-
自考英语词汇学
00832
Chapter1
【单词的角度】
visual terms: word
is a meaningful group of letters printed or
written
horizontally in the peace of
paper.
spoken language: word is a
sound and combination of sound.
semanticists: a word is a unit of meaning .
grammarians: a word be a free form
that can function in the sentences.
【单词的定义】
A word is a minimal
free form of a language that has a given sound and
meaning
and syntactic function.
1) a minimal free from of a language;
2) a sound unity;
3) a unit
of meaning;
4) a form that can function
alone in a sentence.
【音和义的关系】
The connection of
the
sound and meaning
is
arbitrary and conventional, and
there
is no logical relationship between sound and
meaning. E.g woman-femme-funu
【音和形不同的原因】
Sound and
form
1. More phonemes than
letters in English.
ciation has changed
more rapidly than spelling.
3. Some of
the differences are created by the early scribes.
(
识记
u-o deliberately changed
not
ended
’
n,v
’
+e)(printing&dictionary
选择题
).
4. Borrowing.
【词汇的定义】
Vocabulary
not only can it refer to a total number of words
in a language, but it
can stand for all
the words use in a particular historical period. <
/p>
（
1,000,000
）
?
Vocabulary is the most
unstable element of a language as it is undergoing
constant changes
both in form and
content.
填空题
1
【词汇的分类】
①
Use
frequently----
basic word
stock:is the foundation of the vocabulary
accumulated for centuries and forms the
common core of language.
national character 2. stability tivity my ability(
选择题多
/
记例子
*
)
nonbasic
vocabulary
：
(1.
terminology
consist of technical terms used in particular
disciplines and academic areas. E.g
photoscanning.
(2.
jargon refers
to specialized vocabularies by which members of
particular arts,science,trades
and
professions communicate among themselves. E.g
hypo.
(3.
slang
: belongs
to the sub-standard language.
(colourful,blunt,impressive,expressive)e.g bear.
(4.
argot:jargon of criminals. E.g dip.
(5.
dialectal words: used only by speakers
of the dialect in question. E.g coo(cow)
(6.
archaisms: were once in common use but
are now restricted only to specialized or limited
use
(7.
neologisms:are newly-created words or
expression ,or words that have taken on new
meanings. E.g E-mail.
*
（选择题）
All
national character: natural phenomena/names of
plant and animal/human body and
relatio
ns/action,domain,size,state/num,pron,conj,prep)
②
Notion
（多为选择题）
content
words
=notional words
（
n/v/a/adj/num
）
：
denotes clear notions and thus are
known as
notional words.
functional words =empty words =form wor
ds
（
prep/conj/aux/art/
人称代词
)
数量小且稳定
③
Origin---
native
words
(
‘
Anglo-
Saxon words 5
万
-6
万
’
)
[5+2]l in style.(neither formal nor
informal) E.g begin
nt in
use
borrowed words
=loan
words =borrowing : words taken over from foreign
language.
(1.
denizens
：
words
borrowed early in the past and well assimilated
into the English language.E.g
cup-
cuppa./
2 aliens :are borrowed words
which have retained their original pronunciation
and
spelling. E.g kowtow./ ation-loans
:words and expression formed from the existing
material in the English language and
modelled on the patterns from foreign language.
E.g long
time no see/ ic-loans : are
not borrowed with references to the form,but their
meanings are borrowed. E.g dream)
2
Charter2
【词汇时期分类】
Indo-European
family
（
Europe+the Near
East+India
选择题
）
?
An eastern set
（<
/p>
BIAA
）
[in B with
PPBLCRS] [in I with PBHR]
选择题多
?
An western set
（
CIHG
）
[in G with
NIDS
北欧语言
scandination+GDFE]
Old English
/
450-1150 /
full endings+Anglo-Saxon
Middle English
/1150-1500/
leveled endings
Modern English
/1500-1700-now/
synthetic language to analytic language
?
现代英语发展
来源
rapid development of modern
sciences and technology. 2.
social,economic and political nce of
other cultures and language.
这两货容易混淆
!
简答题
?
现代英语发展
模式
: 1
creation: refers to the formation of new words by
using the existing
materials, namely
roots,affixes and other elements. 2 semantic
change : means an old form
which takes
on a new meaning to meet the new need.3 borrowing
(
主要贡献语言
E,L,G,F,S
)
. ng
archaic or obsolete words.
常考
Chapter 3
【词素】
Morphemes
: is
the smallest functional unit in the composition of
words.
E.g. Denationalization can
broken into de-,nation,-al,-ize,-ation,each having
meaning of its
own,these fragments
can
’
t be further
divided,otherwise they would not make any sense.
【单词素】
monomorphemic
words
are morphemes that can stand by
themselves and function
freely in a
sentence.
(
少考
)
【词素变体】
Allomorph
:
realized by more than one morph according their
position in a word.
Free morpheme =
free root
Morpheme
bound root
Bound morpheme
prefix
affix
derivational
affix
suffix
Inflectional affix
【自由词素】
Free
morpheme
: morphemes which are
independent of other morphemes are
considered to be free, these morphemes
have complete meanings in themselves and can be
use
as free grammatical units in
sentences.(free morpheme are free roots.)
【复合词素】
Bound
morpheme:
is a morpheme that occurs with
at least one other morphemes.
3
【复合词根】
Bound root
carries the fundamental meaning just like free
root, unlike free root,it is
a bound
form and has to combine with other morphemes to
make words.
【词缀】
Affixes
are forms that are attached to words or
word elements to modify meaning or
function.
‘
according to the function,
affixes can be grouped into the.....
↓
’
答题技巧
【曲折词缀】
Inflectional
affixes
attached to the end of words to
indicate grammatical
relationships are
inflectional.
【派生词缀】
Derivational affixes
are affixes add to other morphemes to
create new words.
【词根】
A root is that part of
word-form that remains when all inflectional
affixes and
derivational affixes have
been removed. E.g nation
【词干】
A stem can be defined as
a form that affixes of any kind can be added. E.g
international
Chapter 4
一．
【词缀法】
Affixation:
defined as the formation of words by
adding word-forming or
derivational
affixes to stem. This process also know as
derivation.
Prefixation
is
the formation of new words by adding prefixes to
stem. Prefixes do not generally
change
the word-class of the stem,but only modify its
meaning. E.g ex-boyfriend
（
9
个
*
见表格）
Suffixation
is the formation
of new words by adding suffixes to stem, they
mainly change the
word class. E.g
happy-happiness
（
4
个
*
见表格）
二．【复合法】
Compou
nding
: also know as composition, is
the formation of new words by
joining
two or more stems.
【复合词】
Compound is a lexical
unit consisting of more than one stem and
functioning both
grammatically and
semantically as a single word. E.g silkworm,honey-
bee, easy chair
（
compound
can be written solid,hyphenated and
open
）
?
Compound
和
free phrase
的区别
/
不同
1.
phonetic
features. E.g a
‘
fat head(c)
a fat
‘
head(p)
2.
Semantic
features. . E.g a green hand
当做一个单词的意思用，意思和短语不一样
3. grammatical features. E.g bad-mouth
can used as a verb
“
he bad-
mouthed me
”
短语不能用作动词
4
三．<
/p>
【转类法】
Conversion
is
the formation of new words by converting words of
one class to
another class. Also known
as functional shift.
【零派生】
Zero-conversion:
conversion is generally considered to be a
derivational process
whereby an item is
adapted or converted to a new word without the
addition of an affix. E.g
simple single
；
paper
；
round
【形
转
名】
Adjective converts to
nouns: unlike verbs, not all adjectives which
converted can
achieve a full noun
status.
（全部转类）
Full
conversion: a noun fully converted from adjective
has all characteristics of
nouns. E.g a
white;finals.
（部分转类）
Partial
conversion: nouns partially converted from
adjective do not possess all the
qualities a noun does. They must be
used together with definite articles,
what
’
s more, they retain
some of the adjective features. E.g the
poor=poor people, the poorer=
【形
转
动】
Most verbs
converted from adjectives have both transitive and
intransitive
functions. E.g wet=
’
make...wet
’
/ yellow =
‘
become
yellow
’
【零派生和后缀法的
区别】书本
P56
最后一段
simpl
e
和
single
为例
Both are adjectives, but single
can be used as a verb without changing the form.
In contrast,
simple cannot function as
a verb without adding an affix. The first instance
is Zero-conversion
which an item is
adapted or converted to a new word without the
addition of an affix. The second
is
Suffixation, the formation of new words by adding
suffixes to stem, they mainly change the
word class.
【转类其他三种变化】
In some case,
conversion is accompanied by certain changes which
affect
pronunciation or spelling or
stress distribution
重音
.
E.g
use/s/n-/z/v,
shelf/f/n-shelve/v/v,
’
conduct(n)-con
’
duct(v)
(
少考
)
?
A noun can be
converted to a verb without any change. The use of
the verb converted is both
economical
and vivid. Concise and
impressive
（选择题）
e.g elbow
四．【拼缀法】
Blending
is the formation of new words by combining parts
of two words or a
word plus a part of
another word. E.g somg=smoke+fog
head+tail/head+tail/head+word/word
+tail
（记例子☆）
答题技巧
medicare a
combination of medical+care
5
五．【截短法】
Clipping
is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off
the original and using
what remains
instead. E.g bus from omnibus,exam,plane (to save
time economical in writing)
Front
clipping/back clipping/front and back
clipping/phrase clipping
（选择题
/
填空题）
答题技巧
flu is the
shortened from of influenza
六．【首字母拼音法】
Acronymy
is the
process of forming new words by joining the
initial letters.
（首字母拼写法）
Ini
tialisms
are words pronounced letter by
letter. E.g UFO BBC CCTV.
（首字母拼音法）
Acronyms
are words formed from initial letters but
pronounced as a normal
word. E.g AIDS
BASIC B-day.
七．【逆生法】
Back-
formation
is the method of creating
words by removing the supposed
suffixes, is considered to opposite
process of suffixation. E.g beg from beggar.
(informal)
八．【专有名词】
Words
from proper name
: sandwich
Words that are commonized from proper
nouns have rich cultural associations and thus
stylistically vivid, impressive and
thought-provoking.
Chapter
5
【词义的三层含义】
The meaning of
‘
meaning
’
选择题多
1.
Reference:
is the
relationship between language and the
world.
（
the reference of a
word to a
thing outside the language is
arbitrary and conventional, this connection is the
result of
generalization and
abstraction
）
2.
Concept:
which is beyond the language,is the
result of the human cognition,reflecting the
objective world in the human mind.
3.
Sense:
denotes the
relationship inside the language. (it is also an
abstraction. Every word that
has
meaning has sense not every word has reference.
E.g but,if)
meaning
Word
form
pronunciation
Spelling
【四大理据】
Motivation
accounts for the connection between the linguistic
symbol and its
6
meaning.(
选择题）
1.
Onomatopoetic
motivation
：
in modern English
some words whose sounds suggest their
meaning, for these words were created
by imitating the natural sounds or noises. E.g
bang
2.
Morphological motivation: concerned the
words whose morphological structures suggest their
meaning, for generally speaking, the
meaning of a derived word or a compound is based
on the
meaning of word-building
elements. E.g airmail
3.
Semantic motivation: refers to the
mental association suggested by the conceptual
meaning of
a word. E.g pen-sword
4.
Etymological
motivation: the meaning of many words often relate
directly to their origins, in
other
word, the history of a word explain the meaning of
the word. E.g laconic
(
所有专有名词都是词源理据）
【词义的类型】常考名词解释
&
填空题
/
8
个
1.
Grammatical meaning: refers to that
part of the meaning of the word which indicates
the
grammatical concept and
relationship. (such as part of the speech of
word,singular and plural
meaning of
nuns, tense meaning of verbs and their
inflectional forms. Grammatical meaning of a
word become important only when it is
used in a actual context.)
2.
Lexical
meaning is that part of word meaning when
grammatical meaning is removed. It
embrace two components: conceptual and
associative meaning.
①
Conceptual meaning: (know
as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the
dictionary
and forms the core of the
word-meaning. Being constant and relatively
stable, conceptual
meaning forms the
basic for communication as the same word has the
same conceptual meaning
to all the
speakers of the same language. E.g sun
太阳
②
Associative
meaning
：
is the secondary
supplemented of conceptual meaning. It differs
form
conceptual meaning in that it is
open-ended and indeterminate.
a.
Connotaive
meaning:
refers to the overtone or
associations suggested by the conceptual
meaning. E.g home, mother
b.
Stylistic
meaning
: many words have stylistic
features, which make them appropriate for
different context. E.g
charger
战马
/horse [formal-
neutral-informal]
c.
Affective meanin
g :indicates
the speaker
’
s attitude
towards person or thing in question.
E.g dog [appreciative:famous /
pejorative:notorious]
d.
Collocative meaning
:
consists of associations a word acquires in its
collocation. E.g.
pretty/handsome,
green
7
grammatical meaning
meaning
lexical meaning
conceptual meaning
connotative
meaning
associative meaning
stylistic
meaning
affective meaning
collocative meaning
Chapter
6
词与词的关系
一．【一词多义】
Polysemy
：
words that have two or more than two
sense.
1.
【历时法】
Diachronic approach:
from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is
assumed to be
the result of the growth
and development of the semantic structure of one
and some word.
√
primary
meaning:is the only first meaning that a word had
when it was created.
√
derived meaning:with the
advance of time and the development of language,it
took more
and more meanings.
E.g face
2.
【共时法】
Synchronic approach:
synchronically, polysemy is viewed as a
coexistence of various
meaning of the
same word in the certain historical period of
time.
√
secondary meaning
选择题
√
central meaning: the basic meaning of a word
E.g gay
【一词多义の发展方法】常考！
1.
【辐射型】
Radiation
：
it means each of the derived meanings is
directly connected to
the primary
meaning. E.g neck,face
2.
【连
锁型】
Concatenation
：
it refers to a process
where each of the later meaning is
related only to the preceding one like
chains. E.g treacle
?
【
1
和
2
的不同点和关系】<
/p>
unlike radiation where each of the
derived meanings is directly
connected
to the primary meaning,concatenation it refers to
a process where each of the
later
meaning is related only to the preceding one like
chains. Though the latest sense can
be
traced back to the origin there is no direct
connection in between.
Radiation and
concatenation are closely related, being different
stages of development
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：Omission(省略法)
下一篇：填空题-英语词汇学