-
English Word Structure -
The
Latin Part
英语单词结构
-----
拉丁语部分
Supplement-Spelling rules
附录——拼写规则
The
‘
root prefix
’
-
‘
ex
’
“前缀词根”——“
ex
”
‘
ex
’
–
is a Latin word that
expresses the following ideas:
“
ex
”——是一个表示下列含义的拉丁语单词：
1.
‘
out
’
,
‘
up
’
‘
at
’
or
‘
off
’
or
‘
away
’
< br>,
as
for
example
in
the
word
‘
exclaudere<
/p>
’
,
meaning
literally
‘
to
shut
out
’
,
from
which
we
get
the
English
word
‘
exclude
’
.
“向外”、“朝向”、“向着”、或者“
分离”或“离开”。例如在“
exclaudere
”这个拉<
/p>
丁语单词中，其字面含义为“把??关在外面”，从中我们引申出了英语单词“
exclude
”
（排除、排挤）。
2.
Intensity;
this
root
can
intensify
the
action
of
the
verb
which
it
precedes,
for
example:
‘
exagger
are
’
from
‘
ex
’
+
‘
aggerare
’
meaning
‘
to
heap
up
’
,
from
which
we
get
‘
exaggerate
’
.
In
this
sense
the
‘
ex
’
means
‘
too
much
’
.
This
figurative
sense would be:
‘
to lay on
thick
’
in the Germanic
idiom.
表强烈程度。这个
词根
会强化它后面动词的行为，例如：从由“
ex
”
+
“
aggerare
”
(
意
为
“堆
积”
)
而构成的拉丁语单词
“
exaggerare
”
中，
< br>我们引申出了
“
exaggerate
< br>”
（夸张）
。
在这种情况下“<
/p>
ex
”的意思是“太多了”。它的引申意义在日耳曼语的习语中是
“
to
lay
on
thick
”
(
夸大的赞扬、恭维
)
。
3. It can also
have a sense of:
‘
fully
’
, for example: from
‘
ex
’
+
‘<
/p>
videntum
’
,
from which we get
‘
evident
’
, meaning
‘
seen
clearly
’
.
它同样有
“完全的、
全面的”
的意思，
例如：
由
“
ex
”
+
“
videntum
”
我们引申出了
“
evident
”
，
意为“被看得
地很清楚”。
4. Used as a
‘
living
prefix it
either has the meaning
‘
outs
ide
’
or
‘
< br>former
’
( see examples
below.)
The
form
of
the
‘
root
prefix
’
‘
ex
’
is
governed
by
spelling
rules,
which
are
set
out below:
“前缀
词根<
/p>
”“
ex
”的形态是由它的拼写规则决定
的。
其拼写规则见下：
No change rule
没有变化的规则
1.
The
‘
root
prefix
‘
ex
’
does
not
change
form
before
Latin
words
that
begin
with
vowels or any of the
following consonants: c, h, p, q, s, and t. For
example:
“前缀
词根
”“
ex
”在以元音开头的单词之前、以辅音：
c,h,p,q,s
和
t
开
头的单
词之前，不改变其形态。例如：
excidere
= ex + cidere
from which we get the English word:
‘
excise
’
从这个拉丁语单词中引申出了英语单词：“
excise
”（切除、删除）
2.
The
‘
root
prefix
’
‘
ex
’
never
changes
when
used
as
a
‘
living
< br>’
prefix.
For
example:
“前缀
词根
”“
ex
”作为一个“自由”的前缀
永远
不改变其形态。例如：
an ex-
footballer, or an ex-businessman,
or
ex-directory.
In such words a hyphen is
always used.
在这样的单词中总是要使用连接号的。
Double
consonant rule
双辅音规则
The
‘
x
’
of
the
‘
ex
’
changes
in
front
of
a
word
beginning
with
the
consonant
‘
f
’
,
and
is
replaced
by
the
first
consonant
of
the
word.
This
produces
a
double
consonant,
for example:
“
ex
”中的“
x
”在以辅音“
f
”开头的单词之前改变其形
态，并被那个单词的第一个字母所
同化。这就产生了双重辅音，例如：
< br>
From
‘
ex
’
+
‘
facere
’
= e+f +facere
from which
we get the English word:
‘
ef
fect
’
从这个拉丁语单词中引申
出了英语单词：‘
effect
’
Drop the
‘
x
’
rule
去掉“
x
< br>”规则
The
‘
x
’
of
the
‘
ex
’
drops
out
in
front
of
a
word
beginning
with
the
consonants:
b, d, g, j, l,
m, n, r, and v. for example:
如果“
ex
”在以辅音：
b, d, g,
j, l, m, n, r,
和
v
开头的单
词之前，
去掉“
ex
”中的“
x
”。例如：
‘
ex
’
+
‘
ducere
’
=
‘
educere
’
from which we get the English word:
‘
educate
’
从这个拉丁语单词中引申出了英语单词：‘
educate
’
This study has been divided into 5
parts: Part 1 has all the words that follow the
“
No change
rule
’
. Part 2 has all the
words that follow the
‘
Double consonant
rule
’
.
Part
3
has
all
the
words
that
follow
the
“
Drop
the
‘
x
’
rule.
Part
4
has
all the words that are of a different
Latin origin, and Part5 has all the words
beginning with
‘
e
’
that are from other origins.
这节课分为五部分：<
/p>
第一部分是所有遵循
“没有变化的规则”
的单词；
第二部分是所有遵循
“双辅音规则”的单词；第三部分
是所有遵循“去掉‘
x
’规则”的单词；第四部分是所有
看似是以“
ex
”
或
其变体开头的单词，但实际上却是源于其它拉丁
词根
的单词；第
五部分是
所有以“
e
”开头但却是源于
其它语言的单词。
Note:
The
main
task
of
this
study
is
to
learn
the
spelling
rule
of
the
‘
root
prefix
’
‘
ex
’
.
The words in the lists are included to give
examples of how the rules work
and are
not for memorisation.
Leave the details
and let the differences of the specific meanings
be, if you are
not
completely
sure
of
them.
Firstly,
try
to
get
the
general
idea
and
look
carefully
how roots combine
together.
If
you
use
your
energy
and
stutdying
time
correctly
then
you
will
soon
master
these
rules, and then you can concentrate
more and more on the meanings of the roots.
Slowly you will build up your
knowledge, and you will start to recognize roots
in
other words.
注意：
这节课的主题与任务是学习“
词根
前缀
”“
ex
”的拼写规则。如果你试图学习
或记忆下面单词列表中的单词，
你会发现自己正离题越来越远，
而且在短时间内是不可能一
下子把这么多相似的单词都记住的。
这些相似性可以帮助你更好地理解这些单词中内在的拼
写规则，
但却会使你在集中记忆这些单词时越记越混乱。
放下细节的部分，
允许具体意义的
不同——即使你不完全确定它们的意义，
抓
住整体规律——看看
词根
与
词根
是怎样根据要表
达一定意思的需要而按照某种内在规则组合在一起从而
呈现出形态上的不同的。
规律——是
学习这节课的目的，
请正确合理地运用你的学习时间与精力。
在今后的学习中，
随着你对更
多
词根
含义的
理解及对
词根
结合规律的掌握，你会发现你并不需要记忆单词。
Part 1
No change
rule
第一部分
没有变化的规则
Before
the vowels: a, e, i, o, and u.
在元音
a
、
e
、
i
、
o
、
u
之前
Before the consonants: c, h, p, q, s,
and t.
在辅音
c
、
h
、
p
、
q
、
s
、
t
之前
a
exacerbation
ex-
+
acerbus
bitter,
from
acer
keen.
exact
(adj.)
ex-
agere
exaggerate
ex-
aggerare
from
agger
(gen.
aggeris
)
aggerere
toward,
ad-
gerere
exalt
L.
exaltare
ex-
altus
examine
L.
examinare
exigere
(see
exact
).
First
record
of
examination
in
the
sense
of
of
knowledge
is
from
1612; shortened form
exam
first attested 1848.
example
eximere
exempt
).
exasperate
ex-
asper
Exceptions
例外
exercise
(n.)
ex-
arcere
exigency
L.
exigentem
(nom.
exigens
),
from
exigere
(see
exact
).
exile
(v.)
ex-
al-
e
exempt
(adj.)
ex-
emere
i
exit
(n.)
L.
exit
ex-
ire
o
exonerate
ex-
onus
(gen.
oneris
)
exorbitant
ex-
orbita
u
exuberant
ex-
+
uberare
fruitful,
related
to
uber
Before the consonants: c, h, p, q, s,
and t.
在辅音
c
、
h
、
p
、
q
、
s
、
t
之前
c
excavate
ex-
cavare
cavus
exceed
ex-
cedere
excel
ex-
from
+
-cellere
high,
tower,
related
to
celsus
lofty, great,
excellent
L.
excellentem
(see
excel
).
except
ex-
capere
excerpt
(v.)
ex-
carpere
*kerp-
gather, pluck,
harvest.
excess
excedere
exceed
).
exchange
(n.)
L.
ex-
cambire
chang
excise
(v.)
-
out,
1490
(implied
in
excision
),
from
.
exciser,
from
L.
excisus,
pp.
of
excidere
excite
ex-
ciere
exclaim
ex-
intensive
prefix +
clamare
by
claim.
exclamation
(see
exclaim
).
exclude
ex-
claudere
excommunication
from
ex-
communis
excrement
from
ex-
cernere
certain
).
excretion
- 1603, from L.
excretus,
pp. of
excernere
(see
excrement
).
excruciate
ex-
cruciare
exculpate
ex
culpa
abl. of
culpa
excursion
ex-
currere
Eng. 1665.
excuse
(v.)
ex-
away
+
causa
legal
action
(see
cause
).
Exceptions
例外
escape
L.
ex-
cappa
escort
(n.)
ex-
corrigere
h
exhale
ex-
halare
exhaust
(v.)
ex-
haurire
exhibition
ex-
habere
exhilarate
ex-
hilarare
from
hilarus
exhortation
ex-
hortari
exhort
is
c.1400.
exhume
.
ex-
humare
humus
p
expand
ex-
pandere
ex
parte
-
1672,
legal
term,
the
one
side
only,
from
L.
ex
of
+
parte,
expatriate
(v.)
ex-
of
+
patrie
land,
from
L.
patria
native
country,
expectorate
ex-
pectus
(gen.
pectoris
)
expedient
expedire
expedite
).
expedite
(v.)
ex-
*pedis
to
pes
expel
ex-
pellere
expend
ex-
pendere
Expenditure
is from 1769.
expense
(see
expend
).
experience
ex-
peritus
experiment
(see
experience
)..
expert
(adj.)
(see
experience
).
expiation
ex-
piare
from
pius
explanation
ex-
planus
expletive
ex-
plere
explicate
(see
explicit
).
explicit
ex-
plicare
explode
ex-
plaudere
exploit
(n.)
L.
explicitum
of
explicitus,
pp.
of
explicare
explicit.
explore
ex-
plorare
explosion
(see
explode
for origin and sense evolution).
exponent
(see
expound
).
export
(v.)
ex-
portare
expose
(v.)
(see
expound
.
exposition
(see
expound
)..
ex post facto
-
1632, from M.L.
ex postfacto
expostulate
ex-
intensive
prefix +
postulare
expound
ex-
ponere
-d.
express
(v.)
ex-
pressare
expropriation
ex-
propriare
expulsion
(see
expel
).
expunge
ex-
pungere
expurgation
ex-
purgare
q
exquisite
ex-
qu?rere
s
In
the
case
of
‘
ex
’
+
a
Latin
word
beginning
with
‘
s
’
,
the
‘
s
’
drops
out
creating
the following exceptional forms:
在“
ex
”
+
一个以“
s
”开头的拉丁语单词时，
“
s<
/p>
”被去掉从而产生了下列单词的特殊
形态：
exert
ex-
serere
expect
ex-
+
spectare
look,
freq.
of
specere
look
at.
expire
ex-
spirare
execution
ex-
+
sequi
Sense
of
to
death
is
from
M.E.
legal
phrase
such
as
don
execution
of
deth
out
a
sentence
of
death.
Literal
meaning
executive
(see
execution
).
existence
ex-
sistere
stare
extant
ex-
stare
1561.
extinct
(see
extinguish
).
extinguish
ex-
stinguere
*steig-
stick, pierce.
extirpation
ex-
stirps
(gen.
stirpis
)
exude
ex-
sudare
sw?tan
exultation
ex-
salire
t
extend
ex-
tendere
extenuate
ex-
tenuare
tenuis
exterior
L.
exterior,
comp.
of
exterus
ex
exterminate
ex-
termine,
abl. of
termen
end.
external
(see
exterior
).
extemporaneous
ex-
tempore,
abl. of
tempus
(gen.
temporis
)
extol
ex-
+
tollere
raise,
from
PIE
*tel-,
*tol-
bear,
carry.
extortion
ex-
torquere
extra
The prefix
extra-
was only recorded in classical L.
in
extraordinarius,
but has been much used in modern
formations such
as
extraterrestrial
extract
(v.)
ex-
+
trahere
draw.
The
noun
is
first
recorded
1549.
extradition
L.
ex-
traditio
“
a delivering up, handing
over,
tradere
extraneous
-
1638, from L.
extraneus,
from
extra
extraordinary
extra ordinem
extra-
+
ordinem
extrapolation
extra
+
(inter)polation
;
extrasensory
coined
as
part
of
extrasensory
perception
in
J.B.
Rhine's
work.
extravagant
L.
extra
vagari
extreme
(adj.)
(see
exterior
).
extricate
ex-
tric?
(pl.)
origin.
extrovert
extra
vertere
extrusion
ex-
trudere
Part
2
第二部分
Double
consonant rule
Before the
consonant f.
双辅音规则——在辅音
f
之前
efface
es-
face
facies
effect
from
ex-
facere
effeminate
ex-
femina
effervescence
ex-
+
fervescere
to
boil,
from
fervere
hot,
boil.
effete
ex-
fetus
efficacy
(see
effect
).
efficient
(see
effect
).
effigy
ex-
fingere
effluence
ex-
fluere
fluent
).
effort
ex-
fortis
effrontery
ex-
frontem
(nom.
frons
)
front
).
effusion
ex-
fundere
Exceptions
例外
exfoliate
ex-
folium
Part 3
第三部分
Drop the
‘
x
’
rule
Before the consonants:
b, d, g, j, m, n, r, and v.
在辅音
c
、
h
、
p
、
q
、
s
、
t
之前去掉“
x
”的规则
ebullient
e-
bullire
boil
).
edit
see
edition.
edict
e-
dicere
edition
from
ex-
-dere,
comb. form of
dare
educate
ex-
ducere
educe
(see
educate
).
egregious
ex
grege,
abl. of
grex
egress
ex-
-gredi,
comb. form of
gradi
ejaculate
ex-
jaculari
jacere
eject
ex-
-icere,
comb. form of
jacere
Ejector
seat
is from 1945
elaboration
ex-
laborare
e-
lancer
lanceare,
from
L.
lancea
elapse
ex-
labi
elation
ex-
ferre
election
ex-
-ligere,
comb. form of
legere
elevate
ex-
levare
levis
elicit
ex-
-licere,
comb. form of
lacere
elide
ex-
-lidere,
comb. form of
laedere
sense is first recorded
1796.
eligible
(see
elect
).
eliminate
ex
limine,
elite
L.
eligere
elect
).
elocution
eloqui
ex-
loqui
elongation
ex-
longus
eloquence
ex-
loqui
elucidate
ex-
lucidus
lucid
).
elude
ex-
ludere
emaciate
ex-
macies
macer
emanation
ex-
manare
emancipate
ex-
mancipare
emasculate
ex-
masculus
masculine
).
emend
ex-
mendum
(nom.
menda
)
emerge
ex-
mergere
merge
).
emeritus
ex-
merere
emigration
ex-
migrare
Emigrant
first recorded 1754.
emigr
é
(see
emigration
).
Originally used of royalist refugees from the
French
Revolution
eminent
ex-
minere,
related to
mons
mount
).
emissary
(see
emit
).
emission
(see
emit
).
emit
ex-
mittere
emollient
ex-
mollire
mollis
emolument
ex-
molere
emotion
ex-
movere
emulsion
ex-
mulgere
enervation
ex-
nervus
enormous
ex-
of
+
norma
norm;
Eng.
-ous
substituted
for
L.
–
is
enumeration
ex-
numerare
from
numerus
enunciation
ex-
nuntius
eradication
eradicare
ex-
radix
(gen.
radicis
)
erase
ex-
radere
erosion
ex-
rodere
erudite
L.
eruditus,
erudire
ex-
+
rudis
eruption
erumpere
ex-
rumpere
break,
rupture.
escapade
L.
*excappare
(see
escape
).
evacuate
ex-
vacuus
evade
ex-
vadere
evaluation
ex-
value
(see
value
).
Evaluate
is an
1842
back-formation.
evanescent
ex-
vanescere
evaporation
ex-
vapor
vapor
).
evasion
L.
evadere
evade
).
Evasive
(in
reference to
actions, utterances) is
from 1744.
event
ex-
venire
evict
ex-
vincere
evident
ex-
videntem
evince
ex-
vincere
from
evict
until 18c.
evocation
ex-
vocare
evolve
ex-
volvere
Part 4
第四部分
Words with a different
Latin origin
源于其它拉丁语词根的单词
注意：
下面这些单词看上去像是以“
ex<
/p>
”
或其变体开头的单词，但实际上却是源于其它拉丁
语
词根
的单词。
eager
L.
acer
(gen.
acris
)
acrid
).
eagle
L.
aquila
aquilus
ebriety
-
L.
ebrietatem,
from
ebrius
sobriety.
echelon
L.
scal?
(pl.)
edible
L.
edere
edifice
L.
?dificare
?dis,
variant of
?des
edify
L.
?dificare
edifice
).
egalitarian
L.
?qualitatem
embarrass
in-
*barra
embellish
em +
bel
bellus.
embouchure
Fr
en-
bouche
bucca
embrace
en-
brace
bracchium
(neut.
pl.
brachia
).
Emil/Emily
-
male/fem. personal name, from Fr., from
L.
Aemilius,
(see
emulation
).
emperor
L.
imperiatorem
(nom.
imperiator
)
of
imperare
empire
).
empire
en-
parare
employ
in-
plicare
emporium
en-
poros
peirein
through.
empower
en-
+
power.
emulation
L.
?mulationem,
from
?mu
lari
to L.
imitari
imago
enable
en-
able
(q.v.).
enact
en-
act
(q.v.).
enamel
en-
amailler
.
esmailler,
from
esmail