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高中英语阅读训练系列讲座（三）
提高理解句子的能力
句子是按照一定的语法规则组织起来的，表达完整思想的基本
语言单位，也是构成文章
的基本语言单位。要表达完整意义，句子必须符合语法规则。要
准确地理解篇章，首先要准
确理解句子。而要准确地理解句子，就必须提高理解符合语法
规则的句子的能力，这样我们
就必须对英语的基本句型，以及对这些基本句型的扩展和句
子与句子间的照应关系有清楚的
认识与了解。首先我们来看一下英语的基本句型。
1.
英语基本句型
(basic sentence types)
一般来说英语中主要有六种基本句型，这六类句子也叫核心句
(ke
rnel sentences)
，它们可
以被转换为多种多样
的句子。
1
．
Subject +
Verb(S + V)
主语
+
谓语
(In 1973) some
strangers arrived
．
(SB1
，
L18)
Disney's
success (as a cartoon maker)had begun
．<
/p>
(SB2
，
L2)
(and soon)the game started
．<
/p>
(SB3
，
L90)
2
．
Subject + Verb
+ Object(S + V + O)
主语
+
谓语
+
宾语
Some of my
friends drink beer
．
(SB1
，
L2)
Lakes also have
some problems
．
(SB2
，
L34)
His strong will
doubled his efforts
．
(SB3
，
L31)
3
．
Subject + Verb
+ Indirect object + Object (S + V + IO +
O)
主语
+
谓语
+
间接宾语
+
直接宾语
They took the
English language with them
．
(
SB1
，
L10)
Finally Hank and his friend gave each
other their addresses
．
(SB2
，
L70)
4
．
Subject + Verb
+ Object + Object complement(S + V + O +
OC)
主语
+
谓语
+
宾语
+
宾语补足语
We
can see them flying along the river
．
(SB1
，
L14)
During a second
trip
，
an important film
director saw Chaplain acting a very funny part in
a
play
．
(SB2
，
L16)
You'll find
nothing grow there at all
．
(S
B3
，
L94)
5
．
Subject +
Linking Verb + Noun(S + LV +
N)
主语
+
系词
+
名词
(Right now)it's
the summer vacation
．
(SB1
，
L2)
One of Charlie
Chaplain's most famous films was
．
(SB2
，
L19)
It
was a Saturday afternoon
．
(SB
3
，
L82)
6
．
Subject +
Linking Verb + Adjective(S + LV +
A)
主语
+
系词
+
形容词
The mixture
tasted terrible
．
(SB1
< br>，
L6)
The Tomorrow
Land is very interesting
．
(SB
2
，
L3)
It
was usually very quiet
．
(SB3<
/p>
，
L14)
现在我们对英语中的六种基本句型
，即英语中的核心句子已经有了一个基本了解，下面
再来看一看这些基本句型的扩展。<
/p>
2
基本句型的扩展
(expansion of sentence patterns)
基本句型的扩展是指通过语法手段
(grammatical
devices)
把基本句型转换成变化多样、结
构复杂的句子，以表达不同的思想、概念与语义关系。常见的扩展句子的方法有三种：修饰
扩展、替代扩展和并列扩展。这三种方法是最重要的语言结构形式，对它们的把握直接影响
着一个人的阅读能力的提高。阅读时，注意句子的扩展方式，可以帮助我们把握词、短语和
句子之间的结构关系和语义上的逻辑关系，从而正确理解句子的意思。
2
．
1
修饰扩展
(expansion by
modification)
修饰扩展作为扩展基本句型的一种基本方法，指的是给基本句
型中的词语提供一些额外
信息，以修饰、描述或限制那个词语的意义。修饰语可以是一个
词、短语或者一个完整的句
子。
1
．增加形容词修饰语
(adjective modifiers)
We are having a wonderful time
．
(SB1
，
L14)
The next day
，
he
had a very red face
．
(SB2
，
L43)
In
1898
，
she discovered the
first of these new radioactive minerals
．
(SB3
，
L2)
2
．增加副词修饰语
(adverb
modifiers)
My friend Paul will never
forget his first chemistry teacher
．
(SB1
，
L6)
A
yellow car passed me and suddenly stopped
．
(SB2
，
L71)
He learnt to read and write and was
particularly good at mathematics
．
(SB3
，
L6)
3
．增加介词短语修饰语
(prepositional
phrase modifiers)
1)
修饰名词
He was a little man with thick
glasses
，
...
(SB1
，
L6)
Woods and forests in the southeast were
completely destroyed
．
(SB2
，
L43)
?
and
so Olympic gymnastics medals are usually won by
men between the ages of nineteen
and
twenty-five
．
(SB3
，
L34)
2)
修饰动词
We can't travel through the forest by r
oad
．
(SB1
，
< br>L14)
We looked at each other for
a moment in great surprise...
(SB2
，
L71)
After the first World War Madame Curie
traveled to the USA...
(SB3
，
L3)
3)
修饰形容词
Scotland has many lakes and
mountains
，
and is famous for
its beautiful countryside
．
(S
B1
，
L86)
It
was also popular with students of English
．
(SB2
，
L15)
They became experienced at finding
underground springs
．
(SB3
，
L10)
4
．增加
不定式或不定式短语修饰语
(infinitive and infinitive
phrase modifiers)
It is the
competition between countries to hold the Olympics
．
(SB1
，
L36)
Many of the streets in
Disneyland are built to look like streets in the 1
890s
．
(SB2
，
L3)
Radioactive matter is
dangerous to work with because it has a bad effect
on the blood
．
(SB3
，
L3)
5
．增加
分词或分词短语修饰语
(participle or participle
phrase modifiers)
1)
现在
分词及其短语修饰语
(present participle of present
participle modifiers)
“
That's
funny!
”
said
Dr
．
Baker to
himself
，
looking at the invit
ation
．
(SB1
，
L98)
They had come from
England
，
having heard the
strange news that Dr
．
Manette
，
Lucie's
father
，
was alive and was
living in Paris
．
(SB2
< br>，
L86)
The expedition
passed close by the island of Java and then
returned by the southern point of
Africa
，
arriving
back in England in July 1771
．
(SB3
，
L7)
2)<
/p>
过去分词及其短语修饰语
(past participle
or past participle modifiers)