英语词汇学教程参考答案(杨信彰)

《英语词汇学教程》参考答案

Chapter 1

1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses

on

the

meaning

and

uses

of

words,

while

definition 2

on

the overall

structure

and history.

Definition 3

regards

lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note

that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2

the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.

2. (1) They

can go into the room

, and

if they like, shut the door

.

(2) You boys are

required

to give in your homework before 10 o

?

clock.

(3) I

watch

the football match

happily

and find it very interesting.

3. (1) W

hen it follows ?

-

t? and ?

-

d?, it is pronounced as

[id];

(2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];

(3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].

4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of

“

tree

”

.

(2) They represent the forms of the verb

“

fly

”

and have a common meaning.

(3) They belong to a lexical field of

“

telephone communication

”

.

(4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of

“

looking

”

.

5.

(a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress

in on black);

'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on

black);

'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black);

'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black).

(b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);

'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress);

'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress);

'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).

6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and

20 closed class words.

7. (a) The

?

bull

?

is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.

(b)

?

Take the bull by the horn

?

is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something

directly.

(c)

?

Like a bull in a china shop

?

is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly

or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.

(d)

A

?

bull

market

?

is

one

where

prices

rise

fast

because

there

is

a

lot

of

buying

of

shares

in

anticipation

of

profits.

1

8. drinking vessels: cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass

They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for.

Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl

Beer: beer glass, tankard

Wine: wineglass, goblet

Spirits: sherry glass

Chapter 2

1.

Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example,

sing

as against

sang, sung.

Morpheme

is

the

ultimate

grammatical

constituent,

the

smallest

meaningful

unit

of

language.

For

example,

moralizers

is an English word composed of four morphemes:

moral< /p>

+

lize

+

e r

+

s

.

Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as

cat, chair

, -ing, -s

, etc.

Allomorphs

are

the

alternate

phonetic

forms

of

the

same

morpheme,

for

example,

[t],

[d]

and

[id]

are

allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English.

2. quick-ly,

down-stair-s,

four-th,

poison-ous,

weak-en,

world-wide,

inter-nation-al-ly,

in-ject,

pro-trude

3. island,

surname,

disclose,

duckling,

cranberry,

reading,

poets,

flavourfulness,

famous,

subvert

4. (a) [

?

]

(b) [-ai]

5. (1) -

?

s, -s

(2) -est, -s

(3) -ing

(4) -ed

6. The connotations are as follows:

(1)

slang,

carrying

the

connotation

of

reluctance,

(2)informal,

carrying

the

connotation

that

the

speaker

is

speaking

to

a

child,

(3)

beastie

is

used

to

a

small

animal

in

Scotland,

carrying

the

connotation

of

disgust,

(4)

carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.

7. { -

?

m;

～

- n;

～

- n;

～

-i:

～

-s;

～

-z;

～

-iz}

8. court: polysemy

dart: polysemy

fleet: homonymy

jam: homonymy

pad: homonymy

steep: homonymy

stem: homonymy

stuff: polysemy

watch: polysemy

9.

(1)

—

(f),

(2)

—

(g),

(3)

—

(c),

(4)

—

(e),

(5)

—

(a),

(6)

—

(d),

(7)

—

(b)

2

10. (1) unpractical

(2) break

(3) impractical

(4) rout

(5) pedals

(6) Route

(7) raze

Chapter 3

1.

The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English

periods.

In

Old

English

period,

there

is

a

frequent

use

of

coinages

known

as

?

kennings

?

,

which

refers

to

vivid

figurative descriptions often involving compounds. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords

force

people

to

rely

more

on

word- formation processes

based on

native

elements.

The

latter

period

of

Old

English was characterized by the introduction of a number of

?

loan translations

?

. Grammatical relationships in

Old English were expressed by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about

24,000 different lexical items.

In Middle English period, English

grammar

and vocabulary changed greatly. In grammar, English changed

from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In vocabulary English was characterized by the loss

of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.

In

Early

Modern

English

period,

English

vocabulary

grew

very

fast

through

extensive

borrowing

and

expansion of word- formation patterns. And there was a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire

new meanings.

Modern English is characterized with three main features of unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary,

the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties

known as

?

New Englishes

?

.

2.

“

ap peareth

”

in (a) becomes