-
词汇学期末复习
brief, a
word may be defined as a fundamental unit of
speech and minimum free form; with a
unity
of
sound
and
meaning
(both
lexical
and
grammatical
meaning),
capable
of
performing
a
given syntactic function.
morpheme
(
词素
)
is
the
smallest
meaningful
linguistic
unit
of
language,
not
divisible
or
analyzable into smaller forms.
Example:
One morpheme:
nation
Two morphemes: nation-al
Three morphemes: nation-al-ize
Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize
3. An allomorph
(
词素变体
) is any of the variant
forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position
or adjoining sounds.
For example:
go: went, gone
-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the
positional variants of the same suffix.
tional affixes
(
曲折词缀
)
Affixes attached to the end
of words to indicate grammatical relationships are
inflectional, thus
known as
inflectional morphemes. For example: cats, walked,
walking, John
’
s
book
?
tional
affixes (
派生词缀
)
Affixes
added
to
other
morphemes
to
create
new
words.
They
can
be
further
divided
into
prefixes and suffixes.
For example:
re
＋
write,
mini
＋
car,
work
＋
er
ative meaning
(
内涵意义
)
In contrast to denotative
meaning, connotative meaning refers to the
overtones or associations
which a word
suggests or implies.
Mother (a female parent) is often
associated with
‘
love
’
,
‘
care
’
,
‘
tendern
ess
’
,
‘
forgiving
’
,
etc.
Home (a
dwelling place) may suggest
‘
family, warmth, safety,
love, convenience
’
, etc
tic meaning
(
文体意义
)
Words may have stylistic
features, which make them appropriate for
different contexts.
Examples:
male
parent, father, daddy
；
residence, home, pad
ive meaning
(
情感意义
)
Affective meaning indicates
the speaker
’
s attitude
towards the person or thing in question.
Words that have
emotive values may fall into two categories:
Appreciative or
commendatory (
褒义
): words of
positive overtones used to show appreciation
or approval. eg: love, cherish, prize,
admire, worship, charm .
Pejorative or derogatory
(
贬义
): words of negative
connotations imply disapproval, contempt
or criticism. eg : hate, vicious .
ative meaning
(
搭配意义
)
Collocative
meaning
consists
of
the
associations
a
word
acquires
in
its
collocation.
In
other
words,
it is that part of the word meaning suggested by
the words before or after the word in
discussion.
eg:pretty: girl, woman, flower, etc.
handsome: boy, man, car, etc.
10.a)
Radiation
辐射型：
It
is
the
semantic
process
in
which
the
primary
meaning
stands
at
the
centre
and
the
secondary meaning
radiates out of it.
Though
all
the
secondary
meanings
are
independent
of
one
another,
they
can
all
be
traced
back to the primary
meaning.
face
head
11.b) Concatenation
连锁型
:
It
is
the
semantic
process
in
which
the
meaning
of
a
word
moves
gradually
away
from
its
primary
meaning in succession so that the present meaning
seems to have no connection to the
primary meaning.
E.g.
candidate
：
1) white-roped
2) office seeker in white gowns
3) a person who seeks an office
4) a person proposed for a place,
award, etc.
stic context can be subdivided into
lexical context and grammatical context.
a) lexical context: refers
to the lexemes that co-occur with the word in
question. The meaning of
the word is
often affected and defined by the neighbouring
lexemes.
E.g
“
paper
”
:
a term paper
，
today
’
s paper
；
’
s
teeth: brush
，
do fish: cook.
13.b) grammatical context:
In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be
influenced by
the structure in which it
occurs.
E.g.
“
become
”
become + adj./n.
, means
‘
begin to
be
’
become + pron./n. , means
‘
suit,
befit
’
become + of,
means
‘
happen to,
often in a bad way
’
of changes in word meaning
1)historical cause :It often happens
that though a word retain its original form, its
meaning has
changed
because
the
object
it
denotes
has
changed,
this
is
the
historical
cause
of
semantic
change.
(from
Latin word meaning)
—
a little
tail or a fine brush, like our Chinese pen
when it was made of wood and
graphite
石墨，
it
was still called a
“
pencil
”
2)Social cause :
Change in word meaning results from a constant
verbal traffic between common
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：100个常见“普通词”替换同义高级词
下一篇：英语词汇学教程参考答案(杨信彰)