-
全能语法班
（一）建立英文思维
中英思维差异
1
中：含蓄／好戏在后头
英：直接／开门见山
中英思维差异
2
中：主体性思维
英：客体性思维
When
reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had
been
spotted forty-five miles south of
London, they were not taken
seriously.
译文：当伦
敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南
45
英里处发现一只美洲狮时
，这些报告并
没有受到重视。
It
is a truth universally acknowledged that a single
man in possession of
a good
fortune must be in want of a wife.
译文：人
们公认这样一个事实，一个有钱的单身男子一定想要娶个妻子。
中英思维差异
3
中：形象表达法
英：抽象表达法
家里已有五个孩子，全家人常年在贫困中挣扎。
As the parents had five
children, life was a perpetual struggle against
poverty.
－－
(Lesson 45: The Power of
the Press)
简单句的五大句型
1.
主谓：－
You jump; I jump.
In youth, we
learn.
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
In old age, we understand.
2.
主谓宾：
I love
three things, the sun, the moon and you. The sun
for the day, the
moon for the night,
and you ,forever.
3.
主谓＋双宾
- Please do
me a favor.
- Love gives us a fairy
tale.
－直接宾语指的是与谓语动词发生直接联系的名词
通常是物
－间接宾语指的是动作所指向的方向
通常是人
give sb
sth(sb.
是间宾
sth.
是直宾
)=give sth
to sb
cook sb
sth(sb.
是间宾
sth.
是直宾
)=cook sth
for sb
4.
主
+
谓
+
宾
+
宾补
- I found the book easy.
-Love makes man grow up or sink down.
5.
主
+
系
+
表
系动词：
linking
verb
（连接主语和后面的成分）
-You are my sunshine
（二）英文思维黄金法则
1.
谓语单一原则
－一个简单句只能有一个谓语。
－如果要表达多个动作概念，有三种方式：
a.
连词
b.
非谓语动词
1
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
C.
从句
2.
句子分类：简单句，并列句，复杂句
Life is fragile, and evil is real, but
courage triumphs.
——
Bush
We
are
all
in
the
gutter,
but
some
of
us
are
looking
at
the
stars
.
——
Oscar Wilde
复合句
－复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。
－主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。
－从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分。所不同在于，从句须
由一个关联词
引导。
3.
如何在主从复合句中找到主句？
第一步：划出所有引导词。
第二步：引导词之后的第一个动词为从句谓语动词。
第三步：所有从句谓语动词找到之后，最后剩下的即为主语谓
语动词。
4.
引导词省略的情况：
－
宾语从句的引导词
that
经常省略
－定语从句的先行词如果在从句里做宾语时，引导词常省略。
（三）名词性从句
把完整的句子当名词使用在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语
时，就被称为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句或同位语从句。
2
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
1.
名词性从句的引导词
－
that:
无词义，在从句中不做任何成分，只起连接作用。
－
whether if :
是否
有词义，不做成分，连接作用。
－
who/whom:
谁；what: …；
which:
哪一个
whose:
谁的
when:
什么时候
where:
什么地方
why:
为什么
有词义，充当从句中的成分
2.
主语从句
What is
worth doing is worth doing well.
凡事只要值得做，就值得做好。
主语从句的变体：
It is
+
形容词
+that
从句
?
It is clear
that
……
显然……
?
It is natural
that
……
很自然……
?
It is fortunate
that
……幸运的是……
?
It is likely
that
……很可能……
?
It is a pity
that
……可惜的是……
?
It is no wonder
that
……难怪……
?
It is a shame
that
……遗憾的是……
?
It is a common
knowledge that
…是常识
主语从句的写作应用：
?
利弊作文结尾句
?
Whether
…is
blessing
or
cursing
is
a
difficult
question
to
answer,
yet
the
3
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
comfort or convenience that it brings
will not be eliminated.
宾语从句：
当你身处困境的时候，就会知道谁是你真正的朋友。
When you are in trouble, you will find
who your real friend is.
注意
1
：宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
（主谓
）
注意
2:
形式宾语的阅读难点
主＋谓＋
it
＋宾补＋宾语从句
He made it clear that he opposed this
project.
表语从句：
The question is whether the God really
exists.
That was because he was ashamed
of himself.
注意：
whether
可引导表语从句，但
if
不可以。
because
可以引导表语从句。
同位语从句：
一般修饰抽象名词，例如
:truth, idea,
news, information, hope
注意：逆向思维帮助化解阅读难度。
形式通常为：抽象
n+that
＋陈述句
特殊引导词：
whether, where, who,
when
The idea that he told me was true.
The idea that the number 13 will bring
bad luck is true.
同从和定从的区别：
4
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
1.
同位语从句是名词后的完整句，
定语从句是名词后不完整的句子。
2.
同位语从句和其修饰的名词内容相等，
定语从句内容不相等。
同位语从句的写作应用：
1.
The change in A largely results from the fact that
B
A:
可替换为
society<
/p>
，
ideology
（意识形态）…
B
：完整的陈述句。
result from
还可替换为：
due to, derive from,
because of
2. It reveals
the unquestionable fact that…
它揭示了一个毋庸置疑的事实，那就是…
（四）语法综合应用及定语从句
一、语法综合应用
前三节课的语法重点：
1.
简单句的五大句型。
2.
简单句的重要结构：
A of B
3.
名词性从句
（尤其是宾语从句）
4.
两个名词是句子的天然隔断。
应用一：应用文投诉信的万能句型
1.
I am writing
to express my concern (dissatisfaction/
disappointment) about the
service of
your restaurant.
2.
We
would
like
to
draw
the
attention
of
the
authorities
concerned
to
5
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
something they obviously failed to
notice
3.
I
sincerely
hope
that
the
authorities
concerned
will
consider
my
suggestion
and improve the
situation as best as they can.
4.
We trust that
you will now consider this matter seriously and
make an effort to
prevent the
recurrence of this problem.
应用二：图画作文开头段：
1.
It is vividly
described in the picture that a lamp is listening
in the darkness/ a
spark
is
smiling
in
the
darkness.
The
caption
reads,
“
love
is
like
a
lamp
which is
brighter in darker
places.”
6
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
2.
The picture
vividly depict that a boy is making the final
spurt along the race
track.
We are informed that “ the
finishing
line is also the
starting point.”
3. The drawings vividly
illustrate the noise and uproar in the big city
and the peace
and tranquility of the
country life.
补充：图画作文必备四组词
1.
图
=photo,
（照片）
=sketch,
（素描）
=drawing,
（画）
7
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
=cartoon,
（漫画）
=chart (
图表
)
2.
示
=show,
=reflect,
=convey,
= indicate, reveal,
=
illustrate,
=demonstrate
3.
象征
=represent,
=symbolize,
=epitomize,
（成为…缩影）
=be
naturally associated with
自然联系到
4.
意义
=implication
暗示
=symbolic
meaning
象征意义
=subtle connotation
微妙的含义
二、定语从句
8
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
1.
概述
-
在英语中，我们通常用
一个形容词
作定语修饰名词或代词。若要表达更
复杂的意思，需借助
一个句子
来修饰名词。
- <
/p>
这个被修饰的名词／代词因为总在定语从句前面，所以被称为先行词。
-
引导定语从句的词，被称为关系词。
2.
定语从句的三个重要概念
①先行词
----
被定语从句所修饰或限制
的对象。
②引导词
----
连接主句和从句，在定语从句中充当一定成分的词。
③不完整的句子
三
.
关系词
关系代词
-
先行词指人：
who, whom
-
先行词指物：
which
-
先行词指人指物均可：
that
-
先行词指人或物的所有关系：
whose
-
The world is full of people whose
notion of a satisfactory future is, in fact, a
return to the idealized past.
关系副词
-
时间状语：
when
-
地点状语：
where
The dictionary is the only place where
success comes before work.
9
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
-
原因状语：
when
练习：
I will never forget the
day ____we met for the first time.
A. which
B. when
C. that
D. on that
?
I will never
forget the time______I spent on campus.
A. which
B. when
C. who
D.
on that
You should make it a rule to
leave things ____ you can find them again.
A. when
B. where
C. then
D. there
四
.
理解定语从句的关键
----
找到先行词
1.
先行词通常为词（名词或代词）／词组
?
A wanderer who
is determined to reach his destination will never
fear the
rain.
2.
先行词也可以是一个句子（非限制性定语从句）
－不用逗号隔开
----
限制性定语从句
作用：用来提供必要的信息，以说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身份或性
质，或用来限制
先行词所指的范围。若去掉限制性定语从句，则主句部分含义不明确，意
义不完整。
e.g.I don’t like
pe
ople.
I don’t like people who never keep
their words.
－用逗号隔开
----
非限制性定语从句<
/p>
作用：用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步
的解释、补充或说明。若
去掉非限，整个主句意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。<
/p>
10
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
e.g.
Criticism can create high levels of stress, which
can lead to burnout.
e.g. I
can’t give you the f
ormula for success,
but I can give you the formula for
failure, which is trying to please
everybody.
非限写作应用
－Some people argue that … has some
merits, which can be listed as follows. First
and foremost,….,
Additionally,….
与
as
引导非限有关的作文精品句型
?
As is seen from
the chart,
?
As is vividly depicted in the cartoon
above,
?
As is apparently illustrated by the
pictures above,
?
As
can
be
noticed
from
the
table/
graph/
figure,
there
is
a
marked
increase/decline/ favorable change
in….
五
.
先行词和引导词的分隔现象
1.
先行词
+
其它成分
+
定语从句
e.g.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly
affect teenager crime rates. For
example, changes in the economy that
lead to fewer job opportunity for youth.
练习：
The film
brought the hours back to me ______ I was taken
good
care of in that far-
away village.
A. who
B. that
C. when
D. where
2.
作主语的先行词
+
谓语部分
+
定语从句
11
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
e.g.
He can conquer the world who can conquer himself.
?
Question :
如何寻找定语从句真正修饰的先行词
?
?
方法一：翻译法
Step
1 :
翻译定语从句
Step
2 :
将翻译后的定语从句
+
“的”
，再和从句之前的名词
由近及远地进行搭配，根据句义和逻辑找出真正修饰的先行词。
?
方法二：主谓一致（主语和谓语要在人称和数上保持一致）
练习：
The words used by the
speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the
listener _____ interfere with his
comprehension.
A. who
B.
as
C. which
D.
what
（五）定语从句难点及状语从句
六
.
定语从句难点
1.
先行词＋介词＋
which/whom
Experts have studies the areas most
affected and have drawn
up a map for local people,
forecasting the year in which their
homes will be
swallowed up by the hungry sea. (2001/6)
2.
表示所属关系或部分整体关系时用介词
of
在介词
of
前面常出现的词包括：
all, each, both,
either, neither, many, some, most,
half, the majority,
数字及最高级等。
12
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
练习：
e.x. Living in the
central Australian desert has its problems, ____
obtaining
water is not the least.
A. of which
B.
for what
C. as
D.
whose
写成两句就明白了：
Living in the
central Australian desert has its problem.
Of
its problems, obtaining water is not the least.
of
放在句首表范围
Of all
the countries, China will be the best.
Of all my students, you will top the
best.
练习：
She showed the
visitors a round the museum, construction
______had taken
more than three years.
A.
for which
B.
with which
C. of which
D. to which
English is a language shared by several
diverse culture, _________ uses it differently.
A.
all of which
B. each of which
C.
all of them
D. each of them
阅读原则：
1.
将介词和先行词搭配。
2.
将介词和从句中的谓语搭配。
练习：In the dark street, there wasn’t a
single person _
____she could turn for
help.
A. that
B.
who
13
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
C.
from whom
D. to whom
定语从句写作应用：
?
对比观点式作文万能第一句
?
There is no
denying the fact that ….has been a prevalent topic
with which
university
students
are
confronted.
And
there
is
no
consensus
of
opinion
among people
concerning the controversial issue.
定语从句翻译原则：
1.
前置法：若定语从句结构简短，
把从句翻译成带“的”的词组，放置于被修饰的词
之前。
2.
拆分
法：若定语从句结构复杂，需拆分成两句翻译，并重复先行词。
e.x.
Social
science
is
that
branch
of intellectual
enquiry
which
seeks to
study
humans and their endeavors in the
systematic, manner that natural scientists
use for the study of natural phenomena.
e.x. Anyone whose goal is “something
higher” must expect someday to suffer
vertigo, what is vertigo? Fear of
falling? No, vertigo is something other than fear
of
falling. It is the voice of the
emptiness below us which tempts and lures us. It
is the
desire to fall against which we
defend ourselves.
七．长难句阅读及翻译方法
1
）分析和拆分结构
基本原则
14
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
－拆分主从句。
（复合句）
－拆分主干和修饰。
（简单句）
－利用信号词。
信号词原则：
1.
连词：
－
and, or, but, yet, for
等连接并列句的连词。
－连接状语从句的连接词：
when, as, since,
until,
before, after, where,
because, since, though,
although, so that
2.
关系词：
－
who, whom, whose, what,
which ,whatever, whichever,
when, where, how, why
3.
介词：
－
on, in, with, at, of, to
4.
不定式符号：
to
5.
分词：过去分词和现在分词常构成修饰语
6.
标点符号
3
）调整翻译语序
定语的语序
－中文的定语一般在修饰词之前，
英文简单定语在前，复杂定语（短语或定语从句）通
常在后。
15
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
前置法：简单定语译为“的”结构
拆分法：复杂定语单独译为一句，重复先行词。
练习长难句分析结构：
--The first time that the question
“
What is at the bottom of
oceans
”
? had to be
answered with any commercial
consequence was when the laying of a telegraph
cable from Europe to America was
proposed.
--
C
reating
a
“European
identity”
that
respects
the
different
cultures
and
traditions which go to
make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent
is no
easy task and demands a strategic
choice.
不同的文化和传统将欧洲大陆连接在一起，创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的欧洲身份并
不是一件容易的事，需要人们作出策略性的选择。
状语的语序
－
简短状语放在修饰动词之前，复杂状语（状语从句）在
整个句子的主干之前或之
后翻译。
逻辑顺序：前因后果多主动
状语从句
一
.
概述
①
九类状语从句
---
时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式
16
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
②
状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连
接起来，以表达分句之间的特定的逻辑关系。
1.
时间状语从句
（
if
）
?
When
you
consciously
undergo
a
major
life
transition,
be
patient
with
yourself.
常见其他连词：
unless
（除非）
，
once
（一旦）
,
in case
（以免
)
?
1. It is always
the best policy to speak the truth----unless, of
course, you are
an exceptionally good
liar.
?
2. All truths are easy to understand
once they are discovered; the point is
how to discover them .
?
3. Take more
money, in case (that) some accident happens.
注意：如何区分
< br>where
引导的定语从句和地点状语从句
如何区分
when
引导的定语从句和时间状语从句
判断原则：若是定语从句，则
where
前面必须有被修饰的地点名词；若
where
前面没有
被修饰的名词，则为地点状语从句。
2.
条件状语从句
常见连词：
if
－
Fear is your
best friend or your worst enemy. It is like fire.
If you can control it, it
can cook for
you or heat your you can’t , it will burn
everything around
you, even destroy
you.
（双刃剑的比喻写法）
－
If
you
are
not
born
to
be
intelligent,
please
make
sure
that
you
are
at
least
17
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
diligent .
若非天赋异禀，但愿足够奋进。
－
If Winter comes, can Spring
be far behind?
---
Ode to the
West Wind
3.
让步状语从句
Although
the world is full of suffering, it is also full of
the overcoming of it.
----Hellen
Keller
虽然世间多苦难，但苦难总是能战胜的。
纵有苦难千种，亦存正道万般。
让步状语从句的难点
1)whatever/ however/ whenever/wherever/
whichever
既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。
2) no matter what/ how/ when/ where/
which
=whatever/ however/
whenever/ wherever/ whichever
练习判断：Whoever he is isn’t so important.
主语从句
I didn’t want to know
whatever he thought.
宾语从句
whatever he needs, we will satisfy him
at once.
状语从句
No matter what
he needs, we will satisfy him at
once.
状语从句
注意：
no matter
系列
只引导状语从句，表示“无论…”
no matter
系列不能引导名词性从句，
让步状语从句的倒装句：
As
引导的让步倒装句
18
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
adj/adv
分词
+as +
主语
+
谓语动词
名词（无冠词）
e.g.
Young/Child as he is, he is knowledgeable.
As
引导的让步倒装句的写作应用
（引出另一种观点）
Wonderful as … is, however, it is not
without
shortcomings.
正常语序的让步状语从句
Despite/In spite of/ all the merits,
they bring their own negative effects.
As
引导的让步倒装句在写作中的应用
1.
图画／图表作文：
Simple
as
the
picture
is,
the
symbolic
meaning
should
be
considered
with
more insight.
2.
话题性作文：
Indispensable as XX is, its unfavorable
factors are apparent to be found in the
following aspects.
（六）状语从句难点及应用
19
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
状语从句的省略
1.
While visiting
the city, they received a warm welcome.
2.
When asked why
he was late, he kept silent.
3.
Once begun, it
must be done well.
4.
Write to me if necessary.
注意：当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句中含有系动
词，则将从句主语和
系动词一起省略。
（注意：必须一起）
状语从句三大难点：
难点
1.
while
< br>1
）引导时间状语从句。当…时候，后面必须是持续性动词
Strike while the iron is hot.
2
）引导让步状语从句。一般位于句首，表示尽管。
--While I disapprove of what you say, I
would defend to the death that
your right to
say it.
----Voltaire
-- While so many people are
out smelling the flowers, someone is taking the
time to plant some.
3)
句中的
while
You
can
wear
out
iron
shoes
in
fruitless
search,
while
you
may
hit
on
what
you
need without even looking
for it.
We judge ourselves
by what we feel capable of doing, while others
judge us by
what we have already done.
20
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
阅读：
While the leading actor
on the stage captures our attention, we are aware
of
the importance of the supporting
players and the scenery of the play itself.
难点
2. since
1.
引导时间状语从句：表自从，主句为完成时态
2.
引导原因状语从句：表因为
——
Since
the
dawn
of
human
ingenuity,
people
have
devised
ever
more
cunning tools to cope
with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome,
or just
plain nasty. (02
考研阅读理解
)
——
Open source spying does have its risks,
of course, since it can be
difficult to tell good
information from bad.
难点
3:
as
1
）引导时间状语从句
:
表随着，强调两个动作的同时进行
- As self-acceptance grows,
shyness naturally diminishes.
- How we see ourselves as we try a new
way of being is essential to
our ability to grow.
2)
引导原因状语从句
As there was very little support, the
strike was not successful.
3) as
引导让步状语从句的倒装句
（前面讲过）
21
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
状语从句的写作应用：
?
询问信正文
第一段：写信目的
第二段：正文
①As
I
am
particularly
interested
in……,
I
would
like
to
obtain/request
about
some relevant
information as regards…….
②
万能句
I would be
grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me
with
certain essential information
regarding the following aspect. First, …,and
second,…
③必要时增加这句
Meanwhile, I
won
der if it is convenient for you to
send me ……., and your
instant
assistance will contribute to my
project/plan/paper.
投诉信：
第一段：①写信目的（前面课讲过）
第二段：
②
事件大概经过，
which has put me into
great inconvenience.
③
加分句
Given
well-deserved
reputation
of
your
store,
I
am
sure
you
will
do
everything possible to resolve this
problem instantly.
?
第三段
①
感谢看信
?
I am indebted to you for your attention
to my letter
?
I appreciate your attention to my
letter
?
I would like to express my gratitude to
you for your attention to
22
女神孔玮全能语法班总结
②
诸多不便打扰了
?
Let me apologize for
any inconveniences I may have caused.
③
期待回
信
+
再次感谢
?
I
look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest
convenience.
?
Your prompt attention to my inquiry
would be highly appreciated.
?
My appreciation
to you for your generous help is beyond words.
?
Words fail me
when I want to express my heartfelt gratitude.
④
有疑问者请联系
?
--
I
hope
these
information
will
be
helpful,
and
please
feel
Don’t hesitate to contact for more
information (at 82876655)
?
落款
?
公务信函
Yours
sincerely,/truly,/respectfully,
?
私人信函
Yours
sincerely,/cordially,/faithfully,
?
署名
Li Ming
（七）指代专题及非谓语动词引入
1
）指代的基本理解：
－辨识：
it; they; this; that;
which
－本质：逻辑完整－语言简洁
free.
--
23
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