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英语时态讲解与练习(二)
一、一般过去时
一般过去时是由动词
的过去式来表示的。一般过去时表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
动词的过去式的构成分为规则与不规则两类。
一般过去时的基本构成:规则动词后
+ed
1.
表示过去发生的动作,与现在毫
无联系,与确定的时间状语词连用,如:
then,at
that
time,just
now,yesterday,last year,in
1998
,
??
ago
2.
表示过去习惯动作,只适用于动态动词
she was in Beijing,she often came to
see me.
二、现在完成时
(
重
点及难点
)
构成:助动词
have/
has+
过去分词
①表示过去发生的
动作,对现在造成的结果或影响。常与
already, just, yet, in
the last few years, so far,
--Have you had your lunch
yet?
--yes, I have. I have just had
it.
(现在我不饿了)
I
have already posted the
photos.(
这些照片已不在这里了
)
②
表示动作或状态从过去某个时间开
始,
一直延续到现在,
可能刚刚结束,
也可能继续下去。
常与
for, since
< br>引导的时间状语连用
(
For+
一段时间
,
Since+
某一点时间)
,
可以用
how long
提问。
其中
“
for+
一段时间”
用在肯定句中,动词必须是
延续性
动词;在否定句中,延续性动
词或短暂性动词均可。
Since
连接的从句
< br>中,常用短暂性动词的一般过去时。
I
have known
Li
Ming for three years.
They
have lived
here since 1996.
They
have lived
here since they
graduated
from university.
She
has taught
us since I
came
to this school.
How long
have
you
worked
in this factory?
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在
完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,
强调的是现在的情况
,所以
它不能和表示
过去的时间状语连用
。
如
yesterday, last
night, three days ago, in 1990
等。
而一般过去时
只表示过去的动作或
状态,和现在不发生
联系。
它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the
film.
我已经看过这部电影(我了解这部电影的内容)
I saw the film last week.
我上一
周看了这部电影。
(只说明上星期看了这部电影,不涉及现在的情况。
< br>
He has lived here since 1992. 1992<
/p>
你年以来他一直住在这里。
(他现在还住在这里)
He lived here in 1992. 1992
年他住在这里。
(不涉及现在他是否还住在这里)
have bee to
和
have
gone to
have been to
表示曾经去过某地
have gone to
表示已经去某地了。
have
bee in a place
在某地待了有多久。
现在完成时的口诀
:
发生在过去,影响在现在。
延续性动词与终止性动词讲解
p>
动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
延续性动词(或称为持续性动词)
终止性动词(或称为瞬间动词、非延续性动词、非延续性动词、界限性动词)
表示动作一发生即告结束的动词叫终止性动词,
表示持续一段时间的动词叫延续性动词。
< br>一、英语中常见的终止性动词
有:
leave
,
go
,
come
,
arrive
,
begin
,
buy
< br>,
borrow
,
die
,
join
,
p>
become
,
marry
,
graduate
,
bec
ome
等。由于终止性动词所表示的动作发生与结束在一瞬间完
成,所以终止性动词的完成体的肯定式
既不能与表示一段时间的状语“
< br>for
+时间段”或
- 1 -
“
since
+时间点”连用,也不能用在
how long
引导的特殊疑问句之中。
例句:
我哥哥参军两年了。
My brother has
joined the army for two
years
.
(误)
我哥哥自
1999
年就参军了。
My brother has joined the army since 1999
.
(误)
你哥哥参军多久了?
How long has your
brother joined the army
?(误)
如用延续性动词表示瞬间的行为,则必须借助
come
(表示动作的渐进过程)
,
begin
,
get
(表示动作的变化过程)等动词。<
/p>
例句:
I studied
English thirteen years
ago
.
(误)
I began to study English thirteen years
ago
.
(正)
When did you know
him
?(误)
When did
you get to know him
?(正)
p>
二、终止性动词肯定形式的完成时不能与一段时间状语连用。
可用以
下三种方法替换:
⑴时态替换法
就是把非延续性动词的完成时态,改为过去时态,然后再把<
/p>
“
for+
一段时间”
< br>改为“一段时间段+
ago
”
,
句中谓语动词用一般过去时。例句:
My brother
joined the army two years
ago
.
The old man died ten years
ago
.
He left his hometown thirty years
ago
.
句型替换法
(2).since
法
用“
It
is
(或
has
been
)+一段时间+
since
…”改写,该句型中
since
后面的谓语动词
多为终止性动词,且常用一般过去时。例句:
It
is
(或
has
been
)
two years since my
brother joined the army
.
It is ten years since the
old man died
.
It is
(或
has
been
)
thirty years since he
left his hometown
.
注:
It
is
/
has been
.
.
.
since
.
.
.句型中的动词若为延续性动词,计时的起点是
since
句
中动词结束之点。不然应将
< br>since
句中的动词改为
begin to do
sth
.
。例句:
It's five years since he studied
English
.他不学英语已五年了。
It's five years since he
began to study
English
.他学英语已五年了。
(3).
一段时间法
“用一段时间+
has
/
have passed since S
< br>+
V-ed
”句型改写。例句:
Two years has
/
have passed since my
brother joined the army
.
Thirty years has
/
have passed since he left
his hometown
.
(4).
动词替换法
若保留
for
+时间段,
since
+时间点或用在
how long
句型
中,需将终止性动词改为相应
的延续性动词或状态动词。例句:
My brother
has
been
in the army for two
years
.
Jack
has been
a
postman for about six years
.
When he came
home
,
I
had been
asleep for three
hours
.
Of course
I know him very well because we
have
been
friends for
ages
.
—
How long
have
you
been
here
?
—
About two
months
.
三、常见终止性动
词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:
leave →be away
(
fr
om
)
borrow→ keep
finish
/
end
/
stop→ be over
join the army→ be
/
serve in the army
/
be a soldier
open→ be
open
join the Party→ be in
the Party
/
be a Party member
catch
/
get a cold→ have a cold
fall asleep→ be
asleep
go to school→ be in
school
/
be a student
begin→ be on
put
on
(上演)
→be on
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