-
LESSON 22
分词
(2)
导言
分词在英语中是非常活跃的语言
现象。
在学习分词的过程
中应该明确，
在大多数情况下分词只是
从句的一种省略形式
，目
的在于使语言更为
简练
，尤其在笔头上。所以无论是
现在分词，
还是过去分词都与
从句的主动被动，时态有着密切的
关系
。
注意
将分词短语与从句加以比较
，对于理解分词有很大的帮助。因此
我们在设计练习时，为同学准备相应的练习，请多加
注意。
▲
分词的构成
现在分词──动词原形
+
ing
过去分词──动词原形
+
ed
（部分分词有不规则变化）
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。
注意
！！！！
现在分词
< br>---
通常含有
主动和进行
两个
概念
。
过去分词
---
通常含有
被动和完成
两个概
念
。
▲
分词做表语
●
The film we saw
yesterday
was
really
mov
ing
.
我们昨天看的那场电影确实感人。
（电影使人感动，所以用现在分词）
1
●
They
were
excit
ed
on
hearing the news.
听到这个消息，他们很激动。
（他们为消息而激动，用过去分词）
●
The
story
is
very
interes
ting
.
这个故事很有意思。
（故事使人感兴趣，用现在分词）
●
They
are
interest
ed
in
the story.
他们对这故事很感兴趣。
（故事使他们感兴趣，他们是承受者，用过去分词）
注：现在分词和过去分词做表语时，因为它们很像形容词，<
/p>
很多词典已经把它们例为形容词或某种习惯，用法如
to
be
interested in,
to be excited on.
▲
分词做定语
1.
单独一个分词做定语通常放在所修饰的名词前面。
●
an
understand
ing
man
=a man who understands others.
一个能理解别人的人。
（现在分词表示主动）
misuderstood
●
a
develop
ing
country
=
a country which is
developing
发展中国家。
2
（现在分词表示进行）
●
smok
ed
fish
=fish which has
been smoked
熏鱼。
（过去分词表示被动和完成）
●
a
develop
ed
country
=a country which has been
developed
发达国家。
（过去分词表示完成）
I like
to watch
falling
snow.
Fallen
snow
Ruling
ruled
2.
分词短语做定语往往放在所修饰的名词之后，
实际上是一个
定语从句的省略，
但要注意不是所有的定
语从句都能用分词
代替。关键在于定语从句的时态。下面举例说明。
●
The girl
sit
ting
in that
corner is a good singer.
分词短语做定语
=The girl
who
is sitting
in
that corner is a good singer.
坐在角落的那个姑娘是个好歌手。
（现在分词短语做定语时表示的是进行）
●
Do you know the
way
lead
ing
into
the mountain ?
现在分词短语做定语
3
=Do you know
the way that
leads
into the
mountain?
你知道进山的那条路吗？
（将
which
省略，将
leads
改为现在分词。
从上面句子可以
看出，现在分词短语
做定语也可以表示与谓语动作同时发生）。
●
Do you know the
teacher
to
teach us English?
=Do you know
the teacher who
will teach
us English?
你认识要教我们英语的那位教师吗？
注：上面的句子只能用不定式做定语因为从句所表达的意思
是将
来时。因此，现在分词短语做定语时，动作必须同谓语动作
同时发生。否则不能用现在分
词做定语。
●
The proposal
made
by him will be
discussed.
=The proposal that
was
made
by him, will be discussed.
他提出的提议将被讨论。
上句所定名词
proposal
是
make
动作的承受者，
所以用过去
分词。我们可以从定语从句中看出。过去分词含有被动含有完成
也就是该分词的
动作发生在谓语动词之前。
●
The goods
order
ed
from abroad will soon be delivered.
=The goods,
which
were
ordered
from abroad, will soon be
delivered.
从国外定的货很快就会被送来。
<
/p>
注：过去分词做定语含有被动和完成的概念，即分词的动作
发生在
谓语动词之前，因此，不是所有被动语态的定语从句都可
4
省略成过去分词。请看例句。
●
Do
you
know
the
name
of
the
book
which
will
be
written
by our
teacher.
你知道我们老师要写的书的名字吗？
●
Do you know the name of the
book
to
be
written
by our
teacher.
该句的
w
ritten
发生在谓语动词
know
之后，所以不能省掉
which will
be
。如果省略意思就变了。请看例句。
●
Do
you
know
the
name
of
the
book
written
by
our
teacher?
=Do you know
the name of the book that
was
written
by
our
teacher?
你知道我们老师写的那本书的书名吗？
（意思是该书已写出来了）
1
．
The
computer center, ____
last
year
, is
very
popular among the
students
in this school.
A. open
B. opening
C. having
opened
D.
opened
2
．
The
first
textbooks
____
for
teaching
English
as
a
foreign
language
came out
in the 16th
century.
A. having written
B. to be written
C. being
written
D.
written
3
．
Don
’
t you see the
policeman _____ towards us.
A. to run
B. run
C. running
D.
ran
5
4
．
The
Olympic
Games,
___
in
776
B.C
.,
did
not
include
women
players until 1912.
A.
first playing
B.
to be first played
C. first played
D. to be first
playing
5
．
European
football
is
played
in
80
countries,
_____
it
the
most
popular sport in the world.
A. making
B. makes
C.
made
D. to make
5
．
A=European
football
is
played
in
80
countries,
which
makes
it
most
popular sport in the world.
该句是非限定性定语从句的省略。
Which
定的是前面整个一
句话。
▲
分词做状语
注意
！！！！
分词做状语实际上就是一个并列句或状语
从句的省略，并对句子稍做改动。
●
She
stood
there
and
hesitated
because
she
didn’t
know
what to do.
=She stood there and
hesitated,
not
knowing
what to
do.
●
As
he
is
a clever
boy
，
he studies
very well.
6
=
Being
a clever
boy
, he studies very well.
因为他是个聪明孩子，所以他学习很好。
●
When
she
was
asked
about
it
,
she
said
she
knew
nothing.
=(
When
)
asked
about it
,
she said she knew nothing.
当问起她这件事时，她说她不知道。
注：上句用过去分词，因其是一个从被动语态的从句省略而
来，
有时我们可以保留一些连词，像
when,
while
等。
●
If
they
are applied
in
agriculture
, the machines will
save farmers much labor.
=
If
applied
in
agriculture,
the
machines
will
save
farmers
much
labor.
如果将这些机器用于农业，就可以省去农民很多劳动。
注：如果连词是
if
，我们通常保留。
1.
He sent me an e-mail, _______ to get further
information.
A.
hoped
B.
hoping
C.
to hope
D.
hope
从
句
省
略
He
sent
me
an
e-mail
and
hoped
to
get
further
information.
省略
and
将
hoped
改为
hoping.
2
．
_______ in
1636, Harvard is one of the most famous
universities
in the United States.
A. Being
founded
B. It was founded
C.
Founded
D. Founding
从
(Harvard was) founded in
1636 and it is one of the most famous
7
universities in the United
States.
省略而来，
也是从口语用并列句
或从句变为分词。以达到书面句子简练的目的。
▲
现在分词做宾语补语
可以用于这种结构的动词有
hear, see,
notice,
watch
等感
官动词。
●
I
saw
the boy
climbing
the tree.
我看到那个孩子在爬树。
注：在这种结构中我们也可以用省略
to
的不定式，
I saw the
boy climb
the
tre
e.
现在分词表示进行，而不定式表示有这么一
回事。
●
I heard someone
knocking
at
the
door
.
●
I heard
someone
knock
at
the door.
第一句我听到有人正在敲门。（强调进行）
第二句我听到有人敲门。（强调有这么一回事）
注意
！！！！
1. Standing
on the bank, the children
watched the
ship __________ with all
kinds of
goods.(2000
年
)
=
The children
stood
on the
bank
and
watched
the
ship_______
with all
kinds of
goods.(2000
年
)
A. loading
B. being loaded
C.
to be loaded
D. having loaded
8
Watch
somebody
( to ) do
sth
Watch
somebody
doing
sth
Watch
sth
( to) be
done
Watch
sth
being done
▲
过去分词做宾语补语
have sth.
done
或
get sth.
done
表示让别人做某事。
●
you should have
your TV set
repaired
.
你应该把你的电视送去修一下。
●
I will go to
get my hair
cut
.
我要去理个发。
注意
！！！！
7. Excuse me, but it is time
to
have
your
temperature
_________.
(2003
年
)
A. taking
B.
taken
C. took
D. take
----------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------
1
．
The missing
boys were last seen ______ near the river.
A.
playing
B. to be playing
C.
play
D. to play
see
是感观动词。
习惯用法为
see sb
do sth
、
see sb doing sth
用省
略
to
的不定式是叙述一件事，用现在分词更为生动，有画面感，
当变为被动时，用不定式时就
应加上
to
。该句的意思是最后一次
看
见孩子。他在河边玩。此句有较强的语气，所以用
A
最好。用<
/p>
D
也是对的。但不如
A
< br>生动。
9
2
．
The
managers
discussed
the
plan
that
they
would
like
to
see
______ the
next year.
A. carry out
B. carrying out
C. carried out
D. to carry out
see the plan carried out
看到这
个计划被执行。
用过去分词做补语，
plan
用
that
代替被前置。
▲
现在分词的时态
doing
一般时
having done
完成时
注意
！！！！
现在分词的完成时主要用于状语从句，强调
分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，简单地说，
当状语从句的时态是完成时，我们在省略时，
也用分词的完成时
。
●
After
he
had waited
for long time, he
was
asked into the
office.
=
Having
waited
for
long
time,
he
was
asked
into
the
office.
在等了很长时间之后，他被叫进了办公室。
10
●
Since
I
have
never
been
to
China
I
know
little
about
the country.
=
Never
having
been
to China, I know little
about
the country.
因为没去过中国，我对那个国家知道的很少。
5
．
______ a reply,
he decided to write again.
A. not
receiving
B. Receiving not
C.
Not having received
D. Having not received
该句是
分词
短语
做状
语，
是从
句的
省略
。
Because
he
hadn
’
t
received a reply, he decided to write
again.
在书面语时，我们通常
将从句省略，
省略
because he
将
had
改为
having
否定
not
通常
要置于句首。由于该句强调从句的动作发生在主句前，所以用完
成时。语法书上通常
称作现在分词的完成时。同学们可以把它看
作是一个完成时的从句省略。
▲
现在分词的被动语态
being done
现在分词的被动
having
been done
现在分词完成时的被动
现在分词的被动语态和完成时的被动语态，
主要用于做状语
和定语。注意下列每对句子中分词与从句的时态和语态。
●
Having been kept
indoor for
the whole morning
, the
children became impatient.
11
=
As
they
had been kept
indoor for the
whole morning the
children became
impatient.
孩子们在室内呆了一上午，开始坐不住了。
●
I
heard the noise of furniture
being moved
upstairs.
=I
heard
the
noise
of
furniture
that
was being moved
upstairs.
我听到楼上正在搬家具的声音。
●
Who is the man
being operated
on
?
=Who is the man
that
is being operated on?
正在被做手术的人是谁？（正在进行）
注：试比较下列句子的不同。
●
Who is the man
to operate
on
a patient tomorrow?
=Who is the man
t
hat
will operate
on
a patient tomorrow?
明天要给病人做手术的人是谁？（不定式表将来）
●
W
ho is the man
to
be operated
on
tomorrow?
=Who is the man
that
will be operated
on
tomorrow?
明天要被做手术的那个人是谁？
（不定式的被动表示将来的被动）
●
Who is the man
operated
on
yesterday?
=Who is the man
that
was operated
on
yesterday?
谁是昨天被做手术的人？（过去分词表示完成被动）
12
●
Who is the man
operating
on
a
patient now?
=Who is the man
t
hat
is operating
on
a patient now?
正在给病人做手术的人是谁？（现在分词表示进行的主
动）
●
Who is the man
being operated
on
now?
=Who is the
man t
hat
is being operated
on
now?
正在被做手术的人是谁？
（现在分词的被动表示进行的被动）
注：从上面几个例句中可以看出，现在分词以及它的主动和
被动
，过去分词以及不定式的主动与被动，所表示的意思完全不
同。如果把它们看作从句的省
略就好理解多了。请同学们认真比
较，在以后的学习中多加注意。
=====================
3._________ anything about
the accident, he went to work as well. (2000)
=
Because
he
did
not know
anything
about the
accident,
he
went
to
work as well.
A. Not know
B. Know not
C. Knowing not
D. Not knowing
解
析：答案选
D
。由于
know
和主语
he
是主动关系，所以要用
know
的现
在分词形式。分词的否定是将否定词<
/p>
not
置于分词之间。
2.
With
the
old
man
_
______
the
way,
we
had
no
trouble
in
finding
that
mysterious cave.
(2000
年
)
A.
leading
B. led
C. lead
D. to be led
13
=
With
the
old
man
who
led
the
way,
we
had
no
trouble
in
finding
that
mysterious cave.
(2000
年
)
< br>解析：
答案选
A
。
本句包含一个
with
引导的独立主格结构。
在分词独立主
格结构中，
分词的形式的选择与
逻辑主语和谓语动作有关。句中作分词的
动词
lead
和其逻辑主语
the old
man
是主动关系，所以用现在分词。
▲
独
立主格结构
注意
！！！！
独立主格结构看起来很乱，实际上我们只要把它看成
一个从句的省略，就容易明白了。<
/p>
●
Because
he
is
ill,
he
will not go to school.
=
Being
ill
,
he
will not
go to school.
因为他病了，他不能去上学。
●
Because
his
mother
is ill
,
he
will not go to
school.
=
His mother
being
ill,
he
will not go to school.
因为他母亲病了，他不能上学。
<
/p>
注：
第一句主从句的主语相同，
省略主语
后，
不会产生混乱。
第二句主从句主语不同，因此应保留从句的
主语，只将
is
变为
being,
这就是独立主格结构的意义所在。请看下面例句：
14
●
Because
the last
bus
had gone,
we
had to walk home.
=
The last
bus
having gone
,
we
had to walk
home.
因为最后一班车已经去了，我们只有走着回家了。
●
The
dark
clouds
had
disappeared
and
the
sun
shone again.
=
The
dark
clouds
having
disappeared
,
the
sun
s
hone again.
乌云散去，太阳又照耀着大地。
二、
将<
/p>
下列句子中划线的部分改用分词短语。
1.
The
stewardesses
女乘务员
make
frequent
经常的
cabin
客舱
checks
检查
throughout the flight and offer any
serves that may be
needed by the
passengers
乘客
.
The
stewardesses
make
frequent
cabin
checks
throughout
the
flight,
offering
any
serves
that
may
be
needed
by
the
passengers
。
2.
Aviation
航空
has its
tradition
传统
,
惯例
. In the early years, for
it
was
influenced
影响
by
the keep right
（
右行）
rules
规则
,
惯例
of
the road and at sea, aircraft also kept
right on the airway.
Aviation
has its tradition.
In the
early
years,
influenced
by
the
keep right
（右行）
rules of the
road and at sea
, aircraft
also kept right on the airway.
The sky around an airport
is full of different kinds of aircraft which
fly at different speeds in different
directions
规则
,
惯例
when they
cross over each other at different
heights.
15
3.
The
sky
around
an
airport
is
full
of
different
kinds
of
aircraft
flying
at
different
speeds
in
different
directions
when
crossing over each other at different heights.
4.
There are long lines of people who are
waiting to buy the tickets.
5.
As soon as the meal was
over, we began to work again.
6.
After his homework was
done, Jim decided to go and see the play.
7.
There are
nine planets that are running around the sun and
the earth
is one of them.
8.
I hate to see the letter
that were written in pencil.
9.
If everything was taken
into consideration, the plan, which Tom put
forward, seems to be more workable.
10.
Because the last bus had
gone, we had to walk home.
11.
A little girl walked past and her hair
blew in the air.
12.
After I
talk to you I always feel better.
(After) Talking to you
,I
always feel better.
二
1.
The
stewardesses
make
frequent
cabin
checks
throughout
the
flight,
offering
any
serves
that
may
be
needed
by
the
passengers
。
2.
Aviation has
its tradition. In the early years,
influenced by the
keep
right
（
右行）
rules of
the road and at sea
, aircraft also kept
right on the airway.
3.
The sky around
an
airport is full of different kinds
of aircraft
flying at different speeds
in different directions
when crossing
over each other at different heights.
4.
There are long
lines of people
waiting to buy the
tickets.
5.
The
meal (being) over
, we began to work
again.
6.
His
homework done
, Jim decided to go and
see the play.
7.
There are nine planets
running around the sun
and
the earth is
one of them.
16
8.
I hate to see the letter
written in pencil
.
9.
If
taken
into
consideration
,
the
plan
which
Tom
put
forward
seems to be more workable.
10.
T
he last bus having
gone,
we had to walk home.
11.
A
little girl walked past,
her hair
blowing in the air.
12.
(
After) Talking to
you
,I always feel better.
英译汉
:
1
．
*A living dog
is better than a dead lion.
死狮不如活狗。
2
．
*We
should
never
remember
the
benefits
we
have
offered
nor
forget the favor received.
不要老
想着我们给别人的好处，但要牢记别人对我们的帮
助。
3
．
The
bridge
is
both
simple
and
elegant
(
优雅
),
fulfilling
its
designer
’
s dream
to create an enormous object drawn as (faintly
简捷地
) as possible.
这座大桥既简洁又优雅，
实现了设计者用尽量简练的方法创
造一个庞然大物的梦想。
重要提示
通过本课的学习和课堂练习
，
应该得出一个结论，
分词短语，
不过
是从句的省略，从句多用于口语，而当写成文章时，应尽量
的简练，在对从句进行省略以
后，就变成分词短语。有时为了避
免与谓语动词发生混淆，略做小小改动。如果我们懂得
这一点，
写文章时，在不影响文章的理解，尽可能地将从句省略成非谓语
动词，以达到简洁的目的，也更复合英国人的习惯。
17
分词典型试题
1.
Standing on the bank, the children
watched the ship __________ with all
kinds of
goods.(2000
年
)
A.
loading
B. being loaded
C. to be loaded
D. having loaded
2.
With
the
old
man
_______
the
way,
we
had
no
trouble
in
finding
that
mysterious cave.
(2000
年
)
A.
leading
B. led
C. lead
D. to be led
3.
_________ anything about the accident, he went to
work as well. (2000
年
)
A. Not know
B. Know not
C. Knowing not
D. Not knowing
4. The
fisherman, ______ poor, could not buy another
boat. (2001
年
)
A.
is
B. was
C.
being
D. been
5.
______
mostly
in
small
town,
I
’
d only
recently
fallen
in
love
with
cities.
(2003
年
)
A. Grown up
B. Being grown up
C. Growing up
D. Having grown up
6.
_______ under a microscope, a fresh snowflake
has a delicate six-pointed
shape. (2003
年
)
A. Seeing
B. Seen
C. To see
D. To be seen
7. Excuse me, but it is time to have
your temperature _________.
(2003
年
)
A. taking
B.
taken
C. took
D. take
8.
Classes ________, the students left for home
without delay. (2004
年
)
A. were over
B. being over
C. are over
D.
over
9. Pierre often makes himself
_____ by gesturing with his hands.
(2004
年
)
A. to
understand
B.
understanding
C. to be
understood
D. understood
10.
Having
no
money
but
_______
to
know,
he
simply
said
he
would
go
without
dinner. (2005
年
)
A. not to want anyone
B. wanted no one
C. not
wanting anyone
D. to want no
one
分词典型试题
18
1. Standing
on the bank, the children
watched
the
ship
__________ with all
kinds of
goods.(2000
年
)
=
The children
stood
on the
bank
and
watched
the
ship_______
with
all kinds of
goods.(2000
年
)
A. loading
B. being loaded
C.
to be loaded
D. having loaded
Watch
somebody
do
sth
Watch
somebody
doing
sth
Watch
sth
be done
Watch
sth
being done
解析：答案选
B
。感官动词后可以跟不定式或分词作宾语补足语。区别在
于用不定式表示动作已结束
；用分词表示动作正在进行。本句中动词
load
和宾语
the ship
是动宾关系
，且表示动作正在进行，所以用现在分词的被
动式。
2.
With
the
old
man
_
______
the
way,
we
had
no
trouble
in
finding
that
mysterious cave.
(2000
年
)
A.
leading
B. led
C. lead
D. to be led
=
With
the
old
man
who
led
the
way,
we
had
no
trouble
in
finding
that
mysterious cave.
(2000
年
)
< br>解析：
答案选
A
。
本句包含一个
with
引导的独立主格结构。
在分词独立主
格结构中，
分词的形式的选择与
逻辑主语和谓语动作有关。句中作分词的
动词
lead
和其逻辑主语
the old
man
是主动关系，所以用现在分词。
3._________ anything about
the accident, he went to work as well. (2000)
=
Because
he
did
not know
anything
about the
accident,
he
went
to
work as well.
A. Not know
B. Know not
C. Knowing not
D. Not knowing
19