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1.
Globalization
is considered
as a process of increasing involvment in
international business
operations.
经济学视角中的
全球化
表现为不断增加的国际商
务往来过程。
2.
Macroculture
:The
term
macroculture
implies
losing
ethnic
differences
and
forming
one
large society.
宏观文化
意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3.
Melting
pot
means
a
sociocultural
assimilation
of
people
of
different
backgrounds
and
nationlities.
熔炉
:
不同
背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4.
Microcultures:
cultures
within cultures
微观文化：
文化中的文化
5.
Intercultural
communication
refers
to
communication
between
people
whose
culture
perceptions and
symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the
communication event.
跨文化交际
:
指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文
之间进行的交际。
Chapter 1
6.
Culture
is a learned set of
shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and
norms,which affect
the behavior of a
relatively large group of people.
文化
是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对
相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
7.
Culture
identity
refers to
one
’
s sense of belonging to
a particular culture or ethnic group.
文化身份
：指有意识地把自己归为某
一特定文化或种族群体。
8.
Subculture
are formed by
groups of people possessing characteristic traits
that set apart and
distinguish them
from others within a larger society or dominant
culture.
亚文化
:
具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点
的人类
群体所形成的文化。
9.
Subgroup
are
groups
with
the
dominant
culture
does
not
agree
and
with
which
it
has
communication
problems.
亚群体
:
与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。
10.
Rules
may
refers to socially agreed-on behavior
or to individual guidelines for
behavior.
规则
:
社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。
11.
Norms
are
culturally
ingrained
principles
of
correct
and
incorrect
behaviors
which,
if
broken
carry a form of overt or covert penalty.
规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，
这种不正确的行为一旦发生，<
/p>
就意
味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
Chapter 2
12.
Enculturation
is the
socialization process you go through to adapt to
your society.
社会
文化适应：
人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。
13.
Acculturation
refers
to
an
individual
’
s
learning
and
adopting
the
norms
and
values
of
the
new host
culture.
文化适应：
人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。
14.
分隔和隔离
separation and
segregation
refer to maintaining
one
’
s original culture and
not
participating in the new culture. <
/p>
在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。
15.
融合
Integration
takes
place
when
individuals
become
an
integral
part
of
the
new
culture
1
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
while
maintaining their cultural integrity integration
ensures a continuity of culture.
在文化适应中
人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。
同化
Assimilation
is
the degree to which an individual relinquishes an
original culture for
another .when
individuals are assimilated into a mainstream
culture,they lose their previous
culture.
人们放弃原有文化，
接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，
人们就失去了原有的文化。
< br>
边缘化
Marginalization
or
deculturation
,
refers
to
losing
one
’
s
cultural
identity
and
not
having
any
psychological
contact
with
the
larger
society.
人们
不仅失去自己原有的文化身
份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。
文化震荡
Culture
shock
refers to the traumatic
experience that an individual may encounter
when entering a different culture.
人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经
历。
Chapter 3
信息源
source
is the
person with an idea he orshe desires to
communicate.
是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。
编码
encoding
is the
process of putting an idea into a symbol.
是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。
信息
message
is the
resulting object.
是交流的内容，编码的结果。
渠道
channel
是信息传递的手段。
干扰
noise
指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。
< br>
解码
decoing
信息接收
者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过
程。
反馈
feedback
指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。
情境
context
交际发生的环境并且有助
于解释交际内容的含义。
Chapter 4
人际交际
interpersonal
communication
: a small number of
individuals who are interacting
exclusively
with
one
another
and
who
therefore
have
the
ability
to
adapt
their
messages
specifically for
those others and to obtain immediate
interpretaions from them.
指少数人之间
< br>的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
内文化交际
intracultural
communication
is defined as
communication between and among
members
of the same culture .
指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，
总的来说，
同一种族，
政
治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。
国家间交际
internation
communication
指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际
非常正式和仪式化。
跨民族交际
interthnic
communication
：
refers
to
communication
between
people
of
the
same race ,but different ethnic
backgrounds .
指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交
际。
跨
种
族
交
际
interracia
l
communication:
occurs
when
the
sender
and
the
receiver
exchanging messages are from different
races that pertain to different physical character
istics.
指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。
跨地区交际
interregional
communication
:refers
to
the
exchange
of
messages
between
members of the
dominant culture within a country.
指一个国家
内主流文化成员之间的信息
交换过程。
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