-
高三总复习阅读理解之正误判断题解题方法与技巧
适用学科
适用区域
知识点
作出判断和推理
知识目标：了解正误判断题特点
教学目标
方法目标：掌握一套解正误判断题的有效方法与技巧
能力目标：提高英文阅读理解能力
教学重点
教学难点
备选项中具体信息特点分析
备选项中具体信息特点分析
英语
通用
理解文中具体信息
适用年级
课时时长（分钟）
高三
60
教学过程
一、课堂导入
1. It may
not rain today.
It must rain today.
2.
Everyone likes apples.
Not everyone likes apples.
3. Tianjin is the most beautiful city
in China.
Tianjin is one of the most beautiful
cities in China.
请指出以上六个语句中表述较为准确的句子，为什么？
二、复习预习
1.
< br>事实细节题解题过程中最重要的一个环节是什么？
2.
平时做正误判断题
，遇到过什么情况？
三、知识讲解
知识点
1
正误判断题概述：
正误判断型题主要
考查学生阅读分析、
理解、
应用和判断的能力，
要求根据文章内容对选项中所给句子做出正误判
断。此类题型依托短文内容进行
发挥，或者给出意思相近或相反的几个句子要求辨别、判断，或者变换词语、句子
结构来
考查同一意思的不同表达。
知识点
2
正误判断题题干特征：
of
the following is TRUE according to the passage?
of the following statements is NOT
true?
知识点
3
正误判断题的选项特点分析：
1.
正确项有以下特征：
a.
对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词
，成为正确选项。
b.
词性或者语态
的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。
c.
语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答
案。
d.
正话反说。把原文中的意思
反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）
。
2.
干扰项有以下特征：
a.
将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似
正确，实际上却是错误选项。
b.
把
未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。
c.
无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测
得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。
d.
偷换概念。把原来做该事的
―
张三
‖<
/p>
换成
―
李四
‖<
/p>
，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。
e
表述不准确。文章中的某个数字信息发生变化或肯否发生变化。
f.
与文章中信息相反。
知识点
4
正误判断题的选项中的
―
重要信息词<
/p>
‖
：
/eve
ry/always/must/only/all/impossible/unique/any/comp
letely/totally
（优先排除信息）
2.
最高级或比较级
/
数
字信息
/
因果关系词
/
否定词
/have
done/prefer
（引起注意信息）
everyone/mostly/may
not/may/sometimes/one of the best/about/not
only...but also.../neither...nor.../both...and.../
...but...
（优先考虑信息）
知识点
5
正误判断题具体解题步骤：
1.
选项逐个分析，标出
重要信息词；
2.
根据重要信息词对选项进行准确排序；
3.
按最终排序挑选出目标选项；
4.
精读理解目标选项；
5.
将目标选项与文章信息进行对照核实。
知识点
6
正误判断题注意事项：
1.
看清范围
,
确定方向；
2.
注意选项表述；
3.
谨慎排除
,
综合选优。
四、例题精析
【例题
1
】
【
2017·
天津卷】
D
I read somewhere that
we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But
where are we doing all of this waiting, and what
does
it mean to an impatient society
like ours? To understand the issue, let‘s take a
look at three types of ―waits‖.
The very purest form of waiting is the
Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most
annoying of all. Take filling up the
kitchen sink(
洗碗池
)
as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can
do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed
on the sink until it‘s full. During
these waits, the brain slips away
from
the body and wanders about until the water runs
over the edge of the counter and onto
your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter
helpless and mindless.
A
cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait.
This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly
preparing packaged
noodle soup required
a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific.
―Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix,
simmer three
minutes,
remove
from
heat,
let
stand
five
minutes.‖I
have
my
doubts
that
anyone
has
actually
followed
the
procedures
strictly. After all, Forced Waiting
requires patience.
Perhaps
the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-
Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that
it is for the most
part voluntary.
Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary,
waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily
mean that
it will happen.
Turning
one‘s
life
into
a
waiting
game
requires
faith
and
hope,
and
is
strictly
for
the
optimists
among
us.
On
the
surface it seems as
ridiculous as following the directions on soup
mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those
who
are willing to do it. As long as
one doesn‘t come to rely on it, wishing for a few
good things to happen never hurts
anybody.
We certainly do spend a
good deal of our time waiting. The next time
you‘re standing at the sink waiting for
it to fill
while cooking noodle soup
that you‘ll have to eat until a large bag of cash
falls out of the sky, don‘t be desperate. You‘re
probably just as busy as the next guy.
53. What can we learn about the Lucky-
Break Wait?
A. It is less voluntary
than the Forced Wait.
B. It doesn‘t
always bring the desired result.
C. It is more fruitful than the Forced
Wait.
D. It doesn‘t give people faith
and hope.
【答案】
B
【解析】
试题分析：根据第四段的句子
which is also
voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not
necessarily mean
that it will happen.
可知等待你的好运不一定意味着就会发生，即不一定带来渴望的结果。故选
< br>B
。
【例题
2
】
【
2017·
浙江卷】
C
FLORENCE,
Italy
—
Svetlana Cojochru
feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven
years as a caregiver to Italian
kids
and the elderly, but in orde
r to stay
she‘s had to prove her language skills by taking a
test which requires her to write a
postcard to an imaginary friend and
answer a fictional job ad.
Italy is the
latest Western European country trying to control
a growing immigrant(
移民
)
population by demanding
language skills
in exchange for work permits, or in some cases,
citizenship.
Some immigrant advocates
worry that as hard financial times make it more
difficult for natives to keep jobs, such
measures will become more a vehicle for
intolerance than
integration(
融合
). Others say
it‘s only natural that newcomers
learn
the language of their host nation, seeing it as a
condition to ensure they can contribute to
society.
Other European countries laid
down a similar requirement for immigrants, and
some terms are even tougher. The
governments argue that this will help
foreigners better join the society and promote
understanding across cultures.
Italy,
which has a much weaker tradition of immigration,
has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in
recent years.
In 1990, immigrants
numbered some 1.14 million out of Italy‘s then
56.7 million people, or about 2 percent. At the
start of
this year, foreigners living
in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total
population of 60.6 million, or 7.5 percent, with
immigrants‘ children accounting for an
even larger percentage of births in
Italy.
Cojochru, the
Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent
residence(
居住权
) would help
her bring her two
children to Italy;
they live with her sister in Moldova, where
salaries are among the lowest in Europe. She was
skeptical
that the language requirement
would encourage integration.
Italians
always ―see me as a foreigner,‖ an outsider, even
though she‘s stayed in the country for years and
can speak
the local language fluently,
she said.
30. What do we know about
Cojochru?
A. She lives with her sister
now in Italy.
B. She enjoys learning
the Italian language.
C. She speaks
Italian well enough for her job.
D. She
wishes to go back to her home country.
【答案】
C
【解析】
细节理解题，
根据最后一段最后一句
< br>―,even though she ?s stayed in the country for years and can speak the local
language fluently‖
可知
Cojochru
的意大利语已经说的很流利了，足够
应付工作，故选
C.
【例题
3
】
【
2017·
全国新课标
I
】
D
A build-
it-yourself solar still
（蒸馏器）
is one of the best ways to obtain
drinking water in areas where the liquid is
not readily available. Developed by two
doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
it‘s an excellent water collector.
Unfortunately, you must carry the
necessary equipment with you, since it‘s all but
impossible to find natural substitutes.
The only components required, though,
are a
5
＇
5
＇
sheet of clear or slightly milky
plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a
container
—
perhaps just a drinking cup
—
to catch the water. These
pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and
fastened
on your belt.
To
construct a working still, use a sharp stick or
rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet
deep. Try to make the
hole in a damp
area to increase
the water
catcher‘s
productivity. Place your cup
in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the
tube in place so that one end rests all
the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs
up
—
and out
—
the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic
sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt
and weighting the sheet‘s center
down
with a rock. The plastic should now form a
cone(
圆锥体
) with 45-degree-
angled sides. The low point of the sheet
must be centered directly over, and no
more than three inches above, the cup.
The
solar still works by creating a greenhouse under
the plastic. Ground water evaporates
(
蒸发
) and collects on the
sheet until small drops of water form,
run down the material and fall off into the cup.
When the container is full, you can
suck the refreshment out through the
tube, and won‘t have to break down the
s
till every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about
the solar still equipment from the first
paragraph?
A. It‘s delicate.
C.
It‘s complex.
【答案】
D
【解析】
推力判断题。
根据第一段最后一句话可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包
，
系在腰间。说明制作蒸
馏器的设备很轻便，
< br>portable
表示“轻便的，手提的”
，故选
D
。
【例题
4
】
I am a writer. I spend a great deal of
my time thinking about the power of
language
—
the way it can
evoke
（唤起）
an
emotion, a visual image, a complex
idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of
my trade. And I use them
all
—
all the
Englishes I grew up with.
Born
into
a
Chinese
family
that
had
recently
arrived
in
California,
I‘ve
been
giving
more
thought
to
the
kind
of
English
my mother speaks. Like others, I have
describe
d it to people as ―broken‖
English. But feel embarrassed to say that.
It has always bothered me that I can
think of no way to describe it other than
―broken‖, as if it were damaged and needed to
B. It‘s
expensive.
D. It‘s
portable.
be fixed, as if it lacked a certain
wholeness. I‘ve heard other terms used, ―limited
English,‖ for example. But they seem just
as bad, as if everything is limited,
including people‘s
perceptions
（认识）
of the
limited English speaker.
I know this
for a fact, because when I was growing up, my
mother‘s ―limited‖ English li
mited my
perception of her. I was ashamed of her
English. I believed that her English reflected the
quality of what she had to say.
That
is, because she expressed them imperfectly her
thoughts were imperfect. And I had plenty of
evidence to support me:
the
fact
that
people
in
department
stores,
at
banks,
and
at
restaurants
did
not
take
her
seriously,
did
not
give
her
good
service, pretended not
to understand her, or even acted as if they did
not hear her.
I started writing fiction
in 1985. And for reasons I
won‘t get
into today, I began to write stories using all the
Englishes
I grew up with: the English
she used with me, which for lack of a better term
might be described as ―broken‖, and what I
imagine to be her translation of her
Chinese, her
internal
（内在的）
language, and
for that I sought to preserve the essence,
but neither an English nor a Chinese
structure: I wanted to catch what language ability
tests can never show; her intention,
her feelings, the rhythms of her speech
and the nature of her thoughts.
Which
of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?
A. Americans do not
understand broken English.
B. The author‘s mother was not
respected sometimes.
C. The author‘ mother had positive
influence on her.
D. Broken English always reflects
imperfect thoughts.
【答案】
B
【解析】
A
项含有否定词，
且根据文章中
―pretended not to understand
her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.‖
可知
A
错误；
B<
/p>
项由第三段最后一句话可知；
C
项文章中
没有谈到；
D
项含有
―always‖
说的较为绝对。故选
B
。
五、课堂运用
【基础】
1.
【
20
17·
新课标
III
】
C
After
years
of
heated
debate,
gray
wolves
were
reintroduced
to
Yellowstone
National
Park.
Fourteen
wolves
were
caught in Canada and transported to the
park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf
population had grown to more than 170
wolves.
Gray wolves once
were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area
and much of the continental United States, but
they
were
gradually
displaced
by
human
development.
By
the
1920s,
wolves
had
practically
disappeared
from
the
Yellowstone area. They
went farther north into the deep forests of
Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had
many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations
—
major food sources
(
来源
) for
the wolf
–
grew rapidly. These
animals consumed large amounts of vegetation
(
植被
), which reduced plant
diversity in the
park. In the absence
of wolves, coyote populations also grew
quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of
the park‘ s
red foxes, and completely
drove away the park‘ s beavers.
As early as 1966,biologists asked the
government to consider reintroducing wolves to
Yellowstone Park. They hoped
that
wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote
problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because
they feared that
wolves would kill
their farm animals or pets.
The
government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a
plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife
Service carefully monitors and
manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the
debate continues over how well the gray
wolf
is
fitting
in
at
,
deer,
and
coyote
populations
are
down,
while
beavers
and
red
fores
have
made
a
comeback. The Yellowstone
wolf project has been a valuable experiment to
help biologists decide whether to reintroduce
wolves to other parts of the country as
well.
is the author‘s attitude towards
the Yellowstone wolf
project
？
A.
Doubtful.
B.
Positive.
C.
Disapproving.
D. Uncaring.
【答案】
B
【解析】推理判断题。根
据文章末段末句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，是很值得推广的。
2.
【
2017·
北京卷】
D
Hollywood‘s theory
that machines with evil(
邪恶
)
minds will drive armies of killer robots is just
silly. The real problem
relates to the
possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may
become extremely good at achieving something other
than what
we really want. In 1960 a
well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who
founded the field of
cybernetics
（控制论）
, put
i
t
this
way:
―If
we
use,
to
achieve
our
purposes,
a
mechanical
agency
with
whose
operation
we
cannot
effectively
interfere(
干预
), we
had better be quite sure that the purpose put into
the machine is the purpose which we really
desire.‖
A
machine with a specific purpose has another
quality, one that we usually associate with living
things: a wish to preserve
its own
existence. For the machine, this quality is not
in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans;
it is a logical
consequence of the
simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its
original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out
a robot
with the single instruction of
fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to
secure success by disabling its own off switch
or even killing anyone who might
interfere with its task. If we are not careful,
then, we could face a kind of global chess
match against very determined, super
intelligent machines whose objectives conflict
with our own, with the real world as
the chessboard.
The
possibility
of
entering
into
and
losing
such
a
match
should
concentrate
the
minds
of
computer
scientists.
Some
researchers argue that we can seal the
machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to
answer difficult questions but never
allowing them to affect the real world.
Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work:
we have yet to invent a firewall that