-
学生姓名李诗敏
年级
初二
授课时间
8
月
11
教师姓名
钟映容
课时
2h
阅读理解的解题技巧
一、阅读理解是中考英语能力测试的重点项目之一。
课程改革后，
阅读理解题
型变得更多、更广、更新。不仅涉及的面广，其中包括社会、体育、生活、传
说、人物、文化、史地、科技、政治、经济等广泛内容，而且题型多样。
阅读理解文章的
体裁主要有三类：
叙述文、说明文和议论文
。
1
）、叙述文
叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，
对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念
贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。
但是在考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文，
因为单纯的叙
述文比较简单、易懂。所以中考中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文
章。
2
）、说明文（描述文）
说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即：
提出问题（或以一
个事例引出问题）
----
发现直接原因
-----
分析深层原因
-----
得出结论或找
到出路。
3
）、议论文
议论文模式是主张
---
反主张模式。在这一模式中，作者首先提出一种普遍
认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点，
然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，
或者说提出反主张或真实情况。
议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是
作者观点态度题，文章主旨题以及推理判断题。
阅读理解的题型主要有
主观性题型
和客观性题型
。
前者主要包括
主旨型、推理型、作者语气、态度型、结论型
等。后者主要包括
事实型、推测词义型、指代关系型、常识题、是非题
等。
二、阅读理解的几种题型及应试对策
1.
细节理解题。
它是针对文章中的细节而设计的，如文章中某一个特定的细节，
也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图表、
图形来表示信息
等。要求学生根据对短文的理解，
直接选择正确答案，
一般在通读短文后可直接找
出答题依据，难度较小，属浅层理解题。
< br>
细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：
(1)
Which of
the
following
is
NOT true
according
to
the
information in the
passage
（根据文章信息，下面哪个是不真的）
(2)
Which of the
following is mentioned in the passage
（下面的哪一个在文章中提到了）
(3)
What is the
example of . . . as described in the passage
（文章中描述的例子是什么）
(4)
The author
mentions all of the following except . . .
（作者提到了以下的所有事项，除了??）
（什么的原因是??）
(5)
The reason for . . .is . . .
（作者陈述的观点是??）
(6)
The author states that . . .
(7)
According to the
passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ..
（根据文章，提问关于时间、地点、原因、形式和谁等的问题）
2.
推测词义题。
也就是要正确理解短文中个别关键词，
可利用同义词、
近义
词及给定义等方法推测词义，
<
/p>
甚至在通篇理解的基础上推测并发现所给生词的词
义。这需要有意
识地训练并最终具备这种不用字典而通过上下文来认识生词的能
力。
3.
推理判断题。
要求在通篇理解文章的基础上，以文章提供的事实为依据，
<
/p>
将已表述的和隐含的信息结合起来进行思考、分析，透彻理解全文，
以领会作者的
真正意图，从而做出正确的推理和判断，切不
可凭空想象，主观臆断。
1
、读懂原
文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容注意
文章结构层次和逻辑关系，
并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、
社会
常识，仔细斟酌，
作出准确的推断和引申。
2
、熟悉常用的设问方式：
1)
We can infer
/conclude from the passage that ______.
（通过文章我们可推断出什么结论）
2)
It can be inferred
/concluded (from
the
passage) that ________.
3)
The passage /story /author /paragraph
implies, but does not
（文章暗示，但没有直接表述的观点是）
directly state that _______.
4)
The author strongly
suggests that__________ ______.
?
) at the end of the story
5) What do you think would happen (to
4.
归纳概括题。
要求在理解全文后归纳短文要点，
概括中心意思。
不少文章
一开头便展示出文章的主题。
尤其是新闻报道之类的，
第一段通常
是故事的梗概，
这一段往往表达了文章的中心涵义。
在文章的段落中往往由开头的一句作为主题
句
( topic
sentence )
来概括该段的中心意思。但在不少文章或段落中，中心思想
贯穿在全文中。此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或题
段）、作者的写作目的
(purpose)
等
方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后，归纳短文
要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大
意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特
点等。
解题技巧：领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理
等逻辑方法，
真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。
一般而言，
英语文章的话
题往往用很少几个词加
以概括，
通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上；
不少文章一
开头便展示出文章的主题
，特点是新闻报道，第一段通常是故事的梗概
(lead
paragraph)
，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想，
但也要注意，不少文章的中心
思想也常贯穿于全文之中；
主题段通常在文章简要概括文章中心思想，
而主题句
(topic
sentence)
常在一段的开头，也有可能在段中或段末。
这类题常见的命题方式有：
（
1
）
What is the main
idea (subject) of this passage
（
2
）
What does this passage
mainly talk about
（
3
）
The
main theme of this passage is ___________.
（
4
）
The main point of the passage is__________.
（
5
）
Which of the following is the best title for the
passage
（
6
）
The title that
best expresses the theme of the passage
is
___________.
（
7
）
The purpose of the writer
in writing
this
passage _________.
（
8
）
Which of the following
best describes
the passage as a whole
（
9
）推断作者的写作意图（
Purpose
）
The author's purpose in writing this
passage is to________.
这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的
句子，而且要能够根据作者思路的展
开，把握作者在整篇文章中的观点，因此，必须看懂
全篇文章的意思
5.
图示理解题。根据文章内容提供一幅或几幅画
(
地图、示意图或其他图形
)
，
对某种图形进行选择或判断。
6.
计算理解题。
需要进行一定的运算或推算，
才能做出正确的解答。
这不仅
需要对细节了解清楚，
而且需要了解各细节之间的关系，
即部分与整体之间的联
系。
三、答题的基本步骤
1.
先看问题，再读文章
：带着问题阅读
短文，确定主攻方向，特别要注意首
尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和用户服务，
摘取有用的材料，
舍弃无关的信
息，有的放矢，高效省时。
2.
细读全文，认真推敲
：针对题目的要
求，细心阅读与试题有的词汇、句子
或段落，要特别留心一些信息词，
< br>
它们既是检查的重点，
也是
把握全文意思的突
破口。因此必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。
3.
复读全文，验证答案
：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全
文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选
答案。
4
、抓细节、做记号
。了解文章主旨后应该细读文章，并且边读边用铅笔做
些记号，例如把人物、时
间、地点等圈出来，看完再回头找时便一目了然了。对
于难一点的题目，要回头再查阅短
文，在文中划出依据。
四、做阅读理解题时“五忌”
1
）
.
忌不带问题
做阅读理解题时，
应先把文章后面所给的考查题浏览一遍，
然后带着这些问题
进行阅读。边阅读边选出考查表层情况问题的答案，从而提高阅读
效果。
2
）
.
忌草率行事
在设计理解题时，
设计者往往在四个选项中设计出一个似是而非的答案。
这
样答案干扰性特别强，
容易迷惑考生。
如果在发现一个看似
正确答案时就草率定
案，往往会掉进设计者设置的“陷阱”里。处理的方法是：对所给四
个备选答案
进行分析比较，在理解
阅读材料内容的基础上进行去伪存真，方可选出正确答案。
3
）
.
忌主观印象
少数阅读不明确题只需根据生活常识就可选出答案，
而绝大多数则不然，
考
生必须按照原文来选定答案。因此，
考生在做后一种测试题时，
一定要排除自身的
生活经验、
经历和已有的知识等主观因素的干扰，
按照文章实际反映的情况来选择
答案。
4
）
.
忌囫囵定案
所谓囫囵定案是指考生在
未完全读懂文章时就匆忙定案，结果往往选错答
案。因此，尚未读懂的地方如果时间允许
的话，一定要慢速多读几遍，直到读懂
时再定答案。
5
）
.
忌忽略时间
做阅读理解题时，
一定要从整体上控制时间，
时间分配根据文章的难易程度
有别。
文中一两处没弄懂的地方可以暂且放置一边，等把全部题目做完后，
再回头
来处理。因为做完题目后，
你的心情相对放松了往往会产生新的思路、
< br>新的灵感。
即使做完题后时间所剩无几了，
你再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚，
因为你仍然有
选对的可能性
。
总而言之，虽然掌握了一些阅读技巧和方法，
但要在阅读理解这一知识板块取
得高分，还必须经过坚持不懈的努力。
阅读理解靠的是扎实的语言基础。
俗话说：
“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒”。扎实的语言基础来自平时严格的基
本功训练和
长期的知识积累。只要平时刻苦用功，
打下扎实的英语知识基础，
加上掌握
了较
科学的解题方法，做阅读理解题就不会太难了。
（一）
An old lady in a plane had
a blanket
（毯子）
over her head and she did not want to
take it off .
The air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady
said,
my head until we are back on the
ground again !
Then the captain
”
“
I have never
been in a plane before , and I am
frightened. I am going to keep this blanket over
came. He said,
“
Madam, I
am the
captain
of
this
plane.
The weather
is fine, there are no
clouds in the sky, and everything is going very
well.
she continued to
hide.
the blanket
”
But
So the
captain
turned
and started
with
one eye and said,
to
go back.
Then
the
old
lady looked
out
from under
“
I
am sorry,
young man, but
I
don
’
t
like
planes
”
She
continued
kindly,
and I
am never
going
to
fly
again.
But
I
’
ll
“
You and your wife keep your
plane very clean!
1. An old lady had
_________ .
A. glasses
say
one thing,
”
B.
a blanket over her head
C.
a coat
D. a basket
2. A. She didn
’
t want to ________ .
A. take it off
B. turn it off
C. get on
D.
talk about it
3. _________ spoke to her .
A. The air hostess
of her friends
A. abroad
B. The man next
to her
C.
her husband
D. one
4.
The old lady had never been _________ before .
B. home
C. in a plane
D. in hospital
5.
The woman didn
’
t like
planes and she w
A. to fly
again
as
never going ________ .
C. to go abroad
（二）
B. to travel
D. to go home
Dick lived in England. One
day in January he said to his wife,
stay
there
his
wife
asked.
don't
know
yet.
address
from there
in a telegram (
电报
),
to New York next week
because I've got some work there.
his
wife
said.
right,
Dick
answered.
send me
your
Dick
answered.
in
the
center
of
the city.
He
put
the
address
He flew
to
New York on January
31st and found
a nice
hotel
of his hotel in it.
He
put
his
things
in
his room and then
he sent
his
wife
a telegram.
In
the evening he didn't have any work, so he went to
a cinema. He came out at nine
o'clock
and said,
He found a taxi (
didn't remember the name and
address of his hotel.
出租车
) and the driver said,
things in
he said,
going to
do tonight
driver of the taxi did not know. So
Dick got out and went into a post office.
There
he sent his wife
another telegram, and in it he wrote,
at this post office.
Choose
the right answer
1. Dick flew to New
York because ___.
A. he went
there for a holiday
B. he had work
there
C. he went there for sightseeing
(
D. his home was there
2.
Why did his
wife want a telegram from him
A.
Because she didn't know his address yet B.
Because she wanted to go to New York,
too
C. Because she might send him
another telegram
3.
Where did Dick stay in New
观光
)
York A. In the
center of the city.
B. In a hotel.
C. In a restaurant.
D. At
his friend's house.
4. Who would send
him the name and address of his hotel
A. The manager (
B. The police office.
C. The
taxi driver.
D. His wife.
5.
Which of the following is not true
A.
Dick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the
city.
B. Dick didn't work on the first
night of his arrival.
C. Dick forgot to
send his wife a telegram.
D. Dick
wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi.
（三）
One of the
things to be learnt in a foreign language is
guessing all the time what
kind of
in their
thing to come
when listening
own language,
经理
) of his hotel.
to someone talking.
People
do this
all
the
time
a foreign language,
so
it is
necessary (
必要的
) to
do this
in
?
?<
/p>
too. Here are
some examples.
1.
2.
3.
understanding
what is
being
talked
She is
one of the most
?
You can see from
the above three examples that the context (
understanding English, especially (
上下文
) helps a lot in
very
important
about. So
尤其
)spoken English.
in
passage tells
us mainly about _________.
A. the importance of
B. how
to guess what one is going to talk about
C. some examples of right guessing
D. how important it is to
guess all the time
A.
?
so I didn't have a good
time.
the context, we can see
maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE I is
_________.
C.
?
.
So I felt
unhappy.
3. Maybe the finished
answer in EXAMPLE 2 is ________.
B.
?
so I went to bed very
late.
D.
?
so I
got up very
early.
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
Maybe the
finished answer in EXAMPLE 3 is ______.
A.
?
she is one
of the most famous film stars.
B.
?
she is one of the most
beautiful women.
C.
?
she is one of the most
famous speakers.
D.
5. From
the passage we can infer
language.
A. the only way
B. more
important in spoken English than in written
English
C. more important than any
other way
D. more important in written
English than in spoken English
In
England (
in a bar (
英格兰人
) nobody under eighteen
years old is allowed (
(
推断
) that
guessing
is _______in
learning
a foreign
允许
) to drink
酒吧
)
．
Mr Thompson
often
went to
a bar near his
house
．
But he
never took his son,
to his usual bar
for the first time
Mr
Thompson said to his son,
lesson
．
How do you know when
you
’
ve
four, you
’
ve had enough and should
．
They drank for an hour
had enough
（足够的）
（应该）
go home
．”
Tom, because
he was too young
．
Then when Tom had his
eighteenth birthday, Mr Thompson took him
．
Tom drank a
bit
．
Then
“
Now, Tom, I want to teach
you a useful
（有用的）
tell
you
．
Do
become
Well,
I
’
ll
you see those
two lights
（灯）
at
the
end of
the
bar Whenthey seem
（好象）
to
“
But, Dad,
”
said Tom,
“
I can only see one light at
the end of the bar
1
．
Young people
___B___ allowed to drink in a bar until eighteen
A
．
is not
B
A
．
by
B
．
are not
C
．
for
C
．
many
D
．
must
．
with
D
B
．
without
．
once
．”
．
2
．
When Tom was a child, his father often went to a
nearby bar___D___ taking him
．
3
．
On
Tom
’
s
eighteenth
__A____
．
A
．
the first time
C
．
many times
A
．
the time to
drink
D
B
birthday,
he drank
together with
his father
in
that
bar for
．
eighteen times
4
．
Father wanted
to tell his son __C____
．
．
something about the light
．
something about the bar
．
were two lights
．
were four lights
C
．
when to stop drinking
D
A
．
was one light
C
．
were three
lights
(002) In
B
D
5
．
In
fact (
事实上
), there
___A___ at the end of the bar
．
1620,
about
half
the USAwas
covered
（覆盖）
by
forests
．
Today
the
forests
have almost gone
．
A lot of good land has
gone with them, leaving only sand
地）．
China
doesn't
want to
的）
part
of
our country
more trees
．
We've built the
．
The Great
Green Wall
is 7,000 kilometres
（沙
more and
（北部
copy
（抄）
the
USA's example
．
We're planting
long,
and between
400 and 1,700
kilometres
wide
．
It
will
stop
the
wind from
blowing
the
earth
away
．
It
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