-
非谓语动词
p>
遇到有关非谓语动词的单选题,
可以根据句中的搭配结构、
非谓语的主被动形式和非谓语
的“时态”三个角度,从语言的结构到语义
由简单到复杂依次排选。
第一步:
根
据非谓语形式在句中可作的成分来分析空白处可填入的非谓语形式,
看能否在不定
式、分词和动名词几个形式之间先排除一个或几个。
非谓语动词在句中可作成分一览表
不定式
分词
动名词
主语
√
√
宾语
√
√
表语
√
√
√
定语
√
√
√
状语
√
√
宾补
√
√
注:
1).the
< br>?
分词也可用作主语和宾语;
2).
现在分词完成式不作定语。
1
.
非谓语
形式作主语或宾语时,除“
the
?
分
词”外一般只能用不定式或动名词。其中
不定式作介词的宾语时要使用“特殊疑问词
p>
?
不定式”结构。
例如:
1
).It’s very
kind of you to help us.
2).Fighting broke out between the South
and the North.
3).The driver failed to
see other cars at the moment .
4).Please show us how to do that.
2
.
p>
作状语时,不定式表示目的以及
so/as
?
to
do
和
(only)to
do
中的结果状语,其它状语
都用分词来表示。<
/p>
例如:
1).To sleep
late the next morning,he turned off the alarm
clock.
(
“非谓语
?
主句”模式中,非谓语在句首而且由逗号与主句隔开,此句中的
不定式只
作目的状语;此时的分词表示时间、原因或条件状语,有时分词前可加
when,whi
le,if,before, after,as
和
thoug
h
等连词,
如:
①
Given more attention,the trees could
have grown better.
②
When asked,never be
silent.
)
2).He came here only to say good-bye to
us.
(不定式在句中作目的状语时它前面不能用逗号)
3).He spoke a lot at the
conference,only to show his ignorance on the
topic.
(不定式在主句之后,又有逗号与主句隔开时
常用
(only)to
do
形式表示
出乎主语意
料的结果)
第二步:在第
一步的基础上从非谓语的主被动形式这个角度进行筛选。
1
.
非谓语
用作主语或状语时,
一般根据它们的逻辑主语来判断主被动形式的选用;
若无
逻辑主语,则以主句主语为判断对象。
例如:
1).Using the dictionary,I
found it of great use.
(作状语的分词逻辑主语和主句主语相同时,逻辑主语常省去)
2
).It’s so ni
ce
to hear your voice.
3).Seeing is
believing.
(不带逻辑主语的不定式或动名词作主语时,通常看作第一人称
的逻辑主语省略)
注意以下特殊情况中非谓语一律用主动式:
< br>①主语
?
系动词
?
形容词
?
不定式
②
need/want/require(
需要
)
?
doing
③
be worth doing
2
.
作宾语或表语时,要根据主句主语来分析主被动形式。
例如:
1).The little girl would
like to be brought to the State with her brother.
2).His story in
the jungle is very exciting.
3
.
作定语时,应根据被修饰词来选用主被动形式。
例如:
1
).I have a
room to paint,so I can’t go out for a picnic with
them.
2).We have a room to
be can we find a worker?
(
当
句中出现了作定语的不定式动词的执行者时用主动式,否则用被动式
)
4
.
作宾补
的非谓语主被动形式要根据非谓语动词与宾语的关系来确定。
例如:
1).
Don’t have
the water running like that.
2).She sat
alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the
ceiling.
第三步:
经过第一、
二两步分析仍未能作出最后选择时,
可能会剩下不定式和分词内部不同的
式之间的选择,即非谓语的“时态”
,这时可通过比较非谓语动词和谓语动词
所发生的先后来
判别。
1
.
不定式的一般式
to do/to be
done
常用在
①表示非谓语动词发生在谓语之后;
例如:
1).I hope to see you
again soon.
2).Who do you think our
teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?
②表示与谓语动词同时发生的一个全过程动作或谓语当时所处的状态。
例如:
4).Have you seen a little
boy go into the house?
5).He seems to know that.
2
.不定式的进行式
to be
doing
和现在分词的一般式
doing/being d
one
只用来表示非谓语动
词和谓语动词同时发生。
例如:
1).The secretary
worked late into the night, preparaing the long
speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when
Mother came in.
3
.不定式完成式
to have
done/to have been
done
和现在分词完成式
having
done/having been
done
均表示动作发生在谓语之前。
例如:
1).He is said to have
left.
2).Not having heard from him,I
wrote to him again.
4
.词常表示发生
在谓语之前而及物动词的过去分词则可以指发生在谓语之前或与谓语同时
的状态。
例如:
1).fallen
leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his
hands tied behind.
若非谓语形式正确而词义仍不同者则需从句义来考虑。
非谓语
动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生,
非谓语动词的<
/p>
完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
1.
动词不定式
例
1
:
A
lot of young people are learning to drive cars.
(
同时发生
)
例
2
:
All
of us expected to discover a new oil field.
(
非谓语动词动作发生在后
)
例
3
:
He
is said to have studied English for three years.
(
非谓语动词动作发生在前
)
注:动词不定式的完成式有时用在
intended,
expected, meant, were to, was to
等过去式的动词
后
面,表示未实现的行为。例如:
1)I meant to have sent the book to you
by mail.
(我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。
)
2)He was to have been the new
ambassador, but he fell ill. (
他原是要任新大使的
,
但是他病了。
)
2.
动名词
例
1
:
I
am thinking of getting a new dictionary.
(
非谓语动词动作发生在后
)
例
2
:
We
enjoy watching colour TV
.
(
与谓语动词动作同时
)
例
3
:
He
forgot having promised to write things for us.
(非谓语动词动作发生在前。
)
3.
分词
例
1
:
Singing a
song, he came into the room.
(非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生)
例
2
:
Having
written his composition, he went to have a heart
to heart talk with Wang.
(
非谓语动词
动作发生在前
)
非谓语动词的比较
1.
动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较
(1
)
一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的,时间概念不强,不是指
某
一次的动作;而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。例如:
1
)
I like
swimming, but I don
’
t like
to swim today.
2) They prefer staying
indoors when the weather is cold.
3)
Would you prefer to stay at home this evening? <
/p>
(2)
动词不定式的逻辑主语,常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词
;而动名词的逻辑主语可能是
句子主语或句中某个词,也可能是泛指一般人物,在句子里
是找不着的。例如:
1
)
I hate to be
sitting idle. (
我不想闲坐着。
)
(指自己)
2
)
I hate saying
nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (
p>
我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。
)
(
可
能指自己,也可能泛指一般人)
(3)
有些词后既可接动名词亦
...
1
不定式作宾语
1)
动词
+
不定式
afford
aim
appear
agree
arrange
ask
be
decide
bother
care
choose
come
dare
demand
desire
determine
expect
elect
endeavor
hope
fail
happen
help
hesitate
learn
long
mean
manage
offer
ought
plan
prepare
pretend
promise
refuse
seem
tend
wait
wish
undertake
The driver failed to see
the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your
question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2
)动词
+
不定式<
/p>
;
动词
p>
+
宾语
+
不定式<
/p>
ask, beg, choose, expect ,
hate, help intend like, love, need
pre
fer, prepare, promise, want,
wish…
I like to keep everything
tidy.
我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to
keep everything tidy.
我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak
to Tom.
我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to
speak to Tom.
我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3
)
动词<
/p>
+
疑问词
+ to
decide,
know,
consider
forget,
learn,
remember,
show,
understand,
see,
wonder,
hear,
find
out,
explain, tell
Please show us how to do that.
请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of
tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my
mind which to
buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
p>
注意
:
疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓
语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into
practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2
不定式作补语
1)
动词
+
宾语
+
不定式
(to do)
advise
allow
appoint
believe
cause
challenge
command
compel
consider
declare
drive
enable
encourage
find
forbid
force
guess
hire
imagine
impel
induce
inform
instruct
invite
judge
know
like
order
permit
persuade
remind
report
request
require
select
send
state
suppose
tell
think
train
trust
understand
urge
warn
a.
Father will not allow us to play on the
street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b.
We
believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find
的特殊用法:
Find
后可用分词做宾补,
p>
或先加形式宾语,
再加形容词,
最后加带<
/p>
to
的动词不定式。
find
后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有
get
,
p>
have
。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to
learn.
I found
that to learn English is important.
The next morning she found
the man ___ in
bed
,
dead.
A. lying
B. lie
C. lay
D.
laying
< br>答案:
的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作
用。现在分词表达主动,也表
达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be
的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge,
believe,
consider,
think,
declare(
p>
声称
),
discover,
fancy(
设
想
),
feel
find,
guess,
judge ,imagine, know,
prove,
see(
理解
), show ,suppose,
take(
以为
),
understand
We consider Tom
to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
Charles Babbage
is generally considered
___
the first computer.
A. to invent
B.
inventing
C. to
have invented
D.
having invented
答案:
A.
由
consider to do sth.
排除
B
、
D
< br>。
.
此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即<
/p>
可。而
C
为现在完成时,发明为点动词一
般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因
此不选
C
p>
。
3) to be
+
形容词
Seem,
appear,
be said,
be supposed,
be believed,
be thought,
be
known,
be
reported,
hope,
wish,
desire,
want,
plan,
expect,
mean…
The book is believed to be
uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4)
there
be+
不定式
believe,
expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want,
wish, undrstand
We didn't
expect there to be so many people
there.
我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意
:
有些动词需用
as
短语做补语,如
regard, think
believe, take, consider.
We
regard Tom as our best teacher.
我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father
.
玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
3
不定式主语
1
)
It's easy (for me) to do
that.
我做这事太容易了
easy,
difficult,
hard,
important,
possible,
impossible,
comfortable,
necessary,
better;
the first,
the next,
the last,
the best,
too much,
too
little,
not enough
It's so nice to hear your
voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car
when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help
us.
他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind,
nice,
stupid,
rude,
clever,
foolish,
thoughtful,
thoughtless,
brave,
considerat
e(
考虑周到的
),
silly,
selfish(
自私的
)
例句
:
It was silly of us to believe
him.
我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give
them anything.
他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:
1)
其他系动词如,
look
,
appear
等也可用于此句型
2)
不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3)
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用
It
is… to…
的句型
(
对
)To see is to
believe.
百闻不如一见。
4 I
t's for
sb.
和
It's of sb.
1
)
for
sb.
常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,
如
easy,
hard,
difficult,
interesting,
impossible
等:
It's very hard
for him to study two languages.
对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2
)
of sb
的句型一般用表示人物的性格,
品德,
表示主观感情或态度的
形容词,
如
good, kind, nice,
clever, foolish,
right
。
It's very nice
of you to help me.
你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
for
与
of
的辨别方法:
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个
句子。如果道理上通顺用
of
,不通则用
for
。如:
You are
nice.
(
通顺,所以应用
of)
。
He is
hard.
(
人是困难的,不通,因
此应用
for
。
)
5
不定式作表语
不定式可放在
be
动词后面,形成表语。例如:
My
work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a
doctor.
6
不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:
I
have a lot of work to do.
So
he made some candles to give light.
7
不定式作状语
1
)目的状语
To… only to
(
仅仅为了
),
in order to,
so
as to,
so(such)… as to… (
如此
……
以便
……)
He
ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say
good-bye to you.
我来仅仅是向你告别。
2
)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I
said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find
nothing.
3)
表原因
I'm glad to see you.
The chair looks rather hard, but in
fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A.
sit
B. sit
on
C. be
seat
D. be sat
on
答案:
B.
< br>如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于
<
/p>
形容词
+
动词不定式
结构的末尾。
8
用作介词的
to
to
有两种用法:
一为不定式
+
动词原形;
一为介词
+
名词
/
动名
词
, to
在下面的用法中是
第二种,即
to+
名词
/
动名词:
admit to
承认,
confess
to
承认,
be
accustomed to
习惯于,
be used to
习惯于,
stick to
坚持,
turn
to
开始,
着手于,
devote oneself to
献身于,
be devoted
to
致力于,
look
forward to
盼望,
pay
attention to
注意
9
省
to
的动词不定式
1
)
情态动词
(
除
ought
外,
ought
to)
:
2
)
使役动词
let, have,
make
:
3
)
感官动词
see, watch,
look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell,
feel, find
等后作宾补,
省
略
to
。
注意:在被动语态中则
to
不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made
them work the whole night.=They were made to work
the whole night.
4
)
would rather
,
had
better
:
5
)
Why… / why not…
:
6
)
help
可带
to
< br>,也可不带
to, help sb (to) do
sth
:
7
)
but
和
except
:
but
前是动词
do
时,后面出现
的动词用不带
to
的动词不定式。
8
)
由
and, or
和
< br>than
连接的两个不定式,第二个
to
可以省去:
9
)
通常在
discover, imagine,
suppose, think,
understand
等词后,可以省去
to
be
:
He is supposed
(to be) nice.
他应该是个好人。
举例:
He wants to move to
France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较:
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe
anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I
usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A.
to try going
B.
trying to
go
C.
to try and go
D.
try
going
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