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Diogenes and Alexander 戴奥吉尼斯和亚历山大

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2021-02-15 15:38
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2021年2月15日发(作者:障碍跑)


Diogenes and Alexander



戴奥吉尼斯和亚历山大



The Dog Has His Day



Gilbert Highet





This article by the late classicist Gilbert Highet describes a meeting


between two sharply contrasting personalities of history: Alexander the


Great and Diogenes. This selection originally appeared in



Horizon, the


first in a series entitled



Great Confrontations


.



此文是由晚期著名的古典学者


Gilbert Highet


所写,描述了历史上两位性格极


端伟大人物的会面场面:亚历山 大国王和戴奥吉尼斯。本文选择来自



Horizon



一篇名叫



伟大的会 面



的开始部分。





Lying on the bare earth, shoeless, bearded, half-naked, he looked like a


beggar or a lunatic(

< p>
神经病


,


疯子


). He was one, but not the other. He had


opened his eyes with the sun at dawn (


拂晓


), scratched, done his business like


a dog at the roadside, washed at the public fountain, begged a piece of


breakfast bread and a few olives, eaten them squatting on the ground, and


washed them down with a few handfuls of water scooped from the spring.


(Long ago he had owned a rough wooden cup, but he threw it away when he


saw a boy drinking out of his hollowed hands.) Having no work to go to and no


family to provide for, he was free. As the market place filled up with shoppers


and merchants and gossipers and sharpers (


a cheater, esp. a cardsharper


)


and slaves and foreigners, he had strolled through it for an hour or two.


Everybody knew him, or knew of him. They would throw sharp questions at


him and get sharper answers. Sometimes they threw jeers, and got jibes;


sometimes bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous


pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse(


漫骂


).


They were not quite


sure whether he was mad or not. He knew they were mad, all mad, each


in a different way; they amused him. Now he was back at his home. (


周围


的人们不能肯定他到底是不是真的疯了


,


但是他确是非 常的肯定他们是真的疯



,


以不同的方 式和程度


;


这个发现使他很开心好玩


).





It was not a house, not even a squatter's hut. He thought everybody lived far


too elaborately, expensively, anxiously. What good is a house? No one needs


privacy: natural acts are not shameful; we all do the same thing, and need not


hide them. No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture: the animals live


healthy lives and sleep on the ground. All we require, since nature did not


dress us properly, is one garment to keep us warm, and some shelter from rain


and wind. So he had one blanket



to dress him in the daytime and cover him


at night



and he slept in a cask. His name was Diogenes. He was the founder


of the creed called Cynicism (the word means


of his life in the rich, lazy, corrupt Greek city of Corinth, mocking and satirizing


its people, and occasionally converting one of them.





His home was not a barrel made of wood: too expensive. It was a storage jar


made of earthenware, something like a modern fuel tank



no doubt discarded


because a break had made it useless. He was not the first to inhabit such a


thing: the refugees driven into Athens by the Spartan invasion had been forced


to sleep in casks. But he was the first who ever did so by choice, out of


principle.





Diogenes was not a degenerate or a maniac(


疯子


). He was a philosopher who


wrote plays and poems and essays expounding(


解释


) his doctrine; he talked to


those who cared to listen; he had pupils who admired him. But he taught


chiefly by example. All should live naturally, he said, for what is natural is


normal and cannot possibly be evil or shameful. Live without conventions,


which are artificial and false; escape complexities and superfluities and


extravagances: only so can you live a free life.


The rich man believes he


possesses his big house with its many rooms and its elaborate furniture,


his pictures and expensive clothes, his horses and his servants and his


bank accounts. He does not. He is their slave. In order to procure a


quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting


good, his own independence. (


富人们都相信


,


拥有了属于自己的 豪华大房



,


房间很多


,


装饰和家具都很精致和气派


,


还有很多的名画和很昂贵的衣服


,



匹和佣人,还有银行账户上的很多的钱。实际上不是!而是它们的奴隶。为了

< p>
获取一个大量的不实际和及其容易腐烂的东西,他们把自己唯一真实闪光的,


可以持续长久的东西给出卖了,那就是自己的独立人格。





There have been many men who grew tired of human society with its


complications, and went away to live simply



on a small farm, in a quiet


village, in a hermit's cave, or in the darkness of anonymity. Not so Diogenes.


He was not a recluse(


归隐者


) or a stylite(


修行者


), or a beatnik(< /p>


奇异怪装


,


颓废


的一代


). He was a missionary. His life's aim was clear to him: it was


restamp the currency.


counterfeiting, long before he turned to philosophy, and this phrase was


Diogenes' bold, unembarrassed joke on the subject.)


To restamp the


currency


:


to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false


conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values.





The other great philosophers of the fourth century before Christ taught mainly


their own private pupils. In the shady groves and cool sanctuaries of the


Academy, Plato discoursed to a chosen few on the unreality of this contingent


existence. Aristotle, among the books and instruments and specimens and


archives and research-workers of his Lyceum, pursued investigations and


gave lectures that were rightly named esoteric,


for Diogenes, laboratory and specimens and lecture halls and pupils were all to


be found in a crowd of ordinary people. Therefore, he chose to live in Athens or

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