

”和“

chick

”这样的

单词。

这些词是有关女性的或指向女性的。

当然人们有权力使用这些词来反映女性，

但有那么多可选择的词可以用为 什么还要用这些词呢？语言是交流最强大和最有效

的工具，它也是毁灭的最有效武器。< /p>

尽管在英语中有偏见存在，在认识 这些偏见上现在已经有了相当的改变，人们正

式制定了一些必须的改变，这样它们可以在 全社会执行。人们做出合理的内在调整

来使用合适的，能有效包含两种性别的语言是很有 必要的。我们可以给语言的使用

加以限定。在语言范围里我们允许使用什么和什么是合适 的取决于我们的决定。

Text comprehension

IV.

Explain in your own words the following sentences.

1.

Language is an intricate system capable of expressing subtle

differences in meaning, emotion, attitude and so on.

2.

The

words

people

choose

to

use

in

conversation

show

the

prejudices

they

hold within themselves.

3.

Nilsen argues that, at the beginning of a wedding ceremony, when the

father is asked who gives the bride away and he answers,

prejudice shows itself.

4.

To

be

born

a

man,

with

the

mark

of

is

almost

like

receiving

grace,

a favor from God one doesn't actually deserve.

Vocabulary

I.

Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words.

1.

consider / take into consideration

2.

by its very nature

3.

men's superiority

4.

the reason that leads to

5.

begins to exercise an influence

6.

in connection with

II. Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word or phrase taken from the

box in its appropriate form.

1.

bias

2.

perpetuate

3.

oriented

4.

achievements

5.

exalts

6.

misinterpreted

7.

In reference to

8.

yielded

9.

tempers

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10.

supremacy

III. Choose a word that best completes each of the following sentences.

1

—

5 CDABC 6

–

10 AABCD

IV. Fill in each blank with one of the two words from each pair in its

appropriate form and note the difference in meaning between them.

1.

(Both

words

refer

to

an

unfair,

irrational,

or

unexamined

attitude

towards

issues or people based on generalized preconceptions.

Prejudice

refers to

a dislike or even hatred for a particular group, race, or religion, in a

largely

unexpressed

or

even

unknown

manner.

Bias

points

to

a

predisposition

either for or against something. Where

prejudice

can indicate a fixed,

inflexible attitude,

bias

might suggest only a tendency to take a given

view.)

a. bias

b. prejudice

c. bias

d. prejudice

2. (

Request

suggests a courteous statement of desire, and it is frequently

used as a euphemism for

Claim

suggests that a right is being asserted or one has the right to

something.)

a. requested

b. claim

c. requested

d. claim

3.

(Both

verbs

apply

to

things

that

are

brought

or

fastened

together.

Connect

is

used

of

things

that

come

into

contact

at

some

point

while

clearly

remaining

separate. The word may also suggest a contact that results in the transfer

of power from a source to a receiver.

Attach

applies to the fastening on

of

a

part

to

a

whole,

of

a

lesser

thing

to

a

greater,

or

of

something

movable

to something fixed.)

a. connecting b. connected

c. attaches

d. attached

4. (

Example

may indicate something physically presented as a specimen, and

more

often

it

suggests

the

citing

of

supplementary

material.

The

word

often

implies

brief

citations

given

for

clarity

rather

than

to

corroborate

a

thesis.

Instance

points to particular or concrete examples or occurrences.)

a. instances

b. example

c. instances

d. example

V.

Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence

in the sense it is used.

1.

strong (mighty, forceful)

2.

understand (comprehend, interpret)

3.

entertain (cherish, nurture)

4.

include (embrace)

5.

unbiased (just, balanced)

6.

inferiority (subservience)

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7.

conventional (common, usual, habitual)

8.

little (small, inconsiderable, insignificant)

VI.

Rephrase

each

of

the

following

sentences

with

the

word

given

in

capital

letters.

1. The aircraft can carry 480 people excluding the crew and cabin staff.

2. His poetry conveys a great sense of religious devotion.

3. The judge decided that allowing the videotape as evidence would be

prejudicial to the outcome of the trial.

4. It seems he's not solely to blame for the accident.

5. The political disparity between the two communities is obvious.

6. At the ceremony many speakers exalted his lifetime contribution to the

movie industry.

7. In the last

two to

three

years, drinkers have

become more discerning and

are now enjoying a wider variety of beer of better quality.

8. The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year

Grammar

II. Complete the following sentences using the appropriate relative words.

Use a preposition where necessary.

1. that (

2. who / whom / -- (

3. that / which

4. when / at which / --

5. whereby / in which / by which

6. whose (

7. why / that (

8. that / -- (

adjective in the superlative degree.)

9. whom

10. that / -- (

complement in the relative clause.)

III.

Combine the two sentences in each group into one, using a relative

clause.

1.

The

extra

work

she

took

on

was

starting

to

affect

her

health.

(The

relative

word can be omitted when it functions as the object.)

2. Adam, whose novel the TV series is based on, will appear in the first

episode. (Since the antecedent is a proper noun, which is definite in

reference, the relative clause modifying it is nonrestrictive.)

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3. The trees which / that were blown down in last night's storm are being

cut down.

4.

Dorothy

was

able

to

switch

between

German,

Polish

and

Russian,

all

of

which

she spoke fluently.

5. The hurricane, which caused such damage in the islands, has now headed

out to sea.

6. The house which / that is next to ours is for sale.

7. Neil Smith, whose parents are both teachers, won first prize in the

competition.

8. They climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which they got a good

view.

IV.

Put the verbs into the most appropriate form.

1. hear,

will suppose, no longer wish (We use the present tense

in the adverbial clause to refer to the future time.)

2. will cover

3,

are

you

going (The

present

progressive

expresses

the

arrangement

for

the future.)

4. are going to invite,

5. will be attended to,

6.

am

going

to

watch (

going

to

expresses

the

speaker's

intention.)

VI. Translation

I.

Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1.

甚 至在亲属关系上，

家中的男人常被称为“当家的”，

即便只不过 是个四岁的娃

儿。

2.

女人的价值在于她身体的魅力，

而 男人的价值在于他的体力和成

就。

3.

这说明：

由于性别的原因，

女人无法把握属于自己的一部分，

却使得男人能够理

所当

地获取并不属于他的东西。

4. s hrew(

鼩鼱

)

这个单词原来指一种 身体很小但特别恶毒的动物。但是，在尼尔森

的词典里

shre w

的意思是一个“脾气极坏、骂骂咧咧的女人”。

II.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. I marvel at the poet's ability to express different nuances of feeling.

2. Although you have good teachers and a favorable environment, it is your

personal

effort

that

comes

into

play

in

the

success

of

your

English

studies.

3. As English majors, we need to have a keen awareness of the subtle

differences between word meanings.

4.

Some

new

policies

in

the

educational

system

will

be

implemented

next

year.

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5. It is unfair to identify popular culture with vulgar culture.

6.

He

believes

that

a

person

should

be

noble-minded,

but

not

money-oriented

all the time.

7. The Middle East is generously endowed with petroleum.

8. The school authorities are holding a meeting in reference to the

construction of a new gymnasium.

9. But for his personal visits to the third-world countries, he would not

have

believed

such

disparity

in

the

living

standards

between

the

rich

and

the poor.

10. No one came to claim the welfare lottery bonus of 5 million yuan RMB,

not even to the last day.

Integrated skills

I.

Dictation

A

major

topic

of

sociolinguistics

/

is

the

connection,

if

any,

/

between

the

structures,

vocabularies,

/

and

ways

of

using

particular

languages

/

and

the

social roles of the men and women / who speak these languages. / Do the men

and women who speak a particular language / use it in different ways? / If

they do, / do these differences arise from the structure of that language,

/ or alternately, /

do any

differences

that exist /

simply reflect the ways

/ in which the sexes relate to each other in that society, / whatever the

reason?

/

These

issues

have

generated

/

a

considerable

amount

of

thought

and

discussion / in the last decades of the twentieth century.

II. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think

appropriate.

1. restricted 2. where 3. when 5. drew

6. vocabulary 7. male 8. marked

9. with

Writing

Revise the following sentences to state their meaning in fewer words.

(The

following

versions

are

for

reference

only.

Students

may

propose

various

versions of their own. As long as they are grammatically correct and

semantically sensible, they are acceptable.)

1.

Historically,

information

theory

was

developed

to

find

fundamental

limits

on compressing reliably communicating data.

2. He dropped out of school to support his family.

3. The bus company will probably announce its new schedule in the next few

days.

4. Rarely will you find someone who has never told a deliberate lie.

5. Disobeying safety regulations causes trouble.

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6. Students think that the most important subjects are those that will be

useful after graduation.

7.

Soon

college

freshmen

must

realize

that

they

need

to

contact

their

advisors

about their choices of majors.

8. We don't know why the door was left open.

9. When will a downturn in the stock market affect society?

10. He failed in the examination because he did not work hard enough.

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Listening

Transcript Differences between Boys and Girls

Do you believe that only boys do well in science? Does it seem to you

that girls have better vocabularies than boys? In your opinion, are boys

better

at

building

things?

If

your

answer

to

each

of

those

questions

is

you are right, according to an article in

Current Science

.

On the average, males score higher on tests that measure mathematical

reasoning, mechanical ability, and problem-solving skills. Females show

superior ability in tests measuring vocabulary, spelling, and memory.

It

is

known

that

bones,

muscles,

and

nerves

develop

faster

in

baby

girls.

Usually,

too,

baby

girls

talk

at

an

earlier

age

than

boys

do.

Scientists

think

there is a physical reason for this. They believe that nerves in the left

side of the brain develop faster in girls than in boys. And it is this side

of

the

brain

that

strongly

influences

an

individual's

ability

to

use

words,

to spell, and to remember things.

By

the

time

they

start

school,

therefore,

little

girls

have

an

advantage

that boys do not have. Girls are physically more ready to remember facts,

to spell, and to read. These, of course, are skills that are important in

elementary school.

But what have the boys been doing in the years before starting school?

They

have

been

developing

something

called

aggression.

An

aggressive

person

has

courage

and

energy.

He

feels

strong

and

independent.

He

is

often

the

first

one to start a fight.

Consequently, it is easy to understand why little girls often perform

school

tasks

better

than

boys,

especially

if

the

task

requires

sitting

still,

obeying

commands,

and

accepting

the

teacher's

ideas.

A

girl

may

pass

easily

through the first few grades. While boys of her age bring home low marks,

the girl may easily get good grades. Girls seem to have

school. Why, then, do

so few girls

become great scientists? Why

is the most

important thinking in adult society done by men?

According to scientists, the answer is again aggression. Because boys

are

aggressive,

they

refuse

to

accept

other

people's

solutions;

they

insist

upon solving problems for themselves. Thus, while little girls are getting

high

marks

in

school for

remembering

what the

teacher

has

told them,

little

boys are learning to think in more independent ways.

In the adult world, the aggressive person is usually the one who gets

the

big

salary,

the

great

responsibility,

the

powerful

job.

And

since

males

are trained at an early age to be aggressive, males are more often chosen

for key positions.

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