(完整word版)英语国家社会与文化教案

the god of war, Woden

（沃登）

, king

of heaven, Thor

（托尔）

, the god of Storms, and Freya

（弗雷娅）

, goddess of peace.

The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from these gods.

(2)

In 597, the Roman Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to England to convert the heathen

English to Christianity.

(3)

Augustine

was

remarkably

successful

in

converting

the

king

and

the

nobility,

and

he

became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.

(4)

But the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of

the monks in the north. Monasteries sprang up throughout the country and became places

of learning.

5. What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to the English state?

Though

the

Anglo-Saxons

were

ferocious

(barbarian,

brutal)

people,

they

laid

the

foundations of the English state.

(1)

First, the modern names of “England” and “English” derived from the Angles.

(2)

Secondly, they divided the country into shires

（< /p>

郡）

，

with shire courts and shire reeves,

11

or sheriffs

（郡长官、行政司法长官）

responsible for administering laws.

(3)

Thirdly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system

（三田耕种制度）

th

which continued until the agricultural revolution in the 18

century.

(4)

Fourthly, they also established the man orial

（庄园的、领地的）

system

< br>（采邑制度）

，

whereby the lord of the manor collected taxes, and organized the local army.

(5)

They

created

the

Witan

(council

or

meeting

of

the

wisemen,

议会、贤人会议

)

to

advise the king.

6. What is the Witan

(1)

Witan was the council of meeting of the wisemen.

(2)

It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king.

(3)

It’s the

basis of the Privy Council

（枢密院）

which still exists today.

7. the Privy Council

(1)

An advisory body to the Crown: a body that advises the Crown on matters of government.

(2)

the predecessor of the Cabinet. It was the most important part of the government until the

development of the Cabinet after 1688.

(3)

Its duties are now formal: it is the body through which the Queen makes certain orders,

putting into effect decisions made by ministers.

(4)

number

of

members:

it

has

about

400

members,

including

all

Cabinet

ministers,

the

Speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior

British and Commonwealth statesmen.

IV

. The Viking and Danish Invasions

北欧海盗和丹麦人入侵

1. Who were the Vikings and how did they invade Britain?

(1)

the Vikings were the Norwegians and the Danes from Denmark.

(2)

They

attacked

various

parts

of

England

from

the

end

of

the

8

th

century

and

became

a

serious problem in the 9

th

century.

(3)

They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity.

(4)

They gained control of the north and east of England

(“the Danelaw”)

2. What do you know about King Alfred?

(1)

Alfred was the king of Wessex.

(2)

He defeated the Danes who attacked England and reached and agreement with them.

(3)

The Danes gained control of the north and east of England, while Alfred ruled the rest.

(4)

He also converted some leading Danes into baptized Christians.

3. What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great”?

(1)

Alfred is known

as “the father of the British navy”

as he founded a strong fleet to beat the

Danes at sea to protect the coasts, and encourage trade.

He constructed a fleet of ships to augment his other defenses, and in so doing became

known as the

(2)

He reorganized the Saxon army to make it more efficient.

(3)

He translated

Bede’s

Ecclesiastical History of the English People

.

He, himself, was a scholar and translated Latin books into the Anglo-Saxon tongue.

(4)

He encouraged learning, established schools and formulated a legal system.

The reign of Alfred was known for more than military success. He was a codifier of law,

a promoter of education and a supporter of the arts. After his death, he was buried in his

capital city of Winchester, and is the only English monarch in history to carry the title,

All this makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.

V. The Norman Conquest (1066)

诺曼征服

1. King Edward, “the Confessor” (“

忏悔者

“)

(1)

King Edward was

known as ‘the Confessor’

because of his piety to religion. He was far

more Norman than Saxon.

(2)

He was more concerned with the building of Westminster Abbey

（

威斯敏斯特大教堂）

than

with affairs of state.

(3)

He promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy

（诺曼底公爵）

.

12

2. William the Conqueror

Why did William the Conqueror invade England after Edward’s death?

(1)

King Edward had promised the English throne to William,

(2)

When Edward was on his deathbed, several men laid claim to the English throne, but the

Witan chose Harold as king.

(3)

The Battle of Hastings

哈斯廷斯战役

A.

In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king.

B.

William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England.

C.

On October 14, the two armies

met near Hastings

. After a day’s battle,

Harold was

killed and his army completely defeated.

D.

William

entered

London

shortly

before

Christmas,

and

on

Christmas

Day

he

was

crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York.

E.

This battle was very important on the way of the Roman Conquest.

3. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest?

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is the best-known event in English history. It brought about

many consequences.

(1) William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers.

(2) He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.

(3) The feudal system was completely established in England.

(4) Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended.

(5) Norman- French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced.

(6) The Church was brought into closer connection with Roman, and the church courts were

separated from the civil courts

（世俗法庭）

.

4. Why is the English nation a mixture of nationalities of different origins?

(1)

The population of Britain is made up of the English, the Scottish, the Welsh, the Irish, and

other

peoples.

The

formation

is

complicated

because

England

was

invaded

by

different

races at various times from Europe.

(2)

Besides the early settlers, the Iberians, and the Celts,

(3)

Roman occupied Britain for nearly 400 years after 55 BC.

(4)

Then the invasions of Anglo-Saxons helped to form English race and language and laid the

foundation of the English state.

(5)

After that was the invasion of the Vikings and Danes.

(6)

Finally, in 1066, William of Normandy invaded England and began the age of the Norman

Conquest that resulted in great French influence.

Therefore, many different peoples of different origins are living in Britain.

That’s the reason why we say English nation is a mixture of nationalities of different origins.

For reference

Norman Rule (1066-1381)

1. William’s Rule (1066

-1087)

(1) The beginning of feudalism in England

Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.

(2) What was feudalism like in England under the rule of William the Conqueror?

A. Who owned the land under the feudal system in England?

According to the system, the King owned all the land personally.

B. How did William deal with the land and why?

a.

William

gave

his

barons

large

estates

in

England

in

return

for

promise

of

military

service and a proportion of the land’s production.

King ---barons---lesser nobles, knights and freemen---serfs

b. These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that the barons could not

easily combine to rebel the king or that his authority was not be challenged by any

powerful barons.

C. What was the peculiar feature of feudal system in England?

To restrain the growth of power of the barons, all landowners, big of small, took the oath

of allegiance for the land the held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.

D. What did William do to the Witan?

13

He replaced the Witan (the Council of Anglo-Saxon Kings) with the Grand Council.

E. Why did William compile the

Domesday Book

（土地调查清册）

?

The

Domesday Book

:

a.

Nature: a property record, and a general survey of England made in 1085

b.

Content: it stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership

of the land

c.

Purpose: to have a reliable record of all the lands, his tenants and their possessions

and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay taxes

d.

Why so called: because it seemed to the English like the

Book of Doom

F. What was William’s policy toward the church?

His policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control.

a.

on one hand, he took the English church closer to Rome

b.

on the other hand, he managed to maintain his own independence

2. Henry II’s Reforms

(1) background: Henry II was the founder of the Angevin dynasty

（安茹王朝）

，

usually known

as the Plantagenet dynasty(

金雀花王朝

).

His position was rather weak

Many pressing problems had to be solved

Want to keep the barons under control

(2) His reforms

A.

Abolished the annual land tax to levied only occasionally to meet emergencies

B.

Strengthened the king’s Court

C.

Reduced

the

barons’

military

strengths

by

destroying

all

the

fortresses

and

disbanding

their foreign soldiers

(3) How did Henry II reform the courts and the law?

A. Henry II

strengthened the King’s Court

and extended its judicial work

a.

He divided the country into 6 circuits

b.

Appointed itinerant justices (traveling judges) to each of them to see that justice was

applied impartially.

B. Henry

II

established

the

Common

Law

in

place

of

the

customs

of

the

manor

which

had

previously varied.

The Common Law

: the unwritten law common to the whole people, and is case-made

(based on precedent judgments and derived from acknowledged custom)

D.

The Jury System replaced old English ordeals by fire and water

(at that time a jury was to act as witnesses, not to hear evidences and give verdict)

E.

Reform

abuses

in

Church

government,

insisted

that

all

clerks

charged

with

criminal

offences should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in the Bishop’s Courts.

(4) What was the quarrel between Henry II and Thomas Becket?

Thomas

Becket

was

Henry’s

intimate

friend.

Henry

made

Thomas

Archbishop

of

Canterbury, hoping that he would assist him in carrying out legal reforms.

A.

Henry planned to reform the old Church Courts, to increase the jurisdiction of the civil

courts

at

the

expense

of

the

church

courts,

to

deprive

the

privileges

enjoyed

by

the

clergy

B.

Thomas refused to allow this, and the King became angry

The

King

said

in

a

fit

of

anger

“Is

there

no

one

to

avenge

me

of

this

miserable

churchman?”

---4

knights

killed

Thomas---Thomas

immediately

became

a

saint

as

a

martyr to the course of the church---pilgrims to Canterbury.

VI. The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament

1. The Great Charter (1215)

(1)

What are the two aspects of the Norman legacy that contributed to great domestic unrest in

England in the 12

th

and 13

th

century?

One

was England’s possession of territory in France.

The other was Norman adherence

to Roman Catholicism.

14

(2)

the Great Charter

A.

Also known as Magna Carta or the Barons’

Charter

B.

King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons and churchmen.

a.

Wars against France

b.

Quarrel with the Pope

(John

became

the

King---lost

all

his

Continental

fief

except

a

tiny

spot

in

France--- quarrel with the Pope---was forced to give in--- promised not only to pay a

yearly tribute to the Pope, but handed England to the Pope and received it as a fief.

---John

wanted

to

white- wash

himself

with

military

victories---his

tyrannical

behavior forced the barons to raise army against him.)

C.

In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Magna Carta.

D.

It was a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the King’s power.

E.

It has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.

2.

The Beginning of Parliament

(1) Henry III’s

defy of the Great Council

King John died---his son became Henry III---planned to regain lost territories

---increased taxes---a tense relation between the King and the Great Council

(2) Simon de Montfort raised an army

Simon

de

Montfort,

the

defender

of

the Great

Charter,

raised

an army

against

the

king’s

abuse of power---forced the king to accept the Provision of Oxford---the King denied and

was captured by the nobles.

(3) Change in the Great Council

Originally the Great Council was made up of the Nobles and Clergymen

↓

Now Nobles & Clergymen, 2 knights from each county and 2 citizens from each town

↓

The earliest parliament

↙

↘

The nobles

Knights and citizens

↓

↓

The Lords

The Commons

(Make decisions)

(offer advice)

VII. The Hundred

Year’s War with France (1337

-1453)

1. The Hundred Y

ear’s War

(1)

Who were the two parties involved?

England and France

(2)

Why

was

it

so

called?

Get

its

name

for

the

intermittent

war

between

England

and

France that lasted for a hundred years from 1337 to 1453.

(3)

What were the causes?

Partly territorial and partly economic

The territorial cause was related with the possession by English kings of the large duchy

in France.

The

economic

cause

was

mainly

connected

with

Flanders:

the

Flemish

cloth

manufacturing towns were importers of English wool but they owed political allegiance to

the French King.

(4)

What was the result?

Ended in failure of the English (were driven out of France)

(5) Influence: a blessing for both countries.

2.

Joan of Arc

(1)

She was a nation

al heroine of France during the Hundred Year’s War.

(2)

She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.

At an early age she claimed to have direct inspiration from God. When she was about 16,

she led the French armies to victory over the English.

(3)

She was condemned as a heretic and burned by the English.

For reference

The Black Death (1348-1349) and the Peasant Uprising (1381)

1. The Black Death

(1)

It was a deadly bubonic plague, and epidemic disease spread by rat fleas.

15

(2)

It spread through Europe in the 14th century, and swept through England

(3)

It killed one half of the English population, and spared no victims.

The population reduced from 4 million to 2 million during the next 15 years.

2. What harm did the Black Death do to the English society?

(1)

It

reduced

the

English

population

from

4

million

to

2

million

and

brought

about

far-reaching economic consequences.

(2)

As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of

labor.

(3)

The surviving peasants were in favourable position to demand higher wages and changed

their serfdom into paid labours

3. The Lollards

(1)

Who were the Lollards?

A.

A

group

of

Oxford

reformers.

They

were

poor

priests

and

traveling

preachers

who

were John Wyclif’s followers in the 14th century.

B.

They went about preaching the equality of men before God.

C.

The most famous one was John Ball.

(2) What role did the Lollards play in the Peasant uprising of 1381?

They ideas provided mental preparation for the Peasant uprising of 1381.

4. Wat Tyler’s Uprising

(1)

As a result of the Black Death, there was a terrible shortage of labors, and the surviving

peasants demanded higher wages.

(2)

So the government issued statutes to protect the interests of landowners.

(Establish rules to keep down wages)

(3)

The repressive measures and a series of poll taxes caused much hatred and resulted in the

Peasant Uprising in 1381.

Although the Uprising failed, it had great significance in English history. It dealt a deathblow to

villeinage

(serfdom),

and

a

new

class

of

yeomen

farmers

emerged,

paving

the

way

for

the

development of capitalism.

Unit Three

Brief Introduction to Scotland

课程名称：英语国家社会与文化

16

本课内容：

The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries

授课时间：

9 0

分钟

教学目的

:

通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国历史，尤其是苏格兰的历史；掌握主要历史

事件及人 物。

教学意义

:

帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社

会生活和 文化传统等方面的基本知识。

教学重点

:

苏格兰历史

;

苏格兰著名城市介绍：爱丁堡；格拉斯哥

教学难点

:

英格兰与苏格兰关系；

苏格兰的独立斗争

教学方式

：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。

教学内容

:

(

详见讲稿）

al characteristics of Scotland

and attractions

Scottish identity

4. Cultural division between highland and lowland

教学方法：

采取教师教授为主，结合 学生课堂讨论。

时间分配

:

1. Physical characteristics of Scotland (

用时

15

分钟

)

and attractions (

用时

30

分钟

)

Scottish identity (

用时

25

分钟

)

4. Watch Video about Scotland. (

用时

20< /p>

分钟

)

课堂板书

:

1.

bagpipe

2.

tartan

3.

gaelic

4.

the Battle of Bannockburn

作业

: Exercise in Unit 1

Unit Three

Brief Introduction to Scotland

nd - Introduction

17

Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area.

2. Physical Characteristics of Scotland

1)the most rugged part of the UK

Scotland

is

divided

into

three

main

regions;

the

Highlands,

the

Midland

Valley

and

the

Southern Uplands.

2) Scotland is well known for its mountainous and beautiful scenery.

3)

Scotland is also noted for its lochs (this name is generally used for lakes in Scotland).

and Attractions in Scotland

1)Cities:

Edinburgh

---capital, renowned for its beauty and castles, university, etc.

Glasgow

—

the largest city

2)Attractions:

Hadrian Wall

“tartan”souvenirs

4.

Strong Scottish identity

Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.

--

Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

《吉基尔医生与海德先生》

shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath

this is a still-strong Scottish identity.

the Battle of Bannockburn (

班诺克本战役

)

Time: 24th June, 1314

Who: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce and English army

Result: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence

Union with England in 1707

1. In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th of Scotland took the throne, called

James the First of England; uniting the two thrones

2. Scotland maintained its separate political identity.

3. In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments

4. Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In 1922, only 3 were from the

Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting an independent Scotland; 49 was from the Labour Party,

wanting to set up a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internal affairs within

the UK.

al division between highland and lowland

1.

Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons

2.

Around

the

AD

6th

C,

people

from

Northern

Ireland

invaded

the

South-west

---

the

lowland zone. They were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name

3.

The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts (

皮克特人

) were left with the non-productive

highland zone, where in addition to English, some people speak the old Celtic language

—

Gaelic.

18

* The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much

the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other.

Unit Four

Wales and Northern Ireland

19

课程名称：英语国家社会与文化

本课内容：

A brief introduction to Wales and Northern Ireland

授课时间：

90

分钟

教学目的

:

通过本节课的教学，使学生了解英国威尔士及北爱尔兰的概况。

教学意义

:

帮助学生了解主要英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社

会生活和 文化传统等方面的基本知识。

教学重点

:

威尔士概况；

爱尔兰概况。

教学难点

:

英格兰与北爱尔兰历史关系；

英爱协议

教学方式

：以电子课件为主，辅以少量板书的课堂讲授。

教学内容

:

(

详见下页）

威尔士概况；

爱尔兰概况。

教学方法：

采取教师教授为主，结合学生课堂讨论。