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翻译中的句型结构
一、基本句型及成分
1.
句子的种类
句子常分为陈述句、问句、祈使句和感叹句四大类。在翻译中多遇见的是陈述句
,<
/p>
形式是主
语先行
,
如
:
物价又上涨了。
Princes
are going up again.
有时候也会出现
祈使句
,
形式是动词原形先行
,
主语省略
,
如
:
明天把一切都准备好。
Get
everything ready tomorrow.
感叹句的形式是修饰性短语
,
后接主语及谓语
< br>,
常见的句型有
:
What+
a(n) adj. + n+
主谓
!
How +adj. /adv.
+
主谓
!
How +adj.
+a(n) +
主谓
!
问句可分为一
般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。如
:
你今晚有空吗
? Will you be free
tonight?
你对这座城市的印象如何
?
What’s your impression of
the city?
代表团今天到还是明天到
?
Is the delegation arriving today or
tomorrow?
在这里工作多年了对吧
?You
’
ve been working here for many
years, haven
’
t you?
2.
简单句的成分
< br>简单句的翻译是最直接的
,
只要找准句子中的主语、谓语
动词等成分
,
按照英语的习惯连接起
来
就可以了。主要有
:
(1)
主语<
/p>
+
谓语动词
如
:
门铃响了
Th
e door bell rang.
⑵主语
+
系动词
+
表语
如
:
这盘菜看起来很诱人。
The dish looks inviting.
(3)
主语
+
谓语动词
+
宾语
< br>如
:
很多人在申请这份工作。
Many people arc applying for the job
(
注意
:
有宾语的
谓语动词应该是及物动词或动词词组
;
如果宾语是代词
,
应用宾格
)
⑷主语
十谓语动词
+
间接宾语
+
直接宾语
如
:
我把护照拿给他们看。
I showed
them my passport
如果要把间接宾语移到后面
,
前面要加上介词
to
或
for,
如
:
我把护照拿给其中一位移民局的官员看。
I showed my passport to one of the
immigration officers.
(5)
主语
+
谓语动词
+
宾语
+
宾补
如
:
我闻见有东西烧焦了。
I smelt something burning.
二、复合句型
复合句的翻译要注意连词、关系代词或关系副词的正确使用
,
判断汉语句子中的哪一部分充
当名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句
,
翻译的同时要兼顾各从句的语法规则和特点。
如：
(1)
只要专心学习
,
你一定能顺利通过考试。
(
条件状语从句
)
So
long as/If you concentrate on your studies ,
you’11succc
eed in passing
the examinations
(2)
她挥舞着手发疯
了似的。
(
方式状语从甸〉
she waved her hands as if she were mad.
(3)
你爱坐哪里就坐哪里。
(
地点状语从句
)
You can sit where you like.
(4)
主席走进来
,
我们就都站了起来。
(
时间状语从句
< br>)
We all stood up as soon as /the
moment the chairman entered.
(5)
天那么黑
,
< br>我看不清彼此的脸了。
(
结果状语从句
< br>)
It was so dark that we
couldn
’
t see each
other
’
s faces.
(6)
这张照片使我想起了我们在夏令营早度过的日子。
(
定语从句
)
This photo reminds me of the days
(that) we spent in the summer camp.
(7)
作品得奖的女孩是班上最小的学生。
< br>(
定语从句
)
The
girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in
her class.
(8)
你该就你刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。
(
宾语从句
)
You should apo1ogize to all the people
present for what you have just done.
(9)
这一切是怎么发牛的对我是一个谜。
< br>(
主语从句
)
How it
all happened is a mystery to me.
(10) <
/p>
金钱万能这个思想是错误的。
(
同位语从
句
)
The idea that money1neahs
everything is unsound.
?
三、倒装句型
(1)
我们的祖国从来没有像今天这样强大。
(Never)
Never before has our country been so
powerful as it is today.
(2)
只有通过努力我们才能成功。
(Only
…
)
Only by working hard can we
succeed.
(3)
直到那时我才意识到我犯了一个多么严重的错误。
(Not
until
…
)
Not until
then did I realize what a serious mistake I had
made.
(4)
尽管他还是个
孩子
,
他却承担起了养家的责任。
(a
s)
Child as he is, he takes
on the responsibility of supporting the family
(5)
她累得一上床就睡着了。
（<
/p>
So
）
so tired she was that she fell asleep
as soon as she hit the pillow.
四、强调句型
(1)
他就是在那座教堂里结婚的。
(It)
It was in that church that
he got married
(2)
他到底是在什么时候犯下的罪
?
When was it that he committed a crime?
五、其它特殊句型
(1)The
more
…
., the
more
……
书读得越多
,
就对你越有好处。
The more books you read, the more good
it will do you.
(2)there
be
句型
阅读时
,
你不必碰到生词就查词典。
(There be)
There is no need for you to look up
every new word you come across while reading.
(3)
祈使句
+and you
’
ll
…
再试工下
,
你很可能就成功了。
One more try, and you are likely
to succeed.
(4) would rather
我宁可在家看报纸和杂志也不愿去电影院看这么可怕的电影。
(would
rather)
I would rather stay at home
reading newspapers and magazines than go to the
cinema to see such a
horrible film.
(5)can
’
t
…
.too
…
< br>
检查试卷时越仔细越好。
You can
’
t be too
careful when checking your paper
(6)It
’
s
high time sb. did
是我们采取行动的时候了。
It
’
s high time
that we took action.
(7)
形式主语、形式宾语
it
1)
人们发现越来越难跟上现代科学
的发展。
(keep up with)
People find it harder and harder to
keep up with the development of modern science.
2)
众所周知
,
吸烟会导致多种疾病。
It
is known to all that smoking can cause many
diseases.
3)
就我所
知
,
在那座小城里购物很方便。
(as
far as)
As far as I know,,
it is convenient to do shopping in that small
city.
4)
保护环境是每个公民的职责。
(L..)
It is the duty of every
citizen to protect our environment.
5)
我没有想到汤姆会被选举为学生会主席。
occur
It
never
occurred to me that Tom would be made Chairman man
of the S
tudents’
Union.
6)
那些未曾去过那个小村庄的人很难描绘出它的美丽。
(It
< br>…
.)
It
’
s very hard
for those who haven
’
t been
to the small village to describe its beauty.
7)
我发现很难与那些一贯固执己
见的人合作。
(
…
it
…
)
I find it hard to
cooperate with those who always stick to their own
opinions.
(8)
非谓语结构
1)
我们非常感激老师为我们提供许多好书。
(grateful)
We are most
grateful to our teacher for providing
us with many good books.
2)
充分利用时间并不意味着从早到晚不停地看书。
(keep)
Making full use of time
doesn
’
t mean keeping on
reading books from morning till night.
3)
同其他学生相比
,
那个女孩有更强的英语听、说能力。
(compare)
Compared with other
students , the girl has better listening and
speaking abilities in English.
4)
我们盼望能参加下星期举行的艺术节开幕式。
(look
forward to)
We are looking
forward to attending the opening ceremony of the
art festival to be held next week.
5)
为了保持健康
,
我们经常参加体育锻炼。
(To
∶
)
To keep fit, we often take part in
physical exercises.
资料厍（翻译中的重要句型）
1
．
We were about
to reach our hotel when one of us fainted on the
shuttle bus.
我们正要到宾馆时，共中一人在旅游车上晕倒
2
．
I
’
d appreciate it very much if you could recommended a grammar book to me .
如你能帮我推荐一本语法书，我将不胜感激。
3. If it is convenient to you,
I
’
d like your to translate
this speech into German.
如果方便的活，我想请你把这份讲稿译成德语。
4. There is no doubt that you have to
answer for what you have done.
毫无疑问，你必须为你的所作所为负责。
⒌
I feel it my duty to teach my students
to respect other cultures.
我感到教会学生尊重他国文化是我的责任。
6.
It
’
s essential that the
damaged road be repaired immediately.
受损马路有必要立即修复！
7.
There is no proof that smoking can refresh a man.
尚无证据证明吸烟能让人感到精神。
8
．
The instant he
heard a cry for help, he ran in the direction of
it.
他一听到救命声’就立刻朝喊声跑去。
9
．
It is 1ikely
that you will feel sorry for your reckless
decision.
你很可能会后悔你鲁莽的决定。
10
。
What really
matters to a driver is not how fancy his car is ,
but how safe it is.
对驾驶员来说，真正重要的不是车的豪华，而是车的安全。
l1
．
Only with a
microscope can you study
germs
．
只有用显微镜才能研究细菌。
12.
We no longer wonder at the phenomenon that young
couples choose not to have kids.
我们不再对年轻夫妇不生孩子现象感到奇怪
13
，
I would rather
stay for the night on the street than check in the
dirty inn.
我情愿在大街上呆上一整晚也不愿入住那家脏兮兮的旅店。
14. Scarcely had he left the hospital
when he was infected with another disease.
他刚出院感染上了其它的病。
15. Seldom does our history teacher get
angry with us
．
我们历史老师很少生我们的气。
16
There is sign that many families will buy a second
car.
有迹象表明，许多家庭将会买第三辆车。
17
，
It
’
s strange that
he should have missed the plane.
很奇怪，他竟然没赶上飞机。
18
、
It was not
until he took off his sun glasses that I
recognized he was my uncle.
直到他摘下墨镜我才认出原来他是我叔叔。
19
．
It was a waste
of time discussing such questions without answers.
讨论没有答案的问题是浪费时间．
20. The patients were told to wait in
queue, whether they had made reservations or not.
不管预约过与否，
病人们都被告知要排队等候。
Translate the following
sentences into English with the given words in the
brackets.
1.
据说饭后散步有益于健康。
（
It
is
…）
2.
他所有的零钱都是花在了邮票上
。
（
It
is
…）
3.
那位工程师已经三年没回家乡了
（
since
）
4.
乐于助人的人最容易相处。
（
those
）
5.
他第一次乘飞机时紧张得说不话
来。
（
the first
time
）
6.
她兴奋得不能自己。
(
too
…
.
）
7.
如果你们不相互合作，就很难完
成任务。
（
unless
）
8.
无论我怎么努力，就是无法说服他们接受新方案。
(no
matter
…
)
9.
不管前方的路有多难走，你不能
轻易放弃。
（
however
）
10.
无论你从
事何种职业，懂电脑是必不可少的。
（
whatever
）
11.
不管多忙只要邻居需要，他都
会去帮忙。
（
as long
as
）
12.
有时候让你疲惫的不是远方的
大山，而是你鞋里的一粒沙子（
it
is
）
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