-
2
0
1
6
年
英
语
考
< br>研
真
题
及
答
案
Par`t A
Directions:
Read the
following four texts. Answer the questions below
each text by choosing A, B, C
or D.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40
points)
Text 1
France, which prides itself
as the global innovator of fashion, has decided
its fashion
industry has lost an
absolute right to
define physical
beauty
for woman. Its lawmakers gave
preliminary
approval
last
week
to
a
law
that
would
make
it
a
crime
to
employ
ultra-thin
models
on runways.
The
parliament
also
agreed
to
ban
websites
that
”
incite
excessive
thinness
”
by
promoting
extreme
dieting.
Such
measures
have
a
couple
of
uplifting
motives.
They
suggest
beauty
should
not
be
defined
by
looks
that
end
up
with
impinging
on
health.
That
’
s
a
start.
And
the
ban
on
ultra-thin
models
seems to go beyond protecting models
from starring themselves to health
–
as some have done.
It tells the fashion industry that
it move take responsibility for the
signal it sends women,
especially
teenage girls, about the social tape
–
measure they must use to?
determine their
individual
worth.
The bans, if fully enforced ,would
suggest to woman (and many men )that they should
not
let
others
be
orbiters
of
their
beauty
.And
perhaps
faintly,
they
hint
that
people
should
look
to intangible qualities
like character and intellect rather than dieting
their way to sine
zero or wasp-waist
physiques .
The French
measures,
however, rely too
much
on severe punishment to change
a
culture that
still
regards
beauty
as
skin-
deep-and
bone-showing.
Under
the
law,
using
a
fashion
model
that
does not meet a
government-defined index of body mess could result
in a $$85,000 fine and six
months in
prison.
The fashion industry knows it has an
inherent problem in focusing on material adornment
and
idealized
body
types.
In
Denmark,
the
United
States,
and
a
few
other
countries,
it
is
trying
to set voluntary standard for models
and fashion images there rely more on pear
pressure for
enforcement.
In contrast to
France
’
s actions,
Denmark
’
s fashion industry
agreed last month on rules
and
sanctions regarding age, health, and other
characteristics of models .The newly revised
Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly
states, we are aware of and take responsibility
for
the impact the fashion industry has
on body ideals, especially on young people. The
charter
’
s
main
toll
of
enforcement
is
to
deny
access
for
designers
and
modeling
agencies
to
Copenhagen.
Fashion
week,
which
is
men
by
the
Danish
Fashion
Institute
.But
in
general
it
relies
on
a
name-and
–
shame method of
compliance.
Relying on ethical persuasion rather
than law to address the misuse of body ideals may
be the best step. Even better would be
to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the
material
standards of a particular
industry.
21. According to the first paragraph,
what would happen in France?
[A] Physical
beauty would be redefined
[B] New runways would be
constructed
[C] Websites about dieting would
thrive
[D] The fashion industry would
decline
22. The phrase
“
impinging
on
”
(Line2 Para2) is closest
in meaning to
[A] heightening the value of
[B] indicating
the state of
[C] losing faith in
[D] doing harm
to
23. Which of the following is true of
the fashion industry
[A] The French measures
have already failed
[B] New standards are being
set in Denmark
[C] Models are no longer under peer
pressure
[D] Its inherent problems are getting
worse
24. A designer is most likely to be
rejected by CFW for
[A] setting perfect
physical conditions
[B] caring too much about
models
’
character
[C] showing
little concern for health factors
[D] pursuing a
high age threshold for models
25. Which of
the following maybe the best title of the
text?
[A] A challenge to the Fashion
Industry
’
s Body
Ideals
[B] A Dilemma for the starving models
in France
[C] Just Another Round of struggle for
beauty
[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion
Industry
Text 2
For
the
first
time
in
the
history
more
people
live
in
towns
than
in
the
country.
In
Britain
this has had a
curious result. While polls show Britons rate
“
the
countryside
”
alongside
the
royal
family.
Shakespeare
and
the
National
Health
Service
(NHS)
as
what
make
them
proudest
of their country,
this has limited political support.
A century ago
Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to
rescue stylish houses but
to
save
“
the
beauty
of
natural
places
for
everyone
forever
”
.
It
was
specifically
to
provide
city
dwellers
with
spaces
for
leisure
where
they
could
experience
“
a
refreshing
air
”
.
Hill
’
s pressure
later led to the creation of national parks and
green belts. They don
’
t make
countryside any more, and every year
concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant
guardianship.
At the next election none
of the big parties seem likely to endorse this
sentiment. The
Conservatives
’
planning
reform
explicitly
gives
rural
development
priority
over
conservation,
even authorizing
“
off
–
plan
”
building where local people might
object. The concept of
sustainable
development has been defined as profitable. Labour
likewise wants to discontinue
local
planning where councils oppose development. The
Liberal Democrats are silent only u??
sensing
its
chance,
has
sides
with
those
pleading
for
a
more
considered
approach
to
using
green
land. Its campaign to
protect Rural England struck terror into many
local conservative
parties.??
?
The
sensible
place
to
build
new
houses
factories
and
offices
is
where
people
are
in
cities
and towns where
infrastructure is in place. The London agents
Stirling Ackroyed recently
identified
enough sites for half of million
houses
in the Landon area alone with no intrusion
on
green
belts.
What
is
true
of
London
is
even
truer
of
the
provinces.
The
idea
that
“
housing
crisis
”
equals
“
concreted
meadows
”
is pure lobby talk.
The issue is not the need for more
houses but, as always, where to put
them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours
rural
new-build
against
urban
renovation
and
renewal.
He
favours
out-of-town
shopping
sites
against
high streets. This
is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns
and villages have grown
and will always
grow. They do so best where building sticks to
their edges and respects their
character. We do not ruin urban
conservation areas. Why ruin rural
ones?
Development should be planned, not let
trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is
Europe
’
s most crowed
country. Half a century of town and country
planning has enable it to retain
an
enviable
rural
coherence,
while
still
permitting
low-density
urban
living.
There
is
no
doubt
of the
alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern
Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding
this rather than promoting it should
unite the left and right of the political
spectrum.
26. Britain
’
s
public sentiment about the countryside
[A] is not well
reflected in politics
[B] is fully backed by the
royal family
[C] didn
’
t start
fill the Shakespearean age
[D] has brought much
benefit to the NHS
27. According to paragraph
2
，
the achievements of the
National Trust are now being
[A] largely
overshadowed
[B] properly protected
[C] effectively
reinforced
[D] gradually destroyed
28. Which of
the following can be offered from paragraph
3
[A] Labour is under attack for opposing
development
[B] The Conservatives may abandon
“
off-
plan
”
building
[C] Ukip may
gain from its support for rural
conservation
[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing
political influence
29. The author holds that
George Osbornes
’
s
preference
[A] shows his disregard for the
character of rural area
[B] stresses the necessity
of easing the housing crisis
[C] highlights
his firm stand against lobby pressure
[D] reveals a
strong prejudice against urban areas
30. In the last
paragraph the author show his appreciation
of
[A] the size of population in
Britain
[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in
Britain
[C] the town-and-country planning in
Britain
[D] the political life in
today
’
s Britain
Text
3
“
There is one and only one
social responsibility of
business
”
wrote Milton
Friedman,
a
Nobel
Prize-winning
economist
“
That
is,
to
use
its
resources
and
engage
in
activities
designed
to increase its
profits.
”
But even if you
accept Friedman
’
s premise
and regard corporate
social
responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of
shareholders
’
s money, things
may not be
absolutely clear-act. New
research suggests that CSR
may create
monetary value for companies
at least when they are prosecuted for
corruption.
The largest firms in America and
Britain together spend more than $$15 billion a
year on
CSR,
according
to
an
estimate
by
EPG,
a
consulting
firm.
This
could
add
value
to
their
businesses
in
three
ways.
First,
consumers
may
take
CSR
spending
as
a
“
signal
”
that
a
company
’
s
products
are
of
high
quality.
Second,
customers
may
be
willing
to
buy
a
company
’
s
products
as
an
indirect
may to donate to
the good causes it helps.
And third,
through a more diffuse
“
halo
effect
”
whereby
its good deeds earn it greater consideration from
consumers and others.
Previous studies on CSR
have had trouble differentiating these effects
because consumers
can be affected by
all three. A recent study attempts to separate
them by looking at bribery
prosecutions
under American
’
s Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act
（
FCPA
）
.It argues that since
prosecutors do not consume a
company
’
s products as part
of their investigations
，
they
could
be influenced only by the halo
effect.
The study found
that
，
among prosecuted
firms
，
those with the most
comprehensive CSR
programmes
tended
to
get
more
lenient
penalties.
Their
analysis
ruled
out
the
possibility
that
it
was
firm
’
s
political
influence,
rather
than
their
CSR
stand,
that
accounted
for
the
leniency:
Companies that
contributed more to political campaigns did not
receive lower fines.
In all, the study concludes
that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a
case based
on
its
merits,
they
do
seem
to
be
influenced
by
a
company
’
s
record
in
CSR.
“
We
estimate
that
either eliminating a
substantial labour-rights concern, such as child
labour, or increasing
corporate giving
by about20% result in fines that generally are 40%
lower than the typical
punishment for
bribing foreign officials.
”
says one researcher.
Researchers admit that
their study does not answer the question at how
much
businesses
ought to
spend on
CSR. Nor does it reveal how
much companies are banking on the halo effect,
rather than the other possible
benefits, when they companies get into trouble
with the law,
evidence of good
character can win them a less costly
punishment.
31. The author views Milton
Friedman
’
s statement about
CSR with
[A]uncertainty
[B]skepticism
[C]approval
[D]tolerance
32. According
to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by
[A]guarding it
against malpractices
[B]protecting it from
consumers
[C]winning trust from
consumers.
[D]raising the quality of its
products
33. The expression
“
more
lenient
”
(line 2,is closest
in meaning to
[A]less controversial
[B]more
lasting
[C]more effective
[D]less
severe
34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a
company
’
s CSR
record
[A]comes across as reliable
evidence
[B]has an impact on their decision
对他们的决定有影响
[C]increases the chance of
being penalized
[D]constitutes part of the
investigation
35. Which of the following is true of
CSR according to the last paragraph?
[A] The
necessary amount of companies spending on it is
unknown
[B] Companies
’
financial capacity for it has been
overestimated
[C] Its negative effects on businesses
are often overlooked
[D]It has brought much
benefit to the banking industry
Text
4
There will eventually come a day when
The New York Times ceases to publish stories on
newsprint. Exactly when that day will
be is a matter of debate.
”
Sometime in the
future,
”
the
paper
’
s publisher said back
in 2010.
Nostalgia for ink on paper and the
rustle of pages aside,
there
’
s plenty of incentive
to
ditch
print.
The
infrastructure
required
to
make
a
physical
newspaper
–
printing
presses,
delivery
trucks
–
isn
’
t just expensive;
it
’
s excessive at a time
when online
–
only
competitors
don
’
t
have
the
same
set
of
financial
constraints.
Readers
are
migrating
away
from
print
anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf
their online and mobile counterparts,
revenue from print is still
declining.
Overhead may be high and circulation
lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition
would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO
Jonah Peretti.
Peretti says the Times
shouldn
’
t waste time getting
out of the print business, but only
if
they go about doing it the right way.
“
Figuring out a way to
accelerate that transition
would make
sense for them,
”
he said,
“
but if you discontinue it,
you
’
re going have your
most loyal customers really upset with
you.
”
Sometimes
that
’
s worth making a change
anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix
discontinuing its DVD-mailing service
to focus on streaming.
“
It
was seen as blunder,
”
he
said. The move turned out to be
foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the
Times?
”
I
wouldn
’
t pick a year to end
print,
”
he said
“
I would raise prices and
make it into more
of a legacy
product.
”
The most
loyal
customers would
still get the product
they favor, the idea goes, and
they
’
d feel like they were
helping sustain the quality of something they
believe in.
“
So if
you
’
re
overpaying
for
print,
you
could
feel
like
you
were
helping,
”
Peretti
said.
“
Then
increase
it at a higher rate
each year and essentially try to generate
additional revenue.
”
In
other
words,
if
you
’
re
going
to
make
a
print
product,
make
it
for
the
people
who
are
already
obsessed
with it. Which may
be what the Times is doing already. Getting the
print edition seven days
a week costs
nearly
$$500
a year
–
more
than twice
as much as a digital
–
only
subscription.
“
It
’
s
a really hard thing to do and
it
’
s a tremendous
luxury
that BuzzFeed
doesn
’
t
have a
legacy business,
”
Peretti
remarked.
“
But
we
’
re going to have
questions like that
where
we
have
things
we
’
re
doing
that
don
’
t
make
sense
when
the
market
changes
and
the
world
changes. In those
situations, it
’
s better to
be more aggressive that less
aggressive.
”
36. The New York Times is
considering ending it
’
s
print edition partly due to
[A] the increasing online
and sales
[B] the pressure from its
investors
[C] the complaints from its
readers
[D] the high cost of
operation
37. Peretti suggests that in face of
the present situation, The Times should
[A] make
strategic adjustments
[B] end the print sedition
for good
[C] seek new sources of
leadership
[D] aim for efficient
management
38. It can be inferred from paragraphs
5and 6 that a
”
legacy
product
”
[A] helps restore the glory
of former times
[B] is meant for the most loyal
customers
[C] will have the cost of printing
reduced
[D] expands the popularity of the
paper
39. Peretti believes that in a changing
world
[A] traditional luxuries can stay
unaffected
[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-
solving
[C] aggressiveness better meets
challenges
[D] legacy businesses are becoming out
dated
40. which of the following would be the
best title of the text?
[A] shift to online
newspapers all at once
[B] Cherish the Newspapers
still in Your Hand
[C] keep Your Newspapers
Forever in Fashion
[D] Make Your print
Newspapers a luxury Good
201
5
年考研英语
(
一
)
真题完整版
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four
texts. Answer the questions below each text by
choosing A, B, C
or D. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text
1
King
Juan
Carlos
of
Spain
once
insisted
“kings
don’t
abdicate,
they
dare
in
their
sleep.”
But
embarrassing
scandals
and
the
popularity
of
the
republican
left
in
the
recent
Euro-elections
have
forced
him
to
eat
his
words
and
stand
down.
So,
does
the
Spanish
crisis
suggest
that
monarchy
is seeing its last
days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall
for all European royals,
with their
magnificent uniforms and majestic
lifestyle?
The Spanish case provides arguments
both for and against monarchy. When public opinion
is
particularly
polarised,
as
it
was
following
the
end
of
the
Franco
regime,
monarchs
can
rise
above “mere” politics and “embody” a
spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent
transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’
continuing
popularity
polarized.
And
also,
the
Middle
East
excepted,
Europe
is
the
most
monarch-infested
region
in
the
world,
with
10
kingdoms
(not
counting
Vatican
City
and
Andorra).
But
unlike
their
absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and
Asia, most royal families have survived because
they
allow
voters
to
avoid
the
difficult
search
for
a
non-
controversial
but
respected
public
figure.
Even so, kings
and
queens undoubtedly have a downside.
Symbolic
of
national unity
as they
claim to
be, their
very history
—
and sometimes
the way they behave
today
–
embodies
outdated
and
indefensible
privileges
and
inequalities.
At
a
time
when
Thomas
Piketty
and
other
economists
are warning of
rising inequality and the increasing power of
inherited wealth, it is bizarre
that
wealthy aristocratic families should still be the
symbolic heart of modern democratic
states.
The most successful
monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old
aristocratic ways.
Princes
and
princesses
have
day-jobs
and
ride
bicycles,
not
horses
(or
helicopters).
Even
so,
these
are
wealthy
families
who
party
with
the
international
1%,
and
media
intrusiveness
makes
it increasingly difficult to maintain
the right image.
While
Europe’s
monarchies
will
no
doubt
be
smart
enough
to
survive
for
some
time
to
come,
it is the British royals who have most
to fear from the Spanish example.
It
is
only
the
Queen
who
has
preserved
the
monarchy’s
reputation
with
her
rather
ordinary
(if well-heeled)
granny style. The danger will come with Charles,
who has both an expensive
taste of
lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the
world. He has failed to understand
that
monarchies have largely survived because they
provide a service
–
as non-
controversial
and non-political heads
of state. Charles ought to know that as English
history shows, it is
kings, not
republ
icans, who are the monarchy’s
worst enemies.
21. According to the first two
Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain
[A] used turn
enjoy high public support
[B] was unpopular among
European royals
[C] cased his relationship with his
rivals
[D]ended his reign in
embarrassment
22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state
in Europe mostly
[A] owing to their
undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve
a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give
voter more public figures to look up to
[D]due to their
everlasting political embodiment
23. Which of
the following is shown to be odd, according to
Paragraph 4?
[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on
inherited wealth
[B] The role of the
nobility in modern democracies
[C] The simple
lifestyle of the aristocratic families
[D]The
nobility’s adherence to their
privileges
24. The British royals “have most to
fear” because Charles
[A] takes a rough line on
political issues
[B] fails to change his
lifestyle as advised
[C] takes republicans as
his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himself
to his future role
25. Which of the following
is the best title of the text?
[A] Carlos,
Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles, Anxious to
Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for
All European Monarchs
[D]Charles, Slow to React
to the Coming Threats
TEXT
2
Just how much
does
the Constitution
protect
your digital data? The Supreme
Cpurt
will
now
consider whether
police can search the contents of a mobile phone
without a warrant
if the
phone is on or around a person during
an arrest.
California
has
asked
the
justices
to
refrain
from
a
sweeping
ruling,
particularly
one
that
upsets the old
assumptions that authorities may search through
the possessions of suspects
at
the
time
of
their
arrest.
It
is
hard,
the
state
argues,
for
judges
to
assess
the
implications
of new and rapidly changing
technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if
it followed California’s advice. Enough of the
implications
are
discernable,
even
obvious,
so
that
the
justice
can
and
should
provide
updated
guidelines to police, lawyers and
defendants.
They should start by discarding
California’s lame argument that exploring the
contents
of a smartphone- a vast
storehouse of digital information is similar to
say, going through
a suspect’s purse
.The court has ruled that police don't violate the
Fourth Amendment when
they go through
the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without
a warrant. But exploring
one’s
smartphone
is
more
like
entering
his
or
her
home.
A
smartphone
may
contain
an
arrestee’s
reading history
,financial history, medical history and
comprehensive records of recent
correspondence.
The
development
of “cloud
computing.” meanwhile, has
made that exploration
so
much the easier.
But the justi
ces
should not swallow California’s argument whole.
New, disruptive
technology
sometimes
demands
novel
applications
of
the
Constitution’s
protections.
Orin
Kerr,
a law
professor, compares the explosion and
accessibility of digital information in the 21st
century with the establishment of
automobile use as a digital necessity of life in
the 20th:
The
justices
had
to
specify
novel
rules
for
the
new
personal
domain
of
the
passenger
car
then;
they must sort out how
the Fourth Amendment applies to digital
information now.
26. The Supreme court, will
work out whether, during an arrest, it is
legitimate to
[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones
without a warrant.
[B] check suspects’ phone
contents without being authorized.
[C] prevent
suspects from deleting their phone
contents.
[D] prohibit suspects from using their
mobile phones.
27. The author’s attitude toward
California’s argument is one of
[A]
tolerance.
[B] indifference.
[C]
disapproval.
[D] cautiousness.
28. The author
believes that exp
loring one’s phone
content is comparable to
[A] getting into one’s
residence.
[B] handing one’s historical
records.
[C] scanning one’s
correspondences.
[D] going through one’s
wallet.
29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author
shows his concern that
[A] principles are hard to
be clearly expressed.
[B] the court is giving
police less room for action.
[C] phones are
used to store sensitive information.
[D] citizens’
privacy is not effective
protected.市民的隐私没有被好好的保护
Kerr’s
comparison is quoted to
indicate
that
(A)the Constitution should be
implemented flexibly.
(B)New technology requires
reinterpretation of the Constitution.
(C)California’s
argument violates principles of the
Constitution.
(D)Principles of the Constitution
should never be altered.
Text 3
The journal Science is adding an extra
round of
statistical checks
to its
peer-review
process,
editor-in-chief
Marcia
McNutt
announced
today.
The
policy
follows similar efforts from other
journals, after widespread concern that
basic mistakes in data analysis are
contributing to the irreproducibility of
many published research
findings.
“
Readers
must
have
confidence
in
the
conclusions
published
in
our
journal,
”
writes McNutt in an editorial. Working
with the American Statistical
Association, the journal has appointed
seven experts to a statistics board of
reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will
be
flagged up
for additional
scrutiny by
the
journal
’
s
internal
editors,
or
by
its
existing
Board
of
Reviewing
Editors
or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE
panel will then find external
statisticians to review these manus.
Asked whether
any particular
papers
had impelled
the change,
McNutt
said:
“
The
creation of the
‘
statistics
board
’
was motivated by
concerns broadly
with the application
of statistics and data analysis in scientific
research
and is part of
Science
’
s overall drive to
increase reproducibility in the
research we
publish.
”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a
biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public
Health,
a
member
of
the
SBoRE
group,
says
he
expects
the
board
to
“
play
primarily
an advisory
role.
”
He agreed
to
join because
he
“
found
the foresight behind
the
establishment
of
the
SBoRE
to
be
novel,
unique
and
likely
to
have
a
lasting
impact. This impact will not??be
through the publications in Science itself,
but
hopefully
through
a
larger
group
of
publishing
places
that
may
want
to
model
their
approach after Science.
”
31
、
It can be
learned from Paragraph I that
[A] Science intends to
simplify its peer-review process.
[B]journals are
strengthening their statistical checks.
[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes
in data analysis.
[D]lack of data
analysis is common in research projects.
32
、
The phrase
“
flagged up
”
is the closest in meaning
to
[A]found.
[B]revised.
[C]marked
[D]stored
33
、
Giovanni
Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the
SBoRE may
[A]pose a threat
to all its peers
[B]meet with strong
opposition
[C]increase
Science
’
s circulation.
[D]set an
example for other journals
对其他旅行者做榜样
34
、
David Vaux
holds that what Science is doing now
A.
adds to researchers
’
worklosd.
B. diminishes the role of
reviewers.
C. has room for further
improvement.
D. is to fail in the
foreseeable future.
35. Which of the
following is the best title of the text?
A. Science
Joins Push to Screen Statistics in
Papers
B. Professional Statisticians Deserve
More Respect
C.
Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto
Editors
’
Desks
D.
Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science
Text 4
Two years ago, Rupert
Murdoch
’
s daughter,
Elisabeth, spoke of the
“
unsettling
dearth
of
integrity
across
so
many
of
our
institutions
”
.
Integrity
had collapsed, she
argued, because of a collective acceptance that
the only
“
sorting
mechanism
”
in society should
be profit and the market. But
“
it
’
s
us,
human
beings,
we
the
people
who
create
the
society
we
want,
not
profit
”
.
Driving
her
point
home,
she
continued:
“
It
’
s
increasingly
apparent
that
the
absence
of
purpose,
of
a
moral
language
within
government,
media
or
business
could
become
one
of
the
most
dangerous
goals
for
capitalism
and
freedom.
”
This
same
absence
of
moral
purpose
was
wounding
companies
such
as
News
International,
she thought,
making it more likely that it would lose its way
as it had with
widespread illegal
telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial
concludes
—
finding guilty one
ex-editor of the News
of the World,
Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and
finding his
predecessor, Rebekah
Brooks, innocent of the same
charge
—
the wider issue of
dearth of integrity still stands.
Journalists are known to have hacked the
phones of up to 5,500 people. This is
hacking on an industrial scale, as was
acknowledged by
Glenn
Mulcaire,
the man hired
by
the News of
the World in
2001
to be the point person for phone
hacking. Others await trial. This saga still
unfolds.
In many respects, the
dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact
of
such
widespread
phone
hacking
but
the
terms
on
which
the
trial
took
place.
One
of
the
astonishing
revelations
was
how
little
Rebekah
Brooks
knew
of
what
went
on in her newsroom, how
little she thought to ask and the fact that she
never
inquired how the stories arrived.
The core of her successful defence was that
she knew nothing.
In
today
’
s world, it has become
normal that well-paid executives should
not
be
accountable
for
what
happens
in
the
organisations
that
they
run.
Perhaps
we should not be so
surprised. For a generation, the collective
doctrine has
been that the sorting
mechanism of society should be profit. The words
that
have mattered are efficiency,
flexibility, shareholder value,
business-friendly, wealth generation,
sales, impact and, in newspapers,
circulation. Words degraded to the
margin have been justice, fairness,
tolerance, proportionality and
accountability.
The purpose of editing the News of the
World was not to promote reader
understanding,
to
be
fair
in
what
was
written
or
to
betray
any
common
humanity.
It was to ruin
lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms
Brooks may
or may not have had
suspicions about how her journalists got their
stories,
but she asked no questions,
gave no instructions
—
nor
received traceable,
recorded answers.
36. Accordign
to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset
by
(A) the
consequences of the current sorting
mechanism.
(B) companies
’
financial loss due to immoral practices
(C) governmental ineffectiveness on
moral issues.
(D) the wide misuse of
integrity among institutions.
37. It
can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone
hacking as a crime.
(B) more journalists may be found
guilty of phone hacking.
(C) Andy Coulson should be
held innocent of the charge.
(D)
phone hacking will be accepted on certain
occasions.
38. The author believes that
Rebekah Brooks
’
s defence
(A) revealed a cunning personality.
(B) centered on trivial issues.
(C) was hardly
convincing.
(D) was part of a conspiracy.
39. The author
holds that the current collective doctrine shows
(A) generally
distorted values.
(B)
unfair wealth distribution.
(C) a
marginalized lifestyle.
(D) a rigid
moral code.
40 Which of the following
is suggested in the last paragraph?
(A)
The quality of writings is of primary importance.
(B) Common humanity is central to news
reporting.
(C)
Moral awareness matters in editing a
newspaper.
(D) Journalists need stricter
industrial regulations.
Part A
Directions:
Read the
following four texts. Answer the questions below
each text by
choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40
points)
Text 1
In
order
to
lives
for
the
better
and
reduce
George
Osborne,
Chancellor
of
the
Exchequer,
introduced
the
work
search
scheme.
Only
if
the
jobless
arrive
at
the
jobcentre
with
a
CV,
register
for
online job search, and start looking
for work will they be eligible for
benefit and then they should report
weekly rather than fortnightly. What
could be more reasonable?
More apparent
reasonableness followed. There will now be a
seven-day
wait for the jobseeker’s
allowance
.
looking for work, not
looking
to sign
on
.
things because we know
they help people stay off benefits and help those
on
benefits
get
into
work
faster.
Help?
Really?
On
first
hearing,
this
was
the socially concerned chancellor,
trying to change lives for the better,
complete with
little
effort
from
the
newly
unemployed
to
find
work,
and
subsidises
laziness.
What motivated
him, we were to understand, was his zeal for
fairness
—
protecting
the
taxpayer,
controlling
spending
and
ensuring
that
only the most deserving claimants
received their benefits.
Losing a job is hurting:
you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a
song in your heart, delighted at the
prospect of doubling your income from
the generous state. It is financially
terrifying, psychologically
embarrassing and you know that support
is minimal and extraordinarily hard
to
get. You are now not wanted; you support is
minimal and extraordinarily
hard to
get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded
from the work
environment that offers
purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the
crucial income to feed yourself and
your family and pay the bills has
disappeared. Ask anyone newly
unemployed what they want and the answer is
always: a job.
But in Osborneland,. your
first instinct is to fall into dependency
—
permanent
dependency
if
you
can
get
it
—
supported
by
a
state
only
too
ready
to
indulge
your
falsehood.
It
is
as
though
20
years
of
ever-
tougher
reforms
of the job
search and benefit administration system never
happened. The
principle of British
welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself
against the risk of unemployment and
receive unconditional payments if the
disaster
happens.
Even
the
very
phrase
allowance<
/p>
—
invented
in 1996
—
is
about redefining the unemployed as a
mandatory right to a benefit he or she
has earned through making national
insurance contributions. Instead, the
claimant receives a time-limited
insurance, at
￡
a week, one of the least
generous in the EU.
21. George Osborne’s scheme
was intended to
[A]provide the unemployed with easier
access to benefits.
[B]encourage jobseekers’
active engagement in job seeking.
鼓励失业者<
/p>
积极的去找工作
[C]motivate the unemployed
to report voluntarily.
[D]guarantee jobseekers’
legitimate right to benefits.
22. The phrase,
[A]to check on the availability of jobs
at the jobcentre.
[B]to accept the
government’s restrictions on the
allowance.
[C]to register for an allowance from
the government.
登记政府津贴
[D]to attend a
governmental job-training program.
23. What
prompted the chancellor to develop his
scheme?
[A]A desire to secure a better life for
all.
[B]An eagerness to protect the
unemployed.
[C]An urge to be generous to the
claimants.
[D]A passion to ensure fairness for
taxpayers.
确保公平
24. According
to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one
feel
[A]uneasy
痛苦的
[B]enraged.
[C]insulted.
[D]guilty.
25. To which of the
following would the author most probably
agree?
[A]The British welfare system indulges
jobseekers’ laziness.
[B]Osborne’s reforms will
reduce the risk of
unemployment.减少失业
者的风险
[C]The
jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual
needs.
[D]Unemployment
benefits should not be made
conditional.
为了“让生活变得更美好”以及减
少“依赖”，英国财政大臣乔治·奥斯本引入了“求职预付
金”计划。只有当失业者带着
简历到就业中心，注册在线求职并开始找工作，才有资格获得补助金——
然后他们应该每
周而非每两周报告一次。有什么比这更合理呢？
更加明显的合理性如下。现在领取求职者补贴要等待七天。“这前几天应该用来找工作，而<
/p>
不是办理失业登记（以获得救济金）。”他说，“我们这样做是因为我们知道，这样会帮助
人们摆脱补
助并让依赖补助的人尽快就业。”帮助？真的吗？乍一听，这是位关心社会的
大臣，他努力改善人们的
生活，包括对一个明显放纵的体系的“改革”，这个体系不要求
新失业者付出多少努力去找工作，为其
懒惰埋单。我们将会知道，激励他的是他对“基本
的公正”的热诚——保护纳税人，控制花费以及确保
只有最值得帮助的申请者才能得到补
助金。
失业是痛苦的：你不
会内心歌唱并跳跃着到就业中心去，为从这个慷慨国度得到加倍收入的
前景而欣喜。在经
济上它令人生畏，在感到难堪，并且你还知道那种扶持的微薄和非常难以得到。现在
没人
需要你；你现在被排除在工作环境之外，那里会给予你人生的目标和体制。更糟糕的是，失去了用
以养家糊口和支付账单的至关重要的收入。问任何新失业者他们想要什么，答案永远是：一份工作。
但是在奥斯本之国，你的第一反
应就是坠入依赖——永远的依赖，如果你能得到的话——它
由一个非常乐意放任你弄虚作
假的国家所支持。
好像这二十年一直严厉的求职和补助金系统的改革从未
发生过。
英国福利的原则不再是如果发生灾难，
你能为
自己投保失业险和得到无条件赔付。
甚至正是“求
职者补贴”这
个词语，在将失业者重新定义为“求职者”，他人通过缴纳国民保险金可享有补助，而求
职者则没有这个基本权利。作为替代，申请者得到的是一周
英
镑的限时“补贴”，条件是积极地找工
作：没有津贴也没有保险，在欧盟这也是最小气之
一了。
Text 2
All around the world,
lawyers generate more hostility than the members
of any other
profession
—
with the possible
exception of journalism. But
there are
few places where clients have more grounds for
complaint than
America.
During
the
decade
before
the
economic
crisis,
spending
on
legal
services
in America grew twice as fast as
inflation. The best lawyers made
skyscrapers-full of money, tempting
ever more students to pile into law
schools
.
But
most
law
graduates
never
get
a
big-firm
job.
Many
of
them
instead
become
the
kind
of
nuisance-lawsuit
filer
that
makes
the
tort
system
a
costly
nightmare.
There are many reasons for
this. One is the excessive costs of a legal
education. There is just one path for a
lawyer in most American states: a
four-
year
undergraduate
degree
in
some
unrelated
subject,
then
a
three-year
law degree at one
of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar
Association and an expensive
preparation for the bar exam. This leaves
today’s average law
-school
graduate with $$100,000 of debt on top of
undergraduate debts. Law-school debt
means that many cannot afford to go
into government or non-profit work, and
that they have to work fearsomely
hard.
Reforming the system would
help both lawyers and their customers.
Sensible
ideas
have
been
around
for
a
long
time,
but
the
state-level
bodies
that govern the profession have been
too conservative to implement them.
One
idea
is
to
allow
people
to
study
law
as
an
undergraduate
degree.
Another
is to let students sit for the bar
after only two years of law school. If
the bar exam is truly a stern enough
test for a would-be lawyer, those who
can sit it earlier should be allowed
to
do
so.
Students
who
do
not
need
the
extra
training
could
cut
their
debt
mountain by a third.
The other
reason why costs are so high is the restrictive
guild-like
ownership structure of the
business. Except in the District of Columbia,
non-lawyers may not own any share of a
law firm. This keeps fees high and
innovation slow. There is pressure for
change from within the profession,
but
opponents of change among the regulators insist
that keeping outsiders
out of a law
firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make
money rather
than serve clients
ethically.
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own
shares in law firms would reduce
costs
and improve services to customers, by encouraging
law firms to use
technology
and
to
employ
professional
managers
to
focus
on
improving
firms’
efficiency.
After
all,
other
countries,
such
as
Australia
and
Britain,
have
started liberalizing their legal
professions. America should follow.
lot of
students take up law as their profession due
to
[A]the growing demand from
clients.
[B]the increasing pressure of
inflation.
[C]the prospect of working in big
firms.
[D]the attraction of financial rewards.
经济回报的吸引
of
the
following
adds
to
the
costs
of
legal
education
in
most
American
states?
[A]Higher tuition fees for
undergraduate studies.
本科学习高昂的学
费
[B]Admissions
approval from the bar association.
[C]Pur
suing a bachelor’s
degree in another major.
[D]Receiving training by
professional associations.
to the reform of the legal
system originates from
[A]lawyers’ and clients’
strong resistance.
[B]the rigid bodies
governing the profession.
严格的行业监管职能
[C]the stem exam for would-
be lawyers.
[D]non-
professionals’ sharp
criticism.
guild-like ownership structure is
considered
because it
[A]bans
outsiders’ involvement in the
profession.
禁止外人插手该行
业
[B]keeps
lawyers from holding law-firm shares.
[C]aggravates
the ethical situation in the trade.
[D]prevents
lawyers from gaining due profits.
this text, the
author mainly discusses
[A]flawed ownership of
America’s law firms and its causes.
[B]the factors
that help make a successful lawyer in
America.
[C]a problem in America’s legal
profession and solutions to
it.
美国
的法律问题及解决方案
[D]the role of undergraduate studies in
America’s legal education.
在
全世界，律师比任何其他职业的人都更招憎恨——新闻业可能是个例外。但是没有多少地方能
比美国更让客户有更多的理由抱怨。
在经济危机之前的十年间，美国法律服务费用的增长速度是通货膨胀的两倍。最好的律师赚
得盆满钵满，吸引着更多的学生争相进入法学院。但是大部分法学毕业生从未获得一份大律所的工
作。
他们中的许多人转而成为那种妨害行为诉讼的提交者，这使得侵权制度成了一场昂贵
的噩梦。
这里面有很多原因
。其一是法律教育的费用过高。在美国大部分州只有一条成为律师的途径；
在某个无关的
专业读四年取得本科学位，
然后在美国律师协会授权的
200
所法学院之一读三年取得法律
学位，并为准备律师资格考试花费
不菲。这给现在这些普通的法学院毕业生留下在本科债务之外
10
万
美元的债务。法学院债务意味着他们不得不拼命地努力工作。
改革这一体系会对律师和他们的客户都有所帮助
。明智的想法已经存在了好长时间，但是管
理该职业的州级机构对实施它们太保守了。一
个想法是准许人们读本科学位时学习法律。另外一个是，
让学生在法学院只读两年之后就
参加律师资格考试。
如果这一考试对于一名准律师来说确实是足够严格
< br>的测试，那么就应该准许那些有能力提早参加的学生们参加。不需要额外培训的学生就可以削减他们债
务大山的三分之一。
费用如此之高的另外
一个原因是该行业限制性的同业公会式的所有权结构。除哥
伦比亚特区外，非律师人员不
得持有律所的任何股份。这使得费用居高不下而创新脚步缓慢。在行业内
部存在要求变革
的压力，但是监管部门中的反对变革者坚称，将局外人排除在律所之外，可以让律师与
赚
钱的压力隔离而合乎职业道德标准地为客户服务。
<
/p>
实际上，准许非律师人员参股，通过鼓励律所采用新技术和聘请职业经理人来致力于提高律
所效率，可以降低成本并改善对顾客的服务。毕竟，其它国家如澳大利亚和英国都已开始
使其法律行业
自由化。美国应该效仿。
Text
3
The US$$3-million Fundamental physics
prize is indeed an interesting
experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said
when he accepted this year’s award
in
March. And it is far from the only one of its
type. As a News Feature
article in
Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for
researchers
have joined the Nobel
Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental
Physics
Prize,
are
funded
from
the
telephone-number-sized
bank
accounts
of
Internet entrepreneurs. These
benefactors have succeeded in their chosen
fields, they say, and they want to use
their wealth to draw attention to
those
who have succeeded in science.
What’s not to
like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of
scientists
quoted in the News Feature.
You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes,
and
these
upstart
entrepreneurs
cannot
buy
their
prizes
the
prestige
of
the
Nobels, The new awards
are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind
them, say scientists. They could
distort the achievement-based system of
peer-review-led
research.
They
could
cement
the
status
quo
of
peer-reviewed
research.
They
do
not
fund
peer-
reviewed
research.
They
perpetuate
the
myth
of the lone
genius.
The goals of the prize-givers seem as
scattered as the criticism. Some
want
to
shock,
others
to
draw
people
into
science,
or
to
better
reward
those
who have made their
careers in research.
As Nature has pointed out
before, there are some legitimate concerns
about how science
prizes
—
both new and
old
—
are distributed. The
Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,
launched this year, takes an
unrepresentative view of what the life
sciences include. But the Nobel
Foundation’s limit of three recipients
per prize, each of whom must still
be
living, has long been outgrown by the
collaborative nature of modern
research
—
as
will
be
demonstrated
by
the
inevitable
row
over
who
is
ignored
when
it
comes
to
acknowledging
the
discovery
of
the
Higgs
boson.
The
Nobels
were,
of
course,
themselves
set
up
by
a
very
rich
individual
who
had
decided
what
he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather
than intention, has
given them
legitimacy.
As
much
as
some
scientists
may
complain
about
the
new
awards,
two
things
seem clear. First,
most researchers would accept such a prize if they
were
offered
one.
Second,
it
is
surely
a
good
thing
that
the
money
and
attention
come
to
science
rather
than
go
elsewhere,
It
is
fair
to
criticize
and
question
the
mechanism
—
that is the
culture of research, after
all
—
but it is the
prize-
givers’
money
to
do
with
as
they
please.
It
is
wise
to
take
such
gifts
with
gratitude and grace.
31. The Fundamental Physics
Prize is seen as
[A]a symbol of the
entrepreneurs’ wealth.
[B]a possible replacement
of the Nobel Prizes.
[C]an example of bankers’
investments.
[D]a handsome reward for researchers.
对研究人员可观的奖励
32. The critics think that
the new awards will most benefit
[A]the profit-
oriented scientists.
[B]the founders of the new
awards.
新设奖项的设立者
[C]the
achievement-based system.
[D]peer-review-led
research.
33. The discovery of the Higgs boson is
a typical case which involves
[A]controversies over the recipients’
status.
[B]the joint effort of modern
researchers.
现代设计人员的共同努力
[C]legitimate
concerns over the new prizes.
[D]the
demonstration of research findings.
34. According
to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of
the
Nobels?
[A]Their endurance has done
justice to them.
他们引起持久而受到公
正的对待
[B]Their
legitimacy has long been in dispute.
[C]They are the
most representative honor.
[D]History has never cast
doubt on them.
author believes that the now awards
are
[A]acceptable despite the criticism.
尽管手到批评任然可以接受
[B]harmful to the culture
of research.
[C]subject to undesirable
changes.
[D]unworthy of
public attention.
300
万美元的基础物理学奖的确是一个有趣的尝试，正如亚历山大·帕里雅科夫三月份领取今年
奖项时所言。而且该类奖项远非仅此一例。按照《自然》杂志新闻特写栏目一篇文章所讨论的，近年 来
一系列奖金丰厚的研究奖项已经加入诺贝尔奖的行列。许多奖项（如基础物理学奖）来
自于互联网企业
家的资助，其银行账户是电话号码数量级的。
据称，这些慈善家在各自从事的领域已经获得成功，想
用自己的
财富去让那些有科学成就的人士受到关注。
这有什么让人不喜欢的呢？据新闻特写栏目中援引一小部分科学家所言，非常之多。古语云，
有钱买不到社会地位，这些暴富的企业家并不能为他们的奖金买来诺贝尔奖的声望。科学家称
，新设奖
项是那些幕后人自抬身价的一种举动。它们会扭曲基于成就并由同行评议引导的
研究体系。它们会巩固
同行评议研究的现状。它们并不资助同行评议研究。它们延续了孤
独天才的神话。
正如《自然
》杂志以前已经指出的那样，对于科学奖项——新设的和原有的——如何分配，
存在某些
忧虑是合理的。今年推出的“生命科学突破奖”，对生命科学的范畴所持观点并不具代表性。
但是诺贝尔基金会对每一奖项只能由三名仍在世者获得的限制，
由于现代科学研究的
协作特性而早已不
再适宜——这将由当论及确认希格斯波色子的发现时，
对于谁可忽略而引起不可避免的争论这一情况来
证实。当然，诺贝尔奖本身就是
由一位富豪个人设立的，他决定了用自己的金钱去做他想要做的事。赋
予诺贝尔奖合理性
的是时间，而非设立的初衷。
有些科学家常常会抱怨新的奖项，有两件事却是显而易见。第一，如果被授予这样的奖项，
大部分研究人员会接受它。第二，金钱和关注度投向科学而不是其它地方，这无疑是好事。批评和质疑
这种机制是公平合理的——毕竟这是做研究的文化——但它是奖金提供者按照自己的意愿处置的
金钱。
以感谢的心情和优雅的风度接受这样的礼物是明智的。
Text
4
Academy of Arts and Sciences
(AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the
importance of the humanities and social
sciences to the prosperity and
security
of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably,
however, the
report’s
failure to
address the true nature of
the crisis facing liberal
education may
cause more harm than good.
In 2010, leading
congressional Democrats and Republicans sent
letters
to
the
AAAS
asking
that
it
identify
actions
that
could
be
taken
by
state and
local governments, universities, foundations,
educators,
individual benefactors and
others
maintain national excellence in
humanities and social scientific
scholarship and
education.
the American
Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities
and Social
Sciences. Among the
commission’s 51 members are top
-tier-
university
presidents,
scholars,
lawyers,
judges,
and
business
executives,
as
well
as
prominent figures from diplomacy,
filmmaking, music and journalism.
The goals
identified in the report are generally admirable.
Because
representative government
presupposes an informed citizenry, the report
supports full literacy; stresses the
study of history and government,
particularly American history and
American government; and encourages the
use
of
new
digital
technologies.
To
encourage
innovation
and
competition,
the report
calls for increased investment in research, the
crafting of
coherent curricula that
improve students’ ability to solve
problem
s and
communicate
effectively
in
the
21st
century,
increased
funding
for
teachers
and
the encouragement of scholars to bring their
learning to bear on the
great
challenges of the day. The report also advocates
greater study of
foreign
languages,
international
affairs
and
the
expansion
of
study
abroad
programs.
Unfortunately,
despite
2?
years
in
the
making,
Heart
of
the
Matter
never
gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal
nature of liberal
education
at
our
leading
colleges
and
universities.
The
commission
ignores
that
for
several
decades
America's
colleges
and
universities
have
produced
graduates who don’t
know the content and character of liberal
education
and are thus deprived of its
benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once
at home on campus has been replaced by
the use of the humanities and social
sciences as vehicles for publicizing
propaganda.
Today, professors routinely
treat the progressive interpretation of
history and progressive public policy
as the proper subject of study while
portraying conservative or classical
liberal ideas
—
such as free
markets
and self-
reliance
—
as falling outside
the boundaries of routine, and
sometimes legitimate, intellectual
investigation.
The
AAAS
displays
great
enthusiasm
for
liberal
education.
Yet
its
report
may
well
set
back
reform
by
obscuring
the
depth
and
breadth
of
the
challenge
that Congress asked it to
illuminate.
36.
According
to
Paragraph
1,
what
is
the
author’s
attitude
toward
the
AAAS’s
report?
[A] Critical
批评
[B]
Appreciative
[C] Contemptuous
[D] Tolerant
37. Influential
figures in the Congress required that the AAAS
report
on how to
[A] retain people’s
interest in liberal education
[B] define the
government’s role in education
[C] keep a
leading position in liberal education
保持通才教育的领
先地位
[D] safeguard
individuals’ rights to education
38. According
to Paragraph 3, the report suggests
[A] an
exclusive study of American history
[B] a greater
emphasis on theoretical subjects
[C] the
application of emerging technologies
应用新技术
[D] funding for the study
of foreign languages
39. The author implies in
Paragraph 5 that professors are
[A] supportive
of free markets
[B] cautious about intellectual
investigation
[C] conservative about public
policy
[D] biased against classical liberal
ideas
对古典自由主义有偏见
40. Which of
the following would be the best title for the
text?
[A] Ways to Grasp
[B] Illiberal
Education and
狭隘教育与核
心
[C] The AAAS’s
Contribution to Liberal Education
[D] Progressive
Policy vs. Liberal Education
美国艺术与科学院刚发布的报告《
问题的核心》，因肯定了人文和社会科学对美国自由民主的繁
荣和安全的重要性而值得赞
扬。然而，遗憾的是该报告没有论及通才教育所面临危机的真正本质，这可
能造成弊大于
利的结果。
2010
年，
首要的国会民主党人和共和党人致函美国艺术与科学院，要求其确定可由“联邦、州和
地
方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者和其他人”采取的措施，以“保持国家在人文和社
会科学学术和教育方面的优势”。作为回应，美国艺术与科学院成立了人文和社会科学委员会。该委员
会
51
名成员中有顶级大学的校长、
学者、律师、法官和公司执行总裁，也有来自外交、电影、音乐和
新闻界的杰出人物。<
/p>
这份报告中确立的目标大体上
是值得称赞的。因为代议制政府的前提是公民知情，该报告支持全面
的文化素养；强调学
习历史和，特别是美国历史和美国政治；以及鼓励使用
新的数字技术。
< br>为了鼓励创
新和竞争，报告呼吁增加研究投资，对紧密结合的课程要精益求精（它
们会提高学生在
21
世纪有效地
解决
问题和交流沟通的能力），增加对教师的资助和鼓励学者转化所学知识以面对当今的巨大挑战。报
告还主张加强对外语、国际事务的学习和扩展留学计划。
不幸的是，尽管撰写报告用了两年半的时间，《问题的
核心》却从未触及到问题的核心：我们一流
的通才教育本质上是狭隘的。
委员会忽视了几十年来美国各院校输送的毕业生不明白通才教育的内容和
特点，
因而丧失了它的益处。令人痛心的是，国内校园内曾有的探索精神，已经被利用人文和社会科学
< br>作为宣扬“进步的”或左翼民主的宣传工具所代替。
如今，教授们通常将进步的历史观和公共政策视为正统的学习科目，而将保守的或古典自
由主义的
观点——例如：自由市场和自力更生——描述为逾越了常规、合理事物和理性调
研的界限。
2013
年
Text 1
In
the
2006
film
version
of
The
Devil
Wears
Prada
,Miranda
Priestly,
played
by
Meryl
Streep,
scolds
her
unattractive
assistant
for
imagining
that
high
fashion
doesn’t
affect
her,
Priestly
explains how the deep blue color of the
assistant’s sweater descended over the years from
fashion shows to departments stores and
to the bargain bin in which the poor girl
doubtless
found her garment.
This
top-
down conception of
the
fashion
business couldn’t be more out
of date or at odds
with the feverish
would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s
three
-year
indictment
of
“fast
fashion”.
In
the
last
decade
or
so
,a
dvances
in
technology
have
allowed
mass-market
labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to
react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand
more precisely. Quicker turnarounds
mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release,
and
more profit. These labels encourage
style-conscious consumers to see clothes as
disposable-meant
to
last
only
a
wash
or
two,
although
they
don’t
advertise
that
–
and
to
renew
their
wardrobe
every
few
weeks
.
By
offering
on-
trend
items
at
dirt-cheap
prices,
Cline
argues,
these brands have hijacked fashion
cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a
seasonal
pace.
The
victims
of
this
revolution
,
of
course
,are
not
limited
to
designers.
For
H&M
to
offer
a $$ knit miniskirt in all its
2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely
on low-wage
overseas labor, order in
volumes that strain natural resources, and use
massive amounts of
harmful
chemicals.
Overdressed
is
the fashion world’s answer to
consumer
-activist
bestsellers like Michael
Pollan’s The
Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass
-produced
clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger
and need, yet is non-
durable
and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds,
buy roughly
20 billion garments a year
–
about 64 items per person
–
and no matter how much
they give
away, this excess leads to
waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline
introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah
Kate
Beaumont,
who
since
2008
has
made
all
of
her
own
clothes
–
and
beautifully.
But
as
Cline
is the first to note, it took Beaumont
decades to perfect her cra
ft; her
example can’t be
knocked
off.
Though
several
fast-fashion
companies
have
made
efforts
to
curb
their
impact
on
labor
and
the environment
–
including H&M, with its
green Conscious Collection line
–
Cline believes
lasting change can only be effected by
the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to
many
advocates of sustainability, be it
in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people
will
only start shopping more
sustainably when they can’t afford not
to.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant
for her
[A] poor bargaining skill.
[B]
insensitivity to fashion.
对时尚不敏感
[C] obsession with high
fashion.
[D] lack of imagination.
22. According
to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers
to
[A] combat unnecessary
waste.
[B] shut out the feverish fashion
world.
[C] resist the influence of
advertisements.
[D] shop for their garments more
frequently.
更频繁的换衣服
23. The word
“indictment” (Line 3, is closest in meaning
to
[A] accusation.
控告
[B] enthusiasm.
[C]
indifference.
[D] tolerance.
24. Which of the following
can be inferred from the last
paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in
idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores
sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in
unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to
environment-friendly purchasing.
定价对环保购物至关重要
25. What is the subject of
the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant
lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion
myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion
industry.
对快时尚界的批评
[D] Exposure of a mass-market
secret.
在
2006
年电影版的《时尚女魔头》中，梅丽尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普雷斯丽责备她其貌不
扬的女助手，因为她认为高端时尚并不能影响到自己。普雷斯丽说明了她助手的深蓝色毛衣如何在
数年
间从时尚秀场降到百货商店，
又沦为便宜货。
毫无疑问，
这个贫穷的女孩肯定就是从便宜货里淘的衣服。
< br>
这种自上而下的时尚商业观早已过时了，
也和伊丽莎白·克莱因在《过度穿着》中描写的狂
热世界不一致。《过度穿着》是伊
丽莎白·克莱因花了三年时间写成的对
“快时尚”的
控诉
作品。在
过去十年左右的时间，技术的进步
已经使得诸如
Zara
、
H&M
、优衣库之类的大众市场品牌能够对流行趋
势反应得更快，并能更准确
的预料到消费者的需求。更快的转变意味着更少的存货浪费、更频繁的发布
新品、更高的
利润。这些品牌鼓励对时尚敏感的消费者把衣服当成是一次性用品——洗过一两次后就不
再穿了，尽管他们没在广告上明说——然后每几周就更新衣橱。克莱因说，这些品牌通过以极其低廉的
价格销售时髦的商品，已经把持了时尚的周期，动摇了一个习惯以季节为周期的产业。
当然，这场变革的受害者，不仅仅是设计
师们。为了能在其全世界
2300
多家商店里以美元的
价格出售超短裙，
H&M
必须依赖低工资的海外
劳动力、大批量采购原材料导致严重危害自然资源、并大
量使用有害的化学物质。
《过度穿着》就仿佛是时尚界交给
像迈克尔·波伦的《杂食者的困境》一样的消费者维权畅销
书的答案。“大批量生产的服
装，就好像快餐一样，充满着渴望和需求，却既不耐用也不经济”，克莱
因说到。她发现
，美国人每年要买大约
200
亿件服装——平均每人
64
件——无论他们捐赠多少，这种
无节制的购买
行为都导致浪费。
在《过度
穿着》的结尾，克莱因介绍了她的理想典范，一个叫萨拉·凯特·博蒙特的布鲁克林
女人
，她从
2008
年起就自己做所有的衣服，而且做得相当漂亮。
不过正如克莱因是第一个注意到的那
样，博蒙特花了几十年完善自己的手艺，她的事例不
能轻易复制。
尽管包括
H&M
在内的几家快时尚公司已经努力控制其对劳动力和环境的影响
，
引入了绿色环保
自觉生产线，克莱因相信只有消费者才能促成
持久的变革。她展示了对于无论在食物还是在能源方面都
提倡可持续性的人而言共同的理
想主义。虚荣是常态，人们只有在付不起钱的时候才会开始以更加可持
续的方式购物。<
/p>
Text
2
An
old saying has it that half of all advertising
budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no
one
knows
which
half.
In
the
internet
age,
at
least
in
theory,
this
fraction
can
be
much
reduced
.
By watching
what people search for, click on
and say online, companies
can
aim “behavioral”
ads at those most likely to
buy.
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel
has illustrated the value to advertisers of such
fine-grained information: Should
advertisers assume that people are happy to be
tracked and
sent behavioral ads? Or
should they have explicit permission?
In
December
2010
America's
Federal
Trade
Commission
(FTC)
proposed
adding
a
not
track
want
to
be
followed
.Microsoft's
Internet
Explorer
and
Apple's
Safari
both
offer
DNT
;Google's
Chrome is due to
do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital
Advertising Alliance (DAA)
agreed
that
the industry
would get
cracking on responding to DNT requests.
拒绝跟踪要
求
On May 31st
Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet
Explorer 10,the version due
to appear
windows 8, would have DNT as a default.
It is not yet
clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT
signal does not oblige
anyone
to
stop
tracking,
although
some
companies
have
promised
to
do
so.
Unable
to
tell
whether
someone
really
objects
to
behavioral
ads
or
whether
they
are
sticking
with
Microsoft’s
default,
some may ignore a DNT signal and press
on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone
it alone. After all, it has an ad business too,
which
it
says
will
comply
with
DNT
requests,
though
it
is
still
working
out
how.
If
it
is
trying
to
upset
Google,
which
relies
almost
wholly
on
default
will
become
the
norm.
DNT
does
not
seem
an obviously huge
selling point for windows 8-though the firm has
compared some of its other
products
favorably with Google's on that count before.
Brendon Lynch, M
Microsoft's chief privacy
officer, blogged:
control.
真那么简单吗？疑问句所以最后一个题是怀疑的态
度
< br>
26. It is
suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads
help advertisers to:
[A] ease competition among
themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
降低运营成本
[C] avoid complaints from
consumers
[D] provide better online
services
27. “The industry” (Line 6, refers
to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce
conductors
[C] digital information
analysis
[D] internet browser developers
互联网浏览器开发者
28. Bob Liodice holds that
setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of
junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad
industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
不会使消费者受害
[D] goes against human
nature
29. which of the following is true
according to ?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended
purpose
拒绝跟踪可能无法达到他本来的意图
[B] Advertisers
are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is
losing its popularity among consumers
[D] Advertisers
are obliged to offer behavioral ads
30. The
author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said
in his blog is one of:
[A] indulgence
[B]
understanding
[C] appreciation
[D] skepticism
怀疑
有句老话说的好，
一半的广告预算都浪费了——麻烦的是，
没人知道哪一半浪费了。
在互联网时代，
至少在理论上，可以大大减少这种浪费。通过观察人们搜索
什么、点击什么、在网上说些什么，公司可
以锁定目标，
将“行
为”广告
（即，
“有作为的”或“有用的”广告）
投放给最有可能的购买产品的人。
在过去几周，三次交易和一次争论已经向广告商（以及他们的软件提供商）展示了这种经过精<
/p>
细处理的信息的价值：广告商应该假设人们喜欢被跟踪，并发送行为广告吗？还是他们应该
先得到明确
的许可才行？
<
/p>
在
2010
年
1
2
月，美国联邦贸易委员会提出，应该在网络浏览器上添加“拒绝跟踪”（
DNT
）
选项，这样一来，用户就可以告诉广告商他
们不想被追踪。微软公司的
IE
浏览器和苹果公司的
Safari
浏览器都提供拒绝跟踪；谷歌公司的
Chrome
浏览器今年也即将要提供类似功能。在二月份，联邦贸易
< br>委员会和数字广告联盟达成一致，浏览器开发业要继续努力，以应对拒绝跟踪的要求。
5
月
31
日，微软公司率先采取行动：该公司发布公告称，在该公司的新操作系统
wi
ndows8
中
的
IE10
浏览器上，将会默认附带拒绝跟踪选项。
广告商们诚惶诚恐。
人性使然，
人们总
是习惯保持默认的设置。
现在几乎没人打开“拒绝跟踪”
按钮，
可如果跟踪处于关闭状态，就会一直是关闭状态。鲍勃·利奥狄斯是数字广告联盟的成员组织之
< br>一——全国广告协会——的首席执行官。他说如果软件业无法收集到关于消费者喜好的信息，那消费者
只能境况更糟。人们不会少收到广告，他说，“他们会收到更没意义更没针对性的广告。”<
/p>
现在还不清楚广告商们会怎样
采取行动。拒绝跟踪信号并不会强制任何人停止跟踪，尽管有些
公司（包括推特公司在内
）已经承诺收到拒绝跟踪信号就会停止跟踪。由于无法辨认人们是真正反对行
为广告，还
是他们只是没有改动微软的默认设置，有些公司可能会忽视拒绝跟踪信号，依然强行跟踪。
同样不清楚的是，微软为什么要孤军奋战。毕竟
，微软自己也有广告业务，却声称自己的广
告业务也要遵守拒绝跟踪要求，不过它也还在
寻求解决办法。如果微软试图激怒几乎完全依赖广告业务
的谷歌，那么它就已经选择了一
个间接的方法：并不能保证默认拒绝跟踪模式会成为标准范例。虽然公
司以前还拿自己的
其他几个产品同谷歌的产品在这方面做过比较，但拒绝跟踪也不像是
windows8<
/p>
的巨
大卖点。微软首席隐私官布兰登·林奇在博客中写到：“我们
相信用户应该有更多的操控权限。”真是
那么简单吗？
Text
3
Up
until a few decades ago, our visions of the future
were largely - though by no means
uniformly - glowingly positive.
Science and technology
would
cure all the ills of humanity,
leading
to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for
all.
Now utopia has grown
unfashionable
, as we have gained a
deeper appreciation of the range
of
threats facing us, from asteroid strike to
epidemic flu and to climate change. You might
even be tempted to assume that humanity
has little future to look forward to.
But such
gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows
that many species have endured
for
millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a
broader look at our species' place in the
universe, and it becomes clear that we
have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if
not
hundreds,
of
thousands
of
years
.
Look
up
Homo
sapiens
in
the
Red
List
of
threatened
species
of the International Union for the
Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read:
as Least Concern as the species is very
widely distributed, adaptable, currently
increasing,
and
there are no
major threats resulting in an overall population
decline
.
So what does our deep
future hold? A growing number of researchers and
organizations are
now thinking
seriously about that question. For example, the
Long Now Foundation has its
flagship
project a medical clock that is
designed to still be marking time
thousands of years
hence .
Perhaps
willfully , it may be easier to think about such
lengthy timescales than about
the
more immediate future. The potential
evolution of today's technology, and its social
consequences,
is
dazzlingly
complicated,
and
it's
perhaps
best
left
to
science
fiction
writers
and futurologists to
explore the many possibilities we can envisage.
That's one reason why
we have launched
Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near
future.
But take a longer view and there is a
surprising amount that we can say with
considerable
assurance. As so often,
the past holds the key to the future: we have now
identified enough
of the long-term
patterns shaping the history of the planet, and
our species, to make
evidence-based
forecasts about the situations in which our
descendants will find themselves.
This long
perspective makes the pessimistic view of our
prospects seem more likely to be
a
passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all
rosy.
But we are now knowledgeable
enough
to reduce many of the risks that
threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to
improve
the lot of those to
come.
31. Our vision of the future used to be
inspired by
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