-
谓语的常见用法
Ⅰ．概说
A
．英语句子结构相对简单
1
．
5
种类型的谓语
1326
在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有
5
种类型的谓语。
第一类包含一个不及物动词（Ⅳ）：
He came
．
My wife cried
．
第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（
TV
＋
O
）：
John likes me
．
His uncle wrote
letters
．
第三类包含一个双
宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（
DV+IO+DO
）：
They teach me
English
．
I bought
Mary sugar
．
第四类包含
一个系动词及主语补语（
LV
＋
C
）：
He is a
teacher
．
She
looks sad
．
第五类包含一
个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（
FV
＋
O
＋
C
）：
We made him king
．
She left the house
dirty
．
2
．动词的短语形式
1327
不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例
句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他
动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的
短语或成语。例如
“
及物动词
+
名词
”
可以看
作是一
种不及物动词：
He lost
heart
．（他灰心了。）
This habit has struck
root
．（这种习惯已根深蒂固）
下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：
I looked for my lost
dictionary
．（我在找我弄失的字典。）
He paid attention to his
lesson
．（他很注意他的功课。）
He gave up
drinking
．（他戒酒了。）
He is afraid of
blood
．（他怕血。）
He
can't get along with
anyone
．（他和谁都处不好。）
下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：
I waited for him to
come
．（我等他来。）
详见
1182
—
1206
节。
3
．宾语的
9
种形式
1328
此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有
9
种东西
可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补
动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称
作名词等同体（
Noun
－
Equiv
alent
），名
词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：
I know
John
（名词）．
She
kept the floor dirty
．
I will teach John
Chinese
．
I know
him
（代词）．
She kept
it clean
．
That
depends upon them
．
He threw out an apple of
discord
（名词短语）．
I
have just visited the Board of
Trade
．
I am not
fond of wild goose chase
．
This matter interests the rich and the
poor
（
the
+
形容词或分词）．
The
general visited the dying and the
wounded
．
I know the long and<
/p>
（
the
）
short of this
case
．
He wants to
go to college
（不定式）．
She refuses to marry
me
．
I asked to
see a friend in prison
．
He is fond of swimming in the
morning
（动名词）．
He
avoids meeting any of his
friends
．
I
postponed going to the
doctor
．
I know
that she loves me
（
that
引起的从句）．
I am sure that
you will succeed
．
Is he afraid that he will be
defeated
？
I wonder what he
wants
（疑问词引起的从句）．
I asked where he had
been
．
I don't
know which way I should go
．
I don't know what to
do
（疑问词引起的不定式）．
I
am doubtful how to settle this
problem
．
I do not
care where to eat dinner
．
4
．补语的
15
种形式
1329
不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的
9
种名
词等同体以及下面例句中的
6
种形容
词
等同体（
Adjective
－
Equ
iva
－
lent
）都可用作系动词或
宾补动词的补语。
名词及名词等同体作补语：
He
is a king
（名词）．
We
chose him chairman
．
It is me
（代词）．
He became a fish out of
water
（名词短语）．
I
find it a moot point
．
The victims are always the
poor
（
the
+
形容词）．
To respect
others is to be
respected
（不定式）．
Seeing is
believing
（动名词）．
His purpose is that all children should
be educated
（
that
引
起的从句）．
The problem is who is
to blame
（疑问词引起的从句）．
My problem is how to
learn
（疑问词引起的不定式）．
形容词及形容词等同体作补语：
He
seems happy
（形容词）．
You look young
．
He makes me
angry
．
He is
out
（地点副词）．
The
show is over
．
Time is up
．
He is at
home
（介词短语）．
We
are on good terms
．
He leaves his desk out of
order
．
It seems
interesting
（现在分词）．
The situation grows
encouraging
．
I
saw Mary smoking
．
I am
astonished
（过去分词）．
He looked
frightened
．
I had
my clothes washed
．
He is to
blame
（不定式）．
It is
to be thrown away
．
He wants his daughter to marry a rich
man
．
5
．再复杂的句子也可简化
1330
因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式
看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变
得简单化。例如我们可以把
I know that he does not like to live in this count
ry
．中的
10
个斜体词和
I know John
．
中的一个斜体词看作是
有同一语法作用的东西，
因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。
我
们也可把
He begged to see a friend
in prison
．
中的
6
个斜体词和
He begged p
ardon
．
中的一个斜体
词看作是作
用相等，因为两者都是宾语。
同样，我们也可把
He is to come to the
office at eight
．中的
7
个斜体词和
He is punctual
．中的一
个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面
4
个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们
却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是
起及物动词作用的词组：
He likes
chocolate
．（他喜欢巧克力。）
He is fond of
teaching
．（他爱教书。）
John pays attention to his
business
．（约翰关心他的买卖。）
I am sure that he will be a good
husband
．（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）
此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不
等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的
目
的。
B
．何种谓语类型用何种动词
1
．
47<
/p>
种谓语类型
1331
我们一方面有不同形式的动词，另一方面有不同形式的宾语及补语。把它们结合起来，再
加上一些其他因素，我们可以得出
47
种基本的谓语类
型，这几乎代表了英语中的各种可能的谓
语。我们可能读到的或写出的任何谓语，几乎都
可以（而且应当）纳入这些类型。这
47
种类型
可列举如下：
IV
有
3
种类型
TV
＋
O
有
15
种类型
DV
＋
IO
＋
DO
有
5
种类型
LV
＋
C
有
13
种类型
FV
＋
O
＋<
/p>
C
有
11
种类型
5
类谓语
共
有
47
种类型
2
．一个特定动词只能用在几个特定
的谓语类型中
1332
为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：
a
．
I know him to
work hard
．
b
．
We want him to
come
．
c
．
She let us to
use her car
．
d
．
They suppose
all of us to obey
．
e
．
John saw Mary
to walk with a boy
．
< br>所有这些句子的谓语都属于第
42
种类型，即
“
宾补动词
+
名词
+
不定式
”
，但只有
b
．句的谓语是
正确的，因为只有
want
这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下
面句子：
a
．
I tried
advising her
．
b
．
I asked seeing
the boss
．
c
．
He thinks going
with you
．
d
．
We wish moving
to another place
．
e
．
They refused
helping us
．
上面所有谓
语都属于第
13
种类型，
即
“
及物动词
+
动名词
”
，
但只有
a
．
句是正确的，
因为动词
< br>tried
可用于这种类型，而其他动词不可这样用。
从上面
10
个例句我们可以看出，一个
特定动词只能用在某一特定的类型中，在一特定类型中，
一个特定的动词能用还是不能用
，完全是一个习惯用法的问题。
1333
< br>从下面句子中可以看出
know
可用在多少类型的谓语中
：
I know John
．（及物
动词
+
名词）（正确）
I know John to come tomorrow
．（宾补动词
+
名词
+
不定式）（错误）
I know that
John comes tomorrow
．（及物动词
+th
at
引起的从句）（正确）
I
know to answer this question
．（及物动词
+
不定式）（错误）
I
know the work easy
．（宾补动词
+
名词
+
形容词）（错误）
I know how to answer this question
．（及物动词
+
疑问词引起的不定式）（正
确）
I know the work to be eas
y
．（宾补动词
+
名词
+to be+
形容词）（正确）
I know John coming
（宾补动词
+
名词
+
现在分词）．（
错误）
I know organizing a
political party
（及物动词
+
动名词）．（错误）
从上面例句我们可以看出某些动
词只能用在
47
种类型的某些类型中，不能在许多类型中使用。
3
．一个
特定的谓语类型中只能用某些特定的动词
1334
有些类型中可以使用很多动词，另一些却只能使用少量动词。例如在
“<
/p>
系动词
+that
引起的
从句
”
这种类型中只能用
be
这一个动词。
在
“
不及物动词
+
介词
+
疑问词引起的从句
”
这种类型中约
< br>可用
20
个动词，在
“
及物动词
+
不定式或动名词
”
这类类型中，约可用
50
个动词
，而在
“
及物动词
+that
引起的从句
”
这种类型中，约可用
150
个动词。每种类型中能用的动词，在本单元中将几乎
< br>全部列出并加上例句，
以便读者了解并掌握什么动词在何种类型中使用。
不过某些谓语类型中可
用的动词极多（可说是成百上千）。在这种情况下
只能给出一小部分动词。
C
．谓语类型与句型
1335
关于上面提到的类型有几点值得注意：
1
．动词只须与主语在人称和数上一致，因此它们之间的关系相对比较简单。而动词和
宾语及补
语的关系比较复杂，
这在下面
47
种谓语类型中可清楚看出。
如果对主语不加考虑，
这
47
种谓语
类型也就
是
47
种句型。事实上在下面讨论中，谓语类型的公式都采用<
/p>
“S
＋
TV
＋<
/p>
N”
，
“S+DV
＋
N
＋
N”
，
“S
＋
FV
＋
N
＋
A”
这
类形式，里面包含了主语（
S
），因此也就代表了句型。
2
．一个句型可以包含一个简单句：
John knows how to play
football
．
He
avoided meeting her at some
party
．
3
．它也可以包含一个带有宾语从句的复合句：
He
knows what you are doing
．
I asked where he got
it
．
4
．但并列句中至少需有两个句型：
I have decided to
go
（一个句型）
and he will go
too
（一个句型），
but she decides to
remain at
home
（一个句型）．（共包含三个句型）
D
．修饰语与独立成分
1336
句型指一个完整句子的骨
架，它可包含任何数量的修饰语（即形容词、副词及起同样作用
的其他词语）
。
这些修饰语可能在意思上很重要，
但在语法上却
是可以删除的，
在我们考虑句型，
也就是句子的基本结构时，<
/p>
可以对它们不加考虑。
所有下面句子都属于同一句型，
即
“
主语
+
及物
动词
+
名词
”
，但却可包含不同类型的修饰语（斜体部分）。最后包含
25
个词的句子和第一个包
含
4
个词的句子同属一个句型：
I
saw a house
．
I
saw a big house
．
I saw a big house on the opposite
side
．
I saw a big
house on the opposite
side
，
which was said to be
haunted by a ghost
．
Yesterday I
saw a big
house…
．
Yesterday
when I sailed down the river I saw a big
house…
．
修饰语在后面将作详
细讨论。句型还可以包含一个独立成分，但基本结构不变。
所
有下面句子都属于同一句型，即
“
主语
+
系动词
+
补语
”
：
That man is
crazy
．
Oh
！
that man is
crazy
．
Oh
！
that man is
crazy
，
I am
sure
．
Oh
！
that man is
crazy
，
you may be sure
，
Mary
．
E
．句型的用法
1337
在下面讨论中，所列出能
用于某句型的动词的数目只是大致估计。列出的目的只是说明某
一句型使用范围大致有多
广。一般说来，数目越小，越难使用，因为如果这个句型只限于用少数
动词，则用错的机
会更多。
1338
偶尔也会有些例
外的句子无法归入这
47
种句型的任何一个。
< br>但如果把某些不规则的动词短
语适当转换为规则的动词短语，则它们大部分仍可归
入某些句型：
I have a good mind
（
=intend
）
to punish you
．（
have a good m
ind
可能换为
intend
，则句型
将是
“
主
语
+
及物动词
+
不定式
”
。）
He will
have it
（
=insists
）
that I have cheated him
．（主语
+
及物动词
+
that
引起的从句）
“Who
has taken my pen
？
”“John
（
has taken your
pen
）．
”
（
I
）
Beg
（
your
）
pardon
．
（
It
was
）
No sooner said
than
（
it
was
）
done
．
（
You
）
Live and let
（
othe
rs
）
live
．
（
I wish
you
）
Good
luck
！
1339
确定一个句子属于哪个句型是有好处的。
下面的句子都是错的，
因为它们不代表
47
种句型
中的任何一个：
1
．
I hear about
that John has arrived
．（主语
+
不及物动词
+
介词
+that
引起的从句）
2
．
I paid
attention what he was doing
．（主语
< br>+
及物动词
+
名词
+
疑问词引起的从句）
3
．
He is afraid of
that he will be assassinated
．（主语
+
系动词
+
形容词
+
介词
+that
引起的
从句）
4
．
He is afraid
being assassinated
．（主语
+
系动词
+
形容词
+
动名词）
5
．
I know that who
has broken the window
．（主语
+
及物动词
+that+
疑问词引起的从句）
6
．
We
want peaceful
．（主语
+
及物动词
+
形容词）
这些句型应改正如下：
正确句型
正确句子
1
．主语
+
及物动词
+that
引
I hear that John
has ar-
起的从句
rived
．
2
．主语
+
及物动词
+
名词
+ I paid attention to
what
介词
+
疑问词引起的从句<
/p>
he was
doing
．
3
．主语
+
系动词
+
形容词
+ He is afraid that he will
that
引起的从句
be assassinated
．
4
．主语
+
系
动词
+
形容词
+ He is
afraid of being as-
介词
+
动名词
sassinated
．
5
．主语
+
及物动词
+
疑问词
I
know who has broken
引起的从句
the window
．
6
．主语
+
及物动词
+
名词
We
want peace
．
其次，应确定使用的动词是否适合用于某个谓语类型。
F
．
47<
/p>
种句型的公式
1340
每种句型都可以用一个公式来代表，例如：
“S
＋
IV”
，
“S
＋
TV
＋
N”
，
“S
＋
LV
＋
AP”
，
“S
＋
FV
＋
N
+ PaP”
，
“S
＋
DV
＋
N
＋
< br>that
－
Cl”
．下面列出了
代表某些词的缩写形式：
S=
Subject
（主语）
PaP
＝
Past
Participle
（过
O=
Object
（宾语）
去分词）
C=
Complement
（补语）
N=
Noun or Pronoun
（名
IO= Indirect
Object
（间接
词或代词）
宾语）
R= Reflexive
Pronoun
（反
DO=
Direct Object
（直接
身代词）
宾语）
A=
Adjective
（形容词）
IV= Intransitive
Verb
（不
P=
Preposition
（介词）
及物动词）
AP
＝
Adverb of
Place
，
or
TV
＝
Transitive
Verb
（及
Adverbial
Particle
，
as
物动词）
in
，
out
，
up
，
away
DV= Dative
Verb
（双宾动
（地点副词或副词性小
词）
品词）
LV
＝
Linking
Verb
（系动
词）
W
－
Cl =
Interrogative-
FV= Factitive
Verb
（宾补
Clause
，（疑问词引起的动词）
从
句，由
w
hether
，
I=
Infinitive
（不定式）
w
hat
，
which
，
who
，
G=
Gerund
（动名词）
whom<
/p>
，
whose
，
where
，
PrP =
Present Participle when
，
why<
/p>
，
how
引
（现在分词）
起）
That-Cl= Noun-Clause inn
．＝
innumreable
＝
hun-
（
that
引起的名词从
< br>
dreds or
thousands
（无
句）
数，成百上千）
“·”
表示它前后的词构成成语，如
IV
．
P
，
LV
．
< br>A
．
P
．，
TV
．
N
．
P
，
LV
．
PaP
，它们包含
2
个
或
3
个词。
1341
一个
“+”
号表示这个句型包含
2
个基本成分，即主语及不及物动
词，如：
S+IV
S+IV
．
AP
2
< br>个
“+”
号表示这个句型包含有
3
个基本成分，即主语，及物动词及宾语，如：
S+TV+N S+IV
．
P+
that
－
Cl
S+LV
．
A
．
P+G
或指另外
3
个成分，如主语、系动词及补语：<
/p>
S+LV+A S+LV+ that-Cl
S+LV+P
．
N
< br>3
个
“+”
号表示这个句型包含
4
个成分：主语、双宾动词、间接宾语及直接宾语，如：
S+DV+N+N S+DV+N+W-Cl
S+DV+N+ that-Cl
也可以是另外
4
个成分，如主语、宾补动词、宾语及（宾语）补语：
S+FV+N+A S+FV +N +PaP
S+IV
．
P+N+I
这里我们可以了解一个十分重要的事实，
即英语句子是很简单的，
它少则包含两个成分，
多则包
含四个成分。
了解了公式及图解的意义，现在就可开始藉助它们研究
47
种谓语类型或句型。注意：句子末尾
的星号表示
这个句子将在每一类句型讲完之后进行图解。
Ⅱ．
47
种
谓语类型（附公式及图解）
A
．各种不及物动词
1
．
S+I
V
（
John
laughed
．）
1342
不及物动词不跟有宾语或补语，其数量不可胜数：
They smiled
．
John
died
．
Mary walked
slowly
．
Fire
burns
．
I dreamed
last night
．
He wept
bitterly
．
You must dress for
dinner
．
That
depends
．
It does not
pay
．
1343
通常跟有宾语的及物动词，如果宾语可以猜出，着重点不是宾语，而是动词（动作）时，
可以把宾语省略，用作不及物动词：
A
tractor can cut
，
push
< br>，
pull
，
dig
，
lift
，
pump<
/p>
，
carry and
spray
．
The blind do not
see
．
We must
eat
．
I
will change
（
my
dress
）．
The knife cuts
well
．
I will
consider
．
If time
permits
．
He can
read
．
Don't
troubl
e
（
yourself
）．
The stain shows
（
itself
）．
They
married
（
each
other
）．
1344
有些动词用在表示数量的名词前，看起来像及物动词，实际上却是不及物动词：
< br>
The thermometer
rose
（
or
fell
）
two
degrees
．
He
waited ten minutes
．
The
wedding lasted three days
．
I walked five
miles
．
1345
图解：
2
．
S+IV
．
AP
（
John moved
in
．）
1346
无数的不及物动词可以跟有特定的地点副词，与之构成成语。但在多数情况下，这些副词
并不表示地点，而有其他意思，因此可以称作副词性小品词（
Adverbia
l Particle
）．
a
．
Don't answer
back
（
=answer
rudely
）
when a superior
speaks to you
．
He backs
away
（
=draws
back
）
from her because he has
made her angry
．
Don't
worry
，
I will never back
out
（
=fail to fulfil a
promise
）．
In order
to survive
，
we
must band together
（
=unite
）．
He barged in
（＝
inter
－
rupted
rudely
）
while we were
talking
．
The storm will soon
blow over
（
=pass away without
injurious
effect
）
．
The dynamite placed beneath the bridge
blew up
（
=exploded
）
．
He blows
up
（
=loses his
temper
）
at every small incide
nt
．
Quick
！
< br>The soup is boiling over
（
=over
－
flowing the side of a
pan
）．
Brace
up
（
=take
courage
）
if you really want
to get married
．
Many
prisoners broke
away
（
=suddenly
escaped
）．
Our car
suddenly broke down
（
=failed
to function
）
on our way
home
．
A fire broke
out
（＝
started suddenly and
violently
）
on Sixth
Street
．
Tears burst
forth
（
=suddenly
appeared
）．
b
．
She colours up<
/p>
（
=blushes
）
< br>if we mention her love
．
An
accident like this comes about
（
< br>=happens
）
every
day
．
My wife and I come
together
（＝
are
reconciled
）
after ten years
of quarrel
．
The seeds have
come up
（
=shot up
above the ground
）．
When we
were talking
，
a young man
came up
（
=approached
< br>）．
Three days after the
quarrel
，
I cooled
down
（
=became
calm
）．
She was shocked
at the bill
，
but
she had to cough up
（
=pay
，
perhaps
unwillingly
）．
Hardly a week
had he learned
computer science when he
cracked up
（
= suffered a
mental
breakdown
）
．
An
error may creep in
（
=steal
in
unnoticed
）
．
This
old empire crumbled away
（
=disintegrated
gradually
）
because of
misrule
．
I should
not take much
sugar
，
but I cannot cut down<
/p>
（
=lessen
）．
< br>
c
．
All members
of my family dine out
（
=eat
away from home
）
every
Sunday
．
They drink liquor
every
day and
can
－
not do
without
（
=dispense with
it
）．
We dressed
up
（
= put on formal
clothes
）
for a
banquet
．
I will
drop by
（
=call
casually
）
when I am
free
．
The production of rice
dropped off
（
=decreased
）
last
year
．
He dropped
out
（
=left school before
finishing his courses
）
at
fifteen
．
The well
has dried
up
（＝
become
dry
）
．
The road is
rough
，
we should ease
down
（
=lessen
speed
）
．
Let us
ease
down
（＝
work
less
，
make less
effort
）．
His reputation faded
out
（
=gradually
disappeared
）
after his
death
．
The country
fell apart
（
= fell to
pieces
）
because of civil
war
．
I never fall back
（
=re
－
treat
）
before
difficulties
．
Our country
falls behind
（
= drops
behind
）
in science and
technology
．
Let us fall
to
（
= begin to eat or to
work
．）
d
．
We were unable
to get by
（
=pass
）<
/p>
because the road was
blocked
．
She got down
< br>（
=dismounted
）
f
rom her horse
．
The train got
in
．
We got
off
（＝
started a
journey
）
．
How are
you getting on
？
I get up
at six in the
morning
．
At last I have to
give in
（
=yield
）
．
Rice is going
down
（
= becoming
cheaper
）
．
A
rumour went
forth
（＝
became
public
）．
The gun went off
（
=exploded
）
suddenly
．
Our work went on
（
=continued
）．
The candle has gone
out
（
= ceased to
burn
）．
I won't hold
back
（
=keep
behind
）
if
every
one goes forward
．
Since I
have started
，
I can't leave o
ff
（
=stop
）
< br>．
Look in
（
=Pay
a short visit
）
as you
pass
．
While all are
busy
，
don't look
on
（
=be a mere
spectator
）
．
Look
out
（
=Take
precaution
）
，
here
comes a truck
！
I moved
in
（
=moved into a
house
）
after he moved
out
．
All trouble will pass
away
（
=cease to
exist
）．
She passed away
（
=died
）
a
month ago
．
e
．
The clock ran
down
（
=stopped
running
，
because the battery
had exhausted itself
）．
She
ran on
（
=talked incessantly
）
．
Supplies have run
out
（
=become
exhausted
）
．
Bad
weather set in
（
=began
）
．
We
set
out
（
=set
off
）
on February
16
．
He settled
down
（
=established
himself
）
at a
small village
．
I
don't
want to listen any
more
，
so shut
up
！
He stood
aside
（
or apart
，
aloof
）
while we were
quarrelling
．
Some
stood back
（＝
retre
ated
）
，
some stood
out
（＝
refused to
yield
）
．
The
proposal will stand over
（
=be
postponed
）
till
next Friday
．
At the bad news
I stepped back from
surprise
．
The tyrant should
step down
（
=re-
sign
）
．
Many
volunteers stepped
forward
（
=offered
help
）
．
My brothers
quarrelled
，
but my father
never stepped in
（
=interfered
）
．
He
stowed away
（
=hid in a ship
or plane to get a free
ride
）
．
The band
struck up
（＝
began
to play
）．
He summed up
（
=summarized
）
after a debate
．
The son
tagged behind
（
or
along
）
（＝
followed
closely
）
wherever his mom
went
．
Before I think ahead
（
=anticipate
）
，
I think
back
（
=recall
）
．
Our business is just ticking
over
（
= getting on in a
routine way
）
．
We
touched down
（
=landed after a
flight
）
at 6 p
．
m
．
Many workers
walked out
（
=re- fused to
work
）．
1347
图解：
3
．
S+
IVp
（
This cloth wore
well
．）
1348
约有九十个不及物动词用于主动形式却有被动意义，它们通常和表示无生命东西的主语连< p>
用：
a
．
This play acts
excellently
．
The figures will
not add up
．
The bread bakes
well
．
The door blew
open
．
The candle
blew out
．
This bottle does
not break
．
The dust won't
brush off the hat
．
The
luggage
carries
easily
．
David's raincoat
caught on the nail
．
Some of
the documents don't seem to check with the
facts
．
This cannot
compare
（
favourably
）
with that
．
Some
of the sentences won't
construe
．
Potatoes
will cook
slowly
．
Every minute
counts
．
These people mostly
count for nothing
．
The
potatoes cropped
well last
year
，
but I think will crop
badly this year
．
This light
wood cuts like butter
．
The
pineapple
doesn't cut
easily
．
This piece of cloth
will cut up into two
suits
．
Instinct derives from
ancestors
．
Milk
digests
easily
．
Thie wine drinks
well
．
The tooth draws
easily
．
The frog eats like
chicken
．
b
．
This dress
fastens down the back
．
The
toilet does not flush
．
The
eggs hatch out easily
．
This
rice won't
grind
fine
．
Water heats
readily
．
This cloth irons
easily
．
This house lets
well
．
The door will not
lock
．
These books
pack easily
．
My watch pawns
for two dollars
．
These
potatoes peel easily
．
She
photographs
（
takes
）
well
．
The land
ploughs hard
．
The film does
not print well
．
This story
reads ill
（
or
well
）．
The photo reproduces
well
．
c
．
His house rents
at
＄
800 a
month
．
This poem does not
rhyme
．
A shame
does
．
not rub
off
．
This plastic
scratches
easily
．
The play screen
badly
（
=is unfit for
filming
）．
The book sells
well
．
This door won't
shut
．
This
cigarette smokes better than
others
．
This wood split
straight
．
This material
stains easily
．
The
ship steers with
ease
．
The match will not
strike
．
This paper will not
tear
．
His
de
－
scent traced
back to
a
king
．
This poem translates
easily
．
The TV set won't turn
on
．
This board will never
warp
．
This material
washes
easily
．
Such shoes wear
badly
．
The plan worked out
well
．
The photo washes out a
little
．
d
．
Drums are
beating
（
=are being
beaten
）．
The book is
binding
（
=is being
bound
）．
Some trouble
is brewing
．
Young
people are always brimming with new
ideas
．
The house is
building
．
The bridge is
completing
now
．
The meal is digesting
well
．
What is doing
now
？
The task is
finishing
．
Guns are
firing
．
Friendship
is forming
．
The theatre is
rapidly filling up with
people
．
The fish is
frying
．
The house
is leasing
．
The
cows are milking
．
One boy is
missing
（
or
wanting
）
．
He paid
what was owing
．
Music
was
playing
．
Something is
preparing
．
My application is
processing
．
The problem is
settling this way
．
A
new film is
showing
．
The boy is shaping
well
．
The seeds of trouble
are sowing
．
The fruits are
spoiling
quickly
．
Measures
are taking
．
1349
图解：
B
．各种及物动词＋各种宾语
4
．
S+T
V+N
或
S+TV
< br>．
N
（
John
learned Japanese
．）
1350
无数的及物动词可以用名词或代词作宾语：
John has a
plan
．
Do you like
him
？
What an interesting book
I am
reading
！
He
speaks English
．
I love
cats
．
1351
不及物动词有时和后面跟的名词构成成语。整个成语，如果被化作一个整体，可以看成是
一个不及物动词：
He lost hope
（
=despaired
）．
He gave ground
（
=retreat
ed
）
The accident
took place
（
=happened
< br>）
this morning
．
He made the grade
（
=succeeded
）．
We made our
way
（
=
advanced
）
to the
jungle
．
在某些成语中，名词前没有冠词，也没有物主代词：
a
．
He will bear
witness
．
Her beauty beggars
description
（
= makes words
poor
）
．
Don't
borrow trouble
（
=worry about
trouble that won't come
）．
We
broke ground
（
=ploughed
，
untilled
ground
，
began an
u
ndertaking
）
．
Our
boat cast anchor
．
I often
caught cold
．
He caught
fever
（
or
infection
）
．
Her
house
caught
fire
．
He changed colour
（
=be
－
came
pale
）
．
His
personality commands
esteem
（
or
respect
）
．
He
never did evil
（
or
ill
，
wrong
）．
None of us care whether they do right or
wrong
，
good or
harm
．
We
did
（
=produced
）
R
omeo and Juliet
．
Jan did
（
=acted
）
Juliet
．
I did
（
=prepared
）
omelette
（
or
breakfast
）．
Tom di
d
（
=wrote
）
< br>
poetry
．
His
brother did
（
=translated
）
French into
English
．
I did
（
=studied
）
electricity
．
They
cry wolf
（
=give a false
warning
）
just for arms
aid
．
b
．
One must
exercise patience and caution when one exercises
authority and discipline
．
He
felt regret
，
but not
satisfaction
．
He found
time
（
or
leisure
）
to
study
．
He has finished
college
．
After he took the
lead
，
we followed
suit
．
They gained time by
giving me ambiguous
answers
．
My watch gained
time
．
We
have
gained ground
（
=got an
advantage
）
．
We
will soon gain power
，
if we
are patient enough
．
He gave
evidence in the law
－
< br>court
．
He gave
ear
（
or heed
，
credit
）
to the
rumour
．
He gave judgement
（
or
advice
，
notice
，
warni
ng
，
trouble
）
．
I've had
it
（
= can't suffer any
more
）
．
You hit
it
（
=said the right
thing
）
．
This
theory doesn't hold
water
（
=isn't
valid
）
．
The
criminal jumped
（
or skipped
）
bail
（
=g
ave
up the bail money and ran away to
avoid trial
）．
c
．
My mother kept
house and kept books
．
Being
hospitable he kept open
house
（
= provided
hospitability for any
comer
）
．
He cannot
keep body and soul
together
（
=keep away
hunger
）
．
He kept
bad
company
（
=associated with bad
people
）
．
My watch
does not keep
（
good
）
time
，
so I am
late
．
He
killed
time by reading novels or doing another thing
interesting
．
d
．
He left school
last year
．
We may lose ground
but will never lose hope
．
I
never lost courage
（
or
heart
）
after I
fail
．
Be
quick
，
don't lose
time
．
He lost self-
contrcl
（
or
himself
）
in moments of
stress
．
e
．
Mother makes
dinner
．
It seemed
late
，
but he made good
time
（
= travelled fast and
arrived on
time
）
．
He doesn't work
hard
，
but he makes good
salary
．
Make
haste
（
or
speed
）
．
He can
make money
（
or
profit
），
but spend
much
．
After so many years of
war we must make peace
．
I
made tea
（
or
hay
）．
We made
way
（＝
stood
aside
）
for others
to pass through
．
We made
way
（
or
headway
）
（
=
advanced
）
in the
face of difficulty
．
He marked
time
（
= spent idle
hours
）
while waiting for his
wife
．
f
．
The soldiers
mounted
（
or kept
，<
/p>
relieved
，
stood
）
guard
．
He moved
heaven and earth
（
=did
everything
）
to attack his
opponent
．
They opened
fire
（
=started
shooting
）
and killed three of
us
．
The children often
play havoc
（
=do
great damage
）
．
He
plays politics
（＝
attains
political aims by hook or by
crook
）
．
He
had broken the
window
，
so he played
possum
（
kept quiet to avoid
attention
）
He played second
fiddle
（
=held a subordinate
place
）．
He failed
be
－
cause he had
often played truant
．
g
．
We raised money
for a great project
．
I can
read character from
handwriting
．
He can read
music
．
I
must say
goodbye now
．
We said
grace
（＝
said a prayer of
thanks before or after a
meal
）
．
We
set
（
or
made
，
struck
）
sail
（
=began a
voyage
）
in February
，
1969
．
He refused
to yield
，
he showed
fight
．
He
showed
courage
（
or
fear
）．
He sowed discord among
his enemies
．
He struck
oil
（
=had good luck in
some
enterprise
）．
He
suffered
（
or
sustained
）
defeat
．
h
．
Don't take
alarm if I tell you some bad
news
．
He has to take breath
after climbing upstairs
．
He
took
cold and could not
work
．
He takes drink and
drugs
．
Take
heart
，
don't be
afraid
．
The law will soon
take
effect
（
＝
be
effective
）
．
Take
exercise every morning and keep
healthy
．
He took flight after
murdering
a
woman
．
He took
medicine
（
or
poison
）．
Don't take
offence
（
=be
offended
）．
Something strange
took place
（
=happe
ned
）
in this old
house
．
Let's take
rest
．
We take stock every
week
．
The evil has taken
root
（
=become
established
）．
My dream will
take shape
（
=materialize
）
next
year
．
He took trouble
to help me
．
i
．
Don't tempt
providence
（
=take an
unnecessary
risk
）
．
He has
touched bottom
（
=is begining
to prosper
after his worst
days
）．
The boat turned
turtle
（
=turned upside
down
）．
在某些成语中名词前有不定冠词，或作复数：
j
．
He often acted
a double part
（
=was
deceitful
）
．
Since
I criticized him
，
he has
borne a grudge
（
=nursed
a grievance
）．
The
enemy beat a
retreat
< br>（
=retreated in a
hurry
）．
Thomas Edison blazed
a torch
（
=started
some
－
thing
new
）
in various
fields
．
Don't breathe a
word
（
=say a
word
）
about this
secret
．
When
angry
，
he calls
names
（
= call somebody by
abusive names
）
．
I
would like to cross swords
（
=
argue
）
with this
boaster
．
You have done a good
job
（
=done something
well
）
．
I drew a
blank
（
=failed
to
get any information
）
when I
returned to the office
．
We
must draw a line
（
=distinguis
h
）
between right
and wrong
．
We down
tools
（
=stop
work
）
at
six
．
k
．
My sister fixed
a date for the
celebration
．
This evening I
have a date
（
or an
engagement
）（
=have
a social meeting
）
with her
．
I have a
job
（
or a
time
）
（
=have
trouble
）
writing this first
love letter
．
（但：
I
have myself a time
［＝
have a good
time
］
writing
it
．）
As they didn't lift a
finger
（
or a
hand
）
（
=didn't
give help
），
I
lent
（
or
gave
）
a
hand
（
=gave
help
）
to the old
lady
．
1
．
I made an
appointment
（
=had an
engagement to meet some
one
）
for 3
p
．
m
．
He
made a boast
，
but who
believed him
？
He made a call
over the phone
．
He made a
face
（
= twisted his
face
）
，
and then
we were no more
angry
．
Don't make a
fuss
（
=get excited about a
trifle
）
．
John made
a hit
（
=gave a good
impression
）
at the
exhibition of his
works
．
Shall we make a move
（
=start
）
right now
？
Dick made a
public appearance after nine years in
prison
．
Thomas makes a quick
buck
（
＝
earns money
quickly
）
．
We
make a row
（
or a
scene
）
（
=started a
violent quarrel
）
from time to
time
．
As soon as we arrived
we made
reservations for hotel
rooms
．
I must make
tracks
（
=set
off
）
before it is
late
．
William made
waves
（
=created a sensation
to impress others
）
at the
party
．
m
．
A big boss
behind pulls
strings
（
=secretly exerts
influence
）．
Don't run a
risk
（
=put yourself in
danger
）
．
The
patient ran a
temperature
（
=had a
fever
）
．
The
criminal has served a
sentence
（
or
time
）
（
=passed
term of imprisonment
）．
I
smell a danger in this desolate
area
．
We struck a happy
medium
（
=found an answer
between two
extremes
）
．
As you
committed mistakes for the first
time
，
we might
stretch
（
or
strain
）
a
point
（
=allow an exception to
the rules
）．
n
．
I would
willingly take a back
seat
（
=occupy an unimportant
position
）．
We take a coffee
break
（
=drink coffee and rest
a short while
）
after two
hours of work
．
He
took
（
or
drew
）
a long breath before
he spoke
．
The
situation took a turn
（
=chang
ed
）
for the
better
．
He wouldn't turn an
honest penny
（
=make money by
honest means
）．
在另一些成语中名词前有定冠词或有物主代词：
o
．
Act your
age
（
=Don't be
childish
）．
My warning merely
beat the air
（
= made useless
efforts
）．
I
must
bide my time
（
=wait for a
good
chance
）
．
Someone
blacked his eye
（
= gave him a
blow
）
．
He
blew his own
trumpet
（
=praised
himself
）．
He has blown his
mind
（
=becomes wildly
enthusiastic
because of
drugs
）
．
He bossed
the show
（＝
con- trolled
everything
）
．
She
boxed his ear
（＝
smacked
him on the
ear
）
．
I have to
break
（
or cancel
，<
/p>
change
，
postpone
）
the
appointment
．
After half an
hour
of silence
，
I
broke the
ice
（
＝
overcome
reserve
）
．
The news
broke her heart
．
He broke his
word
（
=failed
to
keep his promise
）．
I broke
the news
（
=announced the
news
）
to
her
．
They broke the
peace
（
=
quarrelled
）．
He
burned his fingers
（
=suffered
a loss through a rash
action
）．
We buried the
hatchet
（
= made
peace
）．
I am not buying
it
（
=am not to be
deceived
）．
p
．
He calls the
roll
（
=calls the names to
check who are absent
）．
Dick
carried the ball
（
or the
can
）
（
=did the
hardest part of the work
）．
I
carried
（
or
gained
）
my
point
（
=
succeeded
）．
We
carried
（
or
gained
）
the day
（
=won
）
．
I
caught my breath
（
=rest after
hard breathing
）
after
running
．
He tried
to catch the train but missed
it
．
This advertisement
catches my eye
．
He changed
his coat
（
=became a
turncoat
）．
Don't
change your mind
．
He changed
his tune
（＝
changed his
policy
）．
He cleared his
reputation
（
=free
his name from
reproach
）
．
He
cracked the whip
（
=suddenly
became bossy
）
to impress
me
．
We crossed the
Rubicon
（
=took a decisive
step
forward
）
．
When
nobody could settle the
problem
，
he cut the Gordian
knot
（
=settle it in an
unusual rapid way
）．
q
．
I did the
sights
（
or the
travel
）（
=went sightseeing or
took a trip
）．
The little girl
can do
（
=make
clean and tidy
）
her hair
，
her
teeth
，
her
nails
，
even the
laundry
，
the bed-
room
，
the
dishes
．
She does
（<
/p>
=learns
）
her
lessons well
，
and can do
（
=solve
）
any
sum
（
or
problem
）．
She does her
bit
（＝
does
her
share of duty
）
splendidly
．
He dogged my
footsteps
（
=constantly
followed me
）
because he
suspected
I was a spy working for
foreigners
．
He drags his
feet
（
or heels
）
（
=hesitates
）
< br>when asked to work
．
We
drew the
swords
（
=were ready to
fight
）
．
He has to
eat his words
（
=take back
his
words
）
．
Although
small
，
this table
fills the bill
（
=is just
right
）
．
I have to
face the music
（＝
face
trouble
）
．
He is
feeling
his
way
（
=proceeding carefully
but
slowly
）
．
Although
they were cripples
，
they
fought the way up the
hill
．
We all
follow the crowd
．
Don't
worry
，
I'll foot the
bill
（
=pay all the
expenses
）
．
This
number of
persons will not form the
majority
．
r
．
He got the
sack
（
=was
dismissed
）
．
He got
the upper hand
（
=gained
control
）
．
He has
the courage
of his convictions
（
=acts bravely according to
his belief
）．
This car has had
its day
（
=fallen into
disuse
）
．
This
small affair hits the
headlines
（
=becomes important
news
）
in this small
town
．
The music
hits the public
taste
．
He hits his
stride
（＝
exhibits his best
ability
）
when he tells a
story
．
We will hold
the fort
（
=defend
the position
）
to the
last
．
Hold your
temper
（
=Don't get
angry
）．
I have to hold my
tongue
（
or my
peace
）（＝
keep
silent
）．
I must hold my
own
（
=keep what I
have
）．
We must
hold
（
or keep
，
maintain
）
our
ground
（
=keep what we
have
）．
He has always
husbanded his
resources
（
=been frugal
against an emergency
）．
s
．
I jogged his
memory
（
=reminded
him
）
．
He jumped
the gun
（
=started to run
before the starter's
gun
）
，
and jumped
the traces
（
=didn't obey the
rules
）
．
The train
jumped the rails
（
or the trac
k
）
（
=suddenly
，
left the
rails
）
and many
were killed
．
Dick slipped but
kept his feet
（
= kept
standing
）
．
He
knows his
way
about
（
or
around
）
（
=
understands the ways of the
world
）．
He knows the ropes
（
or the
score
）
（
=knows the
special rules
）
in the export
business
．
He will lead the
way
（
=be a
guide
）
to the old
castle
．
I left the
beaten track
（＝
did not follow
the crowd
）．
He lost his
reason
（
=became
mad
）．
t
．
He made the gra
de
（＝
succeeded
）
in business
．
The
doctor makes
（
or
goes
）
the
rounds
（
=goes from
place to place to
inspect
）
every
morning
．
We made our way
（＝
advanced
）
through the
forest
．
He
mended
his fences
（＝
made peace with
people who dislike
him
）
．
You missed
the boat
（
＝
missed the
opportunity
）
．
The company opened
its doors
（＝
started doing
business
）
in 1950 and closed
its doors
（
= stopped doing
business
）
in
1983
．
This exhibition opened
our eyes
（
=made us see the
truth
）．
I
picked
my way
（
=
proceeded
）
up a steep
hill
．
I must play the
game
（
=do what is
right
）
．
You played
your cards
well
（
=acted
cleverly
）．
Dick played the
market
（
=bought and sold
stocks
）
and lost
lots
of money
．
Jim
pocketed his dignity
（
=laid
a- side his pride
）
and even
pocketed an insult
（＝
accepted
it
）．
He has
poisoned your ear
（
or
mind
）
so that you can't be
fair
．
u
．
Every member
should pull his
weight
（
＝
does his
part
）
．
Don't pull
my leg
（
=fool
me
）
．
Once you
succeed
，
never
push your luck
（
=expect to
continue to be
lucky
）
．
He has to
run the gauntlet
（
=receive
a series of ill
treatment
）．
He ruled the
roost
（
=lorded it
over
）．
We must save the
situation
（
=do
something to improve the
situation
）
．
Anew
method will see the
light
（
=be
disclosed
）
．
This
serves my
turn
（
or
purpose
）
．
I have
served my apprenticeship for seven
years
．
She set the table for
ten persons
．
He
shows his face after ten years of
absence
．
I will show the
way
．
Everyone sings his
praises
（
=praises him
strongly
）
．
He
sowed his wild oats
（
=led a
dissipated life when
young
）
．
I will
speak my mind
（
=speak
candidly
）
．
He
stole the show
（
=acted so
well that the audience ignored the other
performers
）
．
He
stole
the
spotlight
（
=made people watch
him instead of what they should
watch
）．
You stole my
thunder
（
=said before me what
I intended to say
）．
Jim has
strained every nerve
（
=used
every effort
）．
He
swallowed the
bait
（
=was offered a big
promise and was caught
）．
v
．
Mary took
it
（
=endured it without
complaints
）
though she was il
l
－
treated
．
You can take your
ease
（
or your own
course
）
（
=act your
pleasure
）
．
The
doctor took my pulse and
temperature
（＝
ascertain
them
）
．
Where
does this custom take its rise
（
< br>=originate
）
？
Ta
ke your time
（
=Don't
rush
）
．
We must
not tie our own
hands
（
=restrain
our
－
selves from
action
）
．
We have
to tighten our belts
（
=eat
less and
spend less than
usual
）．
Just one vote tipped
the balance
（
or the
scale
）（
=turned the
scale
，
decided
some
－
thing
doubtful
）
．
I would
try my hand
（
=try
）
．
Should I turn the other
cheek
（
=be patient and
not hit back
）
when I am injured or
insulted
？
His success has
turned his head
（
=made him
act
foolishly
）
．
The dead body turned her
stomach
（
=made her
sick
）
．
The
reinforcements turned the
tide
（
=change the situation
favourably
）
．
He
turned his thought to something much more
important
．
He just
twiddled his
thumbs
（
=didn't do
anything
）．
w
．
She walked the
floor
（
=walked back and
forth
）
all
night
，
she was so
worried
．
He walked the
plank
（
=was forced to
resign
）．
Watch
it
（
=Be
careful
）．
人们似乎都不喜
欢单独用一个不及物动词作谓语，特别是在简单句中。往往不说
“ I
cook
．
”“ He
laughed
．
”“We
chatted
．
”“Tom
repairs
．
”“ we acted
．
”
而说
“I
do the
cooking
．
”“He gave a
laugh
．
”“We had a
chat
．
”“Tom makes
r
epairs
．
” “We
take action
．
”
也就是把
一个词换成了两个词，
用一个
do
或
give
这样色彩不重的动词加上一个大多由动词变来的名词。
下面是一些这类短语的例子：
x
．
I DO the
cleaning
，
the
reading
，
the
shopping
，
the
translating
，
a little
sewing
；
a
nap
，
a
try
，
a brisk
walk
．
He GAVE a cry
，
a
groan
，
a
jump
，
a
shout
，
a
shrug
，
a long
sigh
，
a satisfied
smile
．
We HAD a
bath
，
a
dream
，
a
fight
，
an
interview
，
a quar-
rel
，
a
shave
，
a
shower
，
a
smoke
，
a
swim
，
a
talk
，
a
taste
，
a
try
，
a
walk
，
a
wash
，
a
chat
，
a
go
，
a
rest
，
a
sleep
．
She TOOK a
bath
，
breath
，
a nap
，
a look
，
notice
，
objection
，
recreation
，
a
rest
，
a solitary
stroll
，
a long
walk
．
Paul MADE
an announcement
，
an
answer
，
an
application
，
an
appointment
，
an
attack
，
an
attempt
，
a
beginning
，
a
bid
，
a
call
，
a check
－
up
，
a
comment
，
a
comparison
，
a copy
，
criticism
，
a
decision
，
a
declaration
，
a demand
< br>，
experiments
，
a
n explanation
，
a guess
，
inquiries
，
in
vestigations
，
notes
，
payment
，
prepara
tions
，
progress
，
a proposal
，
a
recovery
，
a
remark
，
a request
，
repairs
．
re-
searches
，
a
sacrifice
，
a
selection
，
a
slip
，
a formal
statement
，
another
start
，
a long
stay
，
a deep
study
，
a helpful
suggestion
，
a
general survey
，
several
visits
．
1352
图解：
5
．
S+TV+R
或
S+TV
．
R
< br>或
S+TV+
（
R
）（
John hid him- self
behind it
．）
1353
无数的及物动词可用反身代词作宾语（
S+TV+R
）：
She
reproached herself
．
He killed
himself
．
He
praised himself
．
Don't
deceive yourself
．
He cut
himself
．
The dog choked
itself
．
1354
有些动词和反身代词构成成语，相当于一个不及物动词（
S +
TV
．
R
）：
He avowed
（
or decl
ared
）
himself
（
=showed his character
openly
）
；
collected
himself
（
=regained self
－
control
）；
c
onceal himself
（
=hid
）；
enjoyed
himself
（
=had a good
time
）；
exerted himself
（
=endeavoured
）
；
can't find
himself
（
=provide his own
living
，
or find out his
abilities and use
them
）
．
I
lost
myself
（＝
demeaned
myself
，
lost my
way
，
or became absorbed in
something
）；
pulled myself
together
（
＝
became composed
）
；
seated
（
or settled
）
myself
（
=sat
down
）
；
washed myself
（
=ba
thed
）
．
1355
约有
20
个及物动词常常或
经常跟有反身代词：
I overworked
myself
，
overslept
myself
，
overate
myself
．
He dispor
ted
（＝
amused
）
himself
．
He perjured
himself
．
He
busied himself
．
He absented
himself from school
．
Bestir yourself
．
I
bethought myself of it
．
You
must demean
（
or bear
< br>，
comport
，
depor
t
，
conduct
，
acquit
，
quit
）<
/p>
yourself
properly
．
Help
yourself
（
=Serve yourself
with food
）．
He relieved
himself
（
=went to the
bathroom
）．
1356 <
/p>
约有
50
个及物动词可跟有反身代词，也
可以不跟（
S+TV+
（
R
））：
a
．就某些动词来说，使用反身代词时语气更强一些：
The bubble bursts
（
itself
）．
The clouds disperse
d
（
themselves
）．
He dressed
（
himself
）
for a party
；
engaged
（
himself
< br>）
in a
contest
（
or a
quarrel
）
．
The
horse fed
（
itself
）
on grass
．
He guard
ed
（
himself
）
against vice
；
hid
（
himself
）
behind
；
never intr
uded
（
himself
）
on anybody's
company
．
Can I qualify
（
myself
）
for
the post
？
I
reformed
（
my-
self
）．
I rested
（
myself
）
on the
couch
．
He set
（
himself
）
up as a
scholar
．
He shaved
（
himself
）
for a
dinner
；
stripped<
/p>
（
himself
）
for a shower
－
bath
．
I could
not submit
（
or
surrender
）
（
myself
）
to the
enemy
（
or
insult
）．
I trained
（
myself
）
for the
race
．
I
never trou
bled
（
myself
）
to help
anyone
．
He turned
（
himself
）
to me for
advice
．
He washed
（
himself
）
．
< br>He
worried
（
him
self
）
about
nothing
．
He wrapped
（
himself
）
before
going out
．
b
．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词常常省略：
No suspicion attaches to
John
．
A chicken develops in
the egg
．
The road extends for
miles
．
His heart
fills with
sorrow
．
Don't
hurry
．
Keep
quiet
．
Make sure that the
journey is safe
．
We made
merry
．
Don't
misbehave
．
I
cannot refrain from
laughing
．
We removed from
place to place
．
John
separated from
Mary
．
I withdraw
from society
．
c
．在下面例句中，动词之后的反身代词可以保留，也可以省略，根据特定的上下文决定：
The child does not behave
（
himself
）（
=show good manners
）．
He behaved
well
（
or gallantly
，
properly
）．
He drew himself
up
（
=assumed an erect
attitude
）．
He
drew up
（
=came
near
）．
He gorged
himself with meat
．
He gorged on
meat
．
He indulged
himself with wine
．
He indulged
（
himse
lf
）
in
wine
．
We have to
prepare ourselves
．
We have to prepare
（
ourselves
）
for the
worst
（
or the
exam
）．
d
．
He is
recovering himself
（
=becoming
calm
）．
He is
recovering from illness
（
or m
adness
，
fatigue
，
shock
，
fright
）．
He set himself to
write letters
（
or to writing
letters
）（
=began to write
letters
）．
He set
to work
（
=began to
work
）．
He set out
to do it
，
set about doing
it
（
=began to do
it
）．
He settled
himslef
（
=became
calm
）．
He settled himself
（
=sat
down
）
in a
chair
．
He settled
（
himself
）
< br>down
（
=became established
in a new way of life
）
in
London
．
It
（
Thing
）
will
settle
．
1357
图解：
6
．
S
＋
TV<
/p>
＋
N
（
John
lives a happy life
．）
1358
约有
60
< br>个动词，通常用作不及物动词，却可以有同源宾语（
Cognate Objec
t
），这种宾语
几乎和动词的意思相同，通常都有一个形容词或
形容词短语修饰它。同源宾语可以和动词同形：
She
blushed an innocent blush
；
bowed a little
bow
；
coughed a terrible
cough
；
danced a silly
dance
．
He
died a
natural death
（
or a thousand
deaths
，
the death of a
martyr
，
the death he
deserved
）；
dreamed
a sweet
dream
；
laughed a hearty
laugh
；
lived a happy
life
；
look a look of
weariness
；
could not say his
say
．
He sighed a
deep sigh
（
or a sigh of satis
faction
）
；
slept a
sound sleep
（
or the sleep of
the just
）
．
It
smelled a strange
smell
．
He smiled a sad
smile
；
talked
foot
－
ball
talk
；
thought all good
thought
．
1359
有些同源宾语可以和动词不同形：
It blew a brisk
gale
．
He danced a phantom
ballet
；
did a great
deed
；
fought a brave
war
（
or fight
，
battle
，
action
< br>）
；
went a long
way
（
or a dangerous journey
）
；
harvested a good
crop
；
lived a hand
－
to
－
mouth
existence
；
played
a silly game
；
played
（
or acted
）
a great part
；
plod
a weary way
；
prayed an
earnest
prayer
；
saw a
strange sight
；
ran a long
race
．
The bell rang a merry
peal
．
He sang a beautiful
song
；
struck a deadly
blow
．
1360
有些动词后的同源宾语常常省略，代之以一个表示情绪或态度等的名词：
He beamed
satisfaction
（
=beamed a beam
of satisfaction
，
showed
satisfaction by beaming
）；
bowed
his
obedience
（
or his
thanks
）
（
=showed
his obedience or thanks by
bowing
）
；
danced
his joy
（
=danced
his dance of
joy
，
showed his joy by
dancing
）；
gesticulated his
love
；
giggled
agreement
；
laughed
dissent
；
look
inquiry
（
or his
thanks
）；
nodded his
assent
（
or
welcome
）；
roared
approval
；
shouted
applause
；
sighed
disappointment
；
smiled his
welcome
（
or his
relief
，
his
approval
，
his
thanks
）；
whistled
his contempt
，
wept tears of
joy
．
1361
有些同源宾语在最高级形容词后常常省略：
The fire blazed its brightest
（
blaze
）．
He
breathed his last
（
breath
）
；
did
his best
（
deed
）；
fought
his bravest
（
war
）
；
l
aughed his loudest
；
looked
his best
；
ran his
fastest
；
shouted his
loudest
；
sang his
sweetest
；
tried
his hardest
．
1362
在口语中一个没有意义的
it
常可用在
某些动词后作同源宾语，表现一定的情绪：
He
braved
（
or
brazened
）
it
out
（
＝
faced
trouble bravely
［
or shameless
ly
］
）
．
W
e'll face it out and fight
it out
．
As it was getting
dark
，
I had to
hotel
（
or inn
）
it
．
She queened it
（
=domineer
）
over them
．
He
used to rough it
（
=live an uncomfortable
life
）．
I'll go it
alone
（
=act
independently
）．
He's starring
it in a film
．
As
there's no cab
，
I've to
trudge
（
or walk
，
foot
）
it
．
1363
图解：
7
．
S
＋
TV<
/p>
．
AP
＋
N
or G
（
John gave up his
plan
．）
1364
无数及物动词后面跟有一地点副词来构成成语，整个成语相当于一个及物动词。但这些地< p>
点副词（
Advorb of Ploce
）多不
表示地点，而表示其他东西，因此这种副词也可称作副词性小品
词（
Adverbial Particle
），可以用
AP<
/p>
来代表：
He gave up
his plan
．
I have
to think out new methods
．
She folded up his
coat
．
We may pass over the
details
．
The
plague swept off many
people
．
He has taken over a
business
．
He gave in the
paper
．
He closed
down the store
．
The bell
bellowed
（
or
pealed
）
forth the
anniversary
（
or the victory
of our army
）．
有些<
/p>
“
动词＋地点副词
”
构成的成语可以用作不及物动词，如
1340
节中句子表示
的那样，有些则
用作及物动词：
An
ammunition dump blew up
（
=exp
loded
）．（作不及物动词）
The enemy blew
up
（
=destroyed by
explosion
）
the
bridge
．（作及物动词）
The noisy children cleared off when I
came
．（作不及物动词）
I
have to clear off those noisy
children
．（作及物动词）
Our conversation broke off as a lady
came in
．（作不及物动词）
That fellow broke off our
conversation
．（作及物动词）
He showed off before
girls
．（作不及物动词）
He
showed off his new
car
．（作及物动词）
如果宾语较
短，
特别是由人称代词表示时，
地点副词可以甚至必须放在宾语
后面，
在对副词加以
强调时尤其如此（可参阅
< br>1497
节）：
Put
the money by
．
She called him
back
．
Don't break it
off
．
He dreamed his hours
away
；
slept the clock
around
；
cried his
heart out
；
laughed
（
or talked
）
them
down
．
He ate it
up
；
closed it
up
；
packed it
up
；
tied it
up
．
He sent me
away
，
saw her
off
，
called me
out
，
drew us
aside
．
1365
其它例子：
a
．
They backed up<
/p>
（
=supported
）
Johnson and his
policy
．
They bailed out their
friend
．
They beat back
our attack
．
I must
beat up
（
=beat
severely
）
those
mischievous children
．
I blew
out
（
=extinguished
）
the candles
．
We
bolstered up
（
=supported
）
this old
system
．
I booked down
（
=wrote
down
）
the
sum
．
We
booked
up
（
=fixed an engagement
with
）
several
singers
．
They boss us
about
（
=order us
about
）
．
The
news bowled over
（
=overwhelmed
）
my
family
．
We broke up
（
=dispersed
）
the
meeting at 11
∶
00
p
．
m
．．
T
he mistake brought about
（
=ca
used
）
a lot of
trouble
．
Can you bring down
the price
？
The
tax
brought in ten million dollars a
year
．
The examples bring
out
（
=explain
clearly
）
the meaning of this
word
．
She brushed
off
（
=jilted
）
her lover
．
We must
build up our own armed
forces
．
He will buy
off
（
=pay money to get rid
of
）
my
interest
．
b
．
This strong
measure called forth
（
=provok
ed
）
a
revolt
．
We called in a
doctor
．
We have to call off
（
=cancel
）
the picnic
，
which we have
prepared for so many
days
．
Call
（
=Wake
）
me up
at 6 a
．
m
．
< br>．
I'll
call you
up
（
=telephone to
you
）
．
The music
carried off
（
=moved
）
everyone
．
He
carried off
（
=won
）
all the
prizes
．
Let's carry on
（
=continue
）
th
e work
，
We carried out
（
=performed
）
t
he plan
．
c
．
He can dig up
（
=discover
）
< br>some important information
．
He drew
on
（
=pulled
on
）
his socks
after
getting
up
．
I drew up
（
=prepared
）
a
bill
（
or a
list
）．
The taxi dropped me
off
（
=let me get
off
）
at
my hotel
．
The
noise drowned out
（
=made
inaudible
）
our
conversation
．
d
．
The mother fed
up
（
=gave extra food
to
）
her sickly
son
．
We filled
in
（
or out
，
up
）
the
form
．
He
fenced
off
（
=built by means of a
fence
）
a
garden
．
Figure out
（
=count
）
the
sum
．
He fired off many
questions
，
which
nobody could answer
．
They
fitted out their son with everything
necessary
．
We fitted
< br>up
（
=installed
）
the machine
．
We
fixed up
（
=arranged
）
a trip
．
He
flagged down
（
=stopped by
waving
to it
）
a passing
car
．
Follow up
（
=Continue
）
your
success with something more
ambitious
．
e
．
He gambled away
his last cent
，
even all he
had won be-fore
．
He will get
over
（
=finish
）
his job
．
He
gave away
（
=gave
free of charge
）
his property
．
He
gave away
（
=betrayed
）
his friends
．
We
gave
in
（
=handed
in
）
the exercise
books
．
The food gave off
（
=emitted
）
a bad smell
．
He
gulped down his
coffee
．
Heat up
（
=re
－
heat
）
the
leftovers
．
He helped me
out
（
=help me get over a
difficulty
）．
She
held back
（
=kept
back
）
her
tears
．
Can we hold down
（
=keep down
）
costs
？
We could not
hold off
（
=keep at a
distance
）
the
attackers
．
f
．
The enemy kept
up
（
=maintained
）
the attack for three
months
．
I knocked
off
（
=ate up
quickly
）
five bowls of
rice
．
I laid
aside
（
or
by
）
（
=saved for
future needs
）
some dollars
．
I
laid down
（
=state
clearly
）
some rules for the
office
．
Our company laid off<
/p>
（
=dismissed
）
five workers
．
Leave off<
/p>
（
=stop
）
fighting
．
He left
out
（
=didn't
include
）
Mary in the
invitation
．
Don't let down
（
=disappoint
）
your
parents
．
The
driver let off
（
=dropped
）
a lady at the
hotel
．
The judge let him
off
（
=did not punish
him
）
．
I
will look you
up
（
=visit
you
）
tomorrow
．
The
manager looked the applicant up and
down
（
=examine
him
carefully
）
．
A girl
will liven up
（
=make
lively
）
our
party
．
He lived out his
years
（
or days
，
life
）
（
=li
ved all his life
）
in this
small village
．
He will make
out
（
=write
out
）
a
cheque
．
My father can't
make out
（
=see
）
these small
letters
，
for he is
farsighted
．
He
makes up
（
=invents
）
all kinds of
lies
．
The boss marked
down
（
=reduced the price
of
）
all
articles
．
He
messed up
（
=put in
disorder
）
my
desk
．
I nailed
up
（
=closed up with
nails
）
the
window
．
g
．
He packed
off
（
=sent away
hurriedly
）
all his children
to the country
．
Partition
off
（
=Divide with
partition
）
your living
room
．
Pass on
（
=Hand
）
this notice to
other people
．
We passed
over
（
or up
）
（
=overlooked
）
the chance
．
I've
paid off
（
=paid the wages
of
）
the
workers
．
I have to pay
off
（
=pay
for
safety
）
the
blackmailers
．
I will pick out
（
=select
）
< br>the best necktie for you
．
He picked up
（
=found
）
a cab at
the cross-roads
．
He picked
himself up
（
=got up after a
fall
）
．
He picked
up
（
=learned without
teachers
）
English
so quickly
．
I pinned him
down
（
=got him to commit
himself
）
as to the question
of
socialism
．
h
．
I played back
the recording
，
so that what
has been recorded about her speech could be
heard
．
He
played
down
（
=made less
emphatic
）
the defects of his
factory products
．
Plug
in
（
=Make
connection
，
by means of a plu
g
，
with
）
the radio
．
He
can polish off
（
=finish
off
）
all these
grapes
．
He pulled
on
（
=put
on
）
his pants and
then went out
．
I pulled up
（
=stopped
）
my car at the post
office
．
His brother
pushes him
about
（
or
around
）
（
=orders
him about
）
．
I put
aside
（
or by
）
（
=saved
）
a few thousand
pounds
．
After five
hours of work
，
I put away
（
=re
－
place
d
）
the
tools
．
Put forward your
viewpoint
．
I
put
in
（
=spent
）
five hours repairing this radio
－
set
．
He put in
（
=submitted
）
an application months
ago
．
We have to
put off
（
=postpone
）
the trip until next
month
．
Instead of losing
weight I put on some
weight
lately
．
We put on
（
=presented
）
a
show
．
i
．
I'll ring you
up
（
=telephone to
you
）．
They roared out a
21
－
gun
salute
．
Roll up the sleeping
bag
before we
leave
．
We roped
off
（
=enclosed with a
rope
）
a space for
dancing
．
Round
up
（
or
down
）
the
price
（
=Bring it to a whole
number by raising
［
or loweri
ng
］
it
）．
j
．
We save up
some money for future
needs
．
I will see
（
=ac
－
company
）
you back
（
or
home
）．
She
sent aw
ay
（
=dismissed
）
all her suitors
．
Send
in
（
=Submit
）
your photos for the
contest
．
He sent out
invitations to his
wedding
．
His departure was
set back two weeks
．
This
discontent set off
（
=caused
）
a
revolt
．
We set out
（
=arranged
）
the
goods for sale
．
We set up
（
=establish
）
a small store on the third
floor
．
Can he
shake off
（
=get rid
of
）
his bad
habit
？
She showed
off
（
=displayed to impress
people
）
her
hands
．
He shut himself
away
（
=confined
himself
）
in his
attic
．
k
．
He signed
away
（
=sold by signing legal
papers
）
all his
houses
．
He signed his house
over to me
．
Let's
size up
（
=make a
judgement of
）
the
situation
．
This small
accident sparked
off
（
=touched
off
）
his
temper
．
He sorted
out
（
=arranged in
classes
）
all the books he had
collected
．
Switch
off
（
=Turn
off
）
the tape
recorder
．
Sum
up
（
=State
briefly
）
your
opinion
．
l
．
Take
down
（
=Write
down
）
my speech
，
please
．
I will take
over the business he decides to give
up
．
I
took
up
（
=got interested
in
）
painting last
year
．
This bed takes up
（
=occupy
）
too much
space
．
You
can
take up
（
=mention and
discuss
）
the
matter with the boss
．
I can
talk round
（
=persuade
< br>）
anybody
who refuses to
cooperate
．
I have to tear
down
（
=take to
pieces
）
the broken
machine
．
He will tear
up
（
=tear to
pieces
）
the contract when it
is no more useful to him
．
He
told off
（
=reproached
< br>）
his
employees
．
He can
think up
（
=devise
）
all kinds of
lies
．
He threw
on
（
=put
on
）
his
gown
．
1366
在上面所有例句中，
及物的动词成语都用名词或代词作宾语，
但有些也可用动名词作宾语：
He kept on
asking me
．
He put
off going to the doctor
．
He left off studying
French
．
He gave
over
（
or gave up
）<
/p>
smoking
．
1367
注意不要把地点副词错误地看作是介词，把及物动词
看作不及物动词，换言之，不要把这
第七类谓语类型和下面第八类谓语类型混淆。
1368
图解：
这个符号表示，上方所有的词（动名词短语）应看作是一个词类（名词），尽管它们内部
各有特
定的作用。
Asking
作为动
词，以
me
作宾语，而
me
和
kept on
没有直接关系。
8
．
S
＋
IV
．
P
＋
N or G
或
S
＋
IV
．
P<
/p>
．
N
（
John
laughed at me
．）
1369
无数的不及物动词可跟特定的介词构成成语，整个成
语起及物动词的作用，可以用名词、
代词或动名词作宾语：
a
．
You must abide
by
（
=keep
）
< br>
your
promises
．
The river abounds
with
（
=has many
）
fish
．
I agreed
to his view
．
We
aim at success in the
examination
．
This answer
amounts to refusal
．
I must
apologize
for my
fault
．
I ask for
（<
/p>
=demand
）
nothing
luxurious
．
He depended upon
me for advice
．
He dreamed
of his
grandfather
．
He got into
politics
．
Don't gamble on
it
．
He imposed on
（
=deceived
）
her
．
He laughed
at
（
=derided
）
me<
/p>
．
She looks after her
child
．
He looked into
< br>（
=examined
）
the
matter
．
He sent for
（
=summoned
）
them<
/p>
．
I thought of
（
=considered
）
this
matter
．
Don't trifle with
（
=mock
）
her
．
b
．
He abstained
from drinking
．
His reply
amounts to refusing her
demand
．
We began with
learning A
B
C
．
Happiness consists in
being easily pleased
．
My
success depends on my friend helping
me
．
He died
from
drinking too much
．
I felt
like beating him
．
He got to
drinking
．
He goes
about
（
=is
busy
）
repairing
a
car
．
He heard of his brother
having succeeded
．
We look to
moving to a more peaceful
country
．
He
objected to being treated like a
dog
，
a
slave
．
He took to reading
novels
．
The paper tells of
the enemy
having captured th
city
（
=The paper says that
the enemy has captured the
city
）．
He thought of going
abroad
．
He
wondered at being praised for doing
nothing
．
1370
无数不及物动词不仅和介词，还可和名词构成成语。这种成语可以看作是不及物动词，因
为它们后面既不跟宾语，也不跟补语。
a
．这种成语中有些名词前不加冠词：
They burst into
laughter
（
=suddenly
laughed
）．
A
steamer came into sight
（
=app
eared
）．
When did
this world come into
existence
（
=come
out
）？
The new law
comes into force
（
=functions
）
next
September
．
My son
came of age last year
．
He
came to grief
（
=suffered
misfortune
）．
Your letter has
come to hand
（
=arr
ived
）．
He cried over spilt
milk
．
Everything ended in
smoke
．
He fell into
poverty
．
The law
has fallen into
abeyance
（
=been no longer
observed
）
．
Many
slang words have fallen
out of use
（＝
been no longer
used
）
．
They got
into trouble
．
We got into hot
water
（
=became involved
in
difficulty
）
because of
jealousy
．
I went on sick
leave
．
He has gone through
fire and water
（
=undergone
the greatest
perils
）
They go to
law
（
=appeal to
court
）
．
The school
went to great expense
（
=spent very
much
）．
I will go
to sea
（
=be a
sailor
）．
He will go to rack
and ruin
（
=perish
）
．
Robbers lay in wait
for
us
．
We live from hand to
mouth
（
=can save
nothing
）
．
The ship
put to sea
（
=began a
voyage
）
this
morning
．
Don't
stand on ceremony
（
=be
formal
）．
b
．有些名词为复数形式：
She burst into
tears
（
=suddenly
cried
）
．
The
building burst into
flames
（
=suddenly
burned
）
．
He fished
in troubled
waters
（
=looked for personal
advantage in times of national
calamity
）．
The fence fell
into
pieces
．
They
fought against odds
（
=fought
with men much more than
they
）．
We should keep within
bounds
（
=act with
propriety
）．
They played at
cross purposes
（
=opposed each
other
）．
They played
into the hands of
another
（
=acted so as to give
some advantage to
another
）
．
Don't
play with edged tools
（
=play
with things dangerous
）．
We
took to the boats
（
=used the
lifeboats to escape
）．
c
．有些名词前加
“a”
：
We came to a
conclusion
．
His plan came to
a bad end
（
or no
good
）（
=
failed
）．
Business has come
to a standstill
（
=
stopped
）
．
The two
came to an
understanding
（
=began to
understand each
other
）
．
We
will go for a
drive
（
=go in a car for
relaxation
）
．
Your
argument goes
（
or
flies
）
off at a
tangent
（
=changed
suddenly in its
direction
）．
His life hung by
a thread
（
=depended
dangerously on something
small
）．
Provide
against a rainy day
（
=Prepare
for any emergency that may
arise
）．
d
< br>．有些名词加
“the”
：
These two plans come to the same
thing
（
give the same
result
）．
He erred on the safe
side
（
=chose a
course erroneous but
safe
）
．
His works
have fallen into the
shade
（
=ceased to attract
attention
）
．
They
fought to the bitter end
（
or to the
death
）
．
He goes by
the name of Joo
（
=is
familiarly called
Joo
）
．
He
will go to the
bad
（
=sink into poverty and
disgrace
）．
The situation is
going to the bad
（
=is
becoming
worse
）．
The weak
will go to the wall
（
=be
pushed aside as helpless
）．
He
need not go to the trouble
of employing
a tutor
（
=trouble himself to
employ one
）．
Don't harp on
the same string
（
=keep saying
the same
thing
）．
Keep in the
shade
．
He rose to the
occasion
（
=showed that he was
equal to it
）．
e
．有些名词前需加物主代词：
Come to your
senses
（
=Stop behaving like a
madman
）
．
He fell
on his knees
（
=knelt
down
）
．
Poverty
fell to his lot
（
=became his
destiny
）
．
He is
going about his work
（
=doing
it
）
．
She lies at
your mercy
（
=is subject to
your control
）
．
The
old widow lives on her
own
（
=lives without help from
others
）
．
Do
not quarrel with your bread and
butter
（
=do anything harmful
to your
livelihood
）
．
It
rises from its ashes
like a
phoenix
（
=live
again
）
．
He rose to
his feet
（
=stood
up
）
．
The chance
slipped through my fingers
（＝
escaped
）
．
My work
will speak for itself
（
=be
visible to
all
）
．
He stood on
his dignity
（
=insisted
on being treat-ed with proper
respect
）
．
He stood
to his guns
（
=defended his
rights
）
．
You tread
on his
toes
（
=offend
him
）
．
He worked on
my fears
（
=caused me to do
something for him
，
by taking
advantage
of my
fears
）．
1371
不要错误地以为下面句子的谓语和上面句中的谓语属于同一类型：
He came on Sunday
．（
S
＋
IV
）
The children are playing by the
tree
．
1372
图解：
9
．
S
＋
IV<
/p>
．
AP
．
P
＋
N or
G
（
John looked down on
me
．）
1373
无数不及物动词可与地点副词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作一个及物动词，因为它
们可用名词、代词或动名词作宾语：
a
．
The loss added
up to
（
=amounted
to
）
a million
dollars
．
He bows down to
（
=flatters
）
nobody
．
He
broke
away from
（
=cut his ties
with
）
all his
friends
．
Carry on with
（
=continue
）
y
our work
．
Lee
cashed
in
on
（
=made a profit from
）
tea
．
We
don't really catch on to
（
=un
der
－
stand
）
this
custom
．
I can't catch
up with
（
=overtake
）
the class this
year
．
I checked out of the
hotel two days after I checked
in
（
=signed
the
register on arriving
）．
The
police checked up on
（
=invest
igated
）
the
suspect
．
He came around to
（
=agreed
，
after disagreeing
，
to
< br>）
my
views
．
The teacher came down
on
（
=reprimand
）
him
．
I
came
down with
（
=c
aught
）
a
flu
．
I came near to
death
（
=almost
died
）
．
No result
came out of the test
．
He
came out with a
question
．
Last year no plays
came up to
（
= equalled
）
the
standard
．
My friend came
up with a good
idea
．
We all cried out agains
t
（
=opposed
）
favoritism
．
Most
important
，
you must cut
down on
（
=reduce
consumption of
）
sugar
< br>．
He cut in with
（
=insert
）
a terribly saucy
remark while we
were
discussing
．
b
．
This custom
dates
（
=or
goes
）
back to the early
eighteenth century
．
We should
do away with
（
=get
rid of
）
all social
evils
．
Everyone does well
with him
（
=treats him
well
）
．
He dropped
in on
（
=made
an
unplanned visit to
）
my family
．
He
dropped off to sleep
（
=fell
asleep
）
．
He
dropped out of
（
=quit
< br>）
high
school
．
He ended up
as
（
=finally be
－
came
）
a
manager
．
He ended up with not
a cent in his
pocket
．
I have to
face up to
（
=bravely
accept
）
the
situation
．
We have to fall
back upon
（
=depend
upon
）
his sup
－
port
．
He
fell out with
（
= quarrelled
with
）
all his
friends
．
I feel up
to
（
=feel capable of
undertaking
）
this
job
．
He will find out
about
（
=get facts
about
）
this
matter
．
He didn't fit in
with
（
=live
in
harmony with
）
those
foreigners
．
How can I get
away from
（
=avoid
）
her nagging
？
How
are you
getting
on
（
or along
）
with
（
=living together
with
）
your
bride
？
I cannot get out of
（
=avoid
）
t
his
trouble
．
Have
you got through with
（
=finish
）
that
job
？
Don't give in
to
（
=yield
to
）
your
impulse
．
He
goes
along with
（
=agrees
with
）
our
party
．
He
goes
（
or
plays
）
around
with
（
=fools around
with
）
all kinds of
girls
．
He went in
for
（
=got interested
in
）
stamp
collecting
．
He will go on to
college
．
This
store will soon go out of
business
（
=end a
business
）
．
This
sweater has gone out of
fashion
（
=is no more
fashionable
）．
He
often goes out with that pretty Japanese
girl
．
She held on
to
（
=kept
grasping
）
his
arm
．
c
．
She keeps away
from
（
=avoids
）
him
．
We should keep in
with
（
=keep friendly
with
）
our
neighbors
．
I
can
not keep up with
（
=overtake
）
my
classmates
．
This small event
led up to
（
=prepared the way
for
）
his
death
．
Live up
to
（
=Act according
to
）
your
promise
．
I often look back on
（
=recollect
）
the old
days
．
He looked
back over
（
=reviewed
）
his
record
．
Don't look down on
（
=despise
）
small people
．
We
are looking forward
to
（
=anticipating with
pleasure
）
your
visit
．
Look out
for
（
=Watch out
for
）
the
car
．
He cannot
make up for
（
=compensate
）
the loss I have
suffered
．
He made off
with
（
=stole and
hurried away
with
）
all my
money
．
Does his school work
measure up to
（
=come up
to
）
his
hopes
？
Last year I met up
with
（
=met by chance
）
Jane
，
who I
hadn't seen for ten
years
．
The child messed about
with
（
=made a mess
of
）
my
desk
．
d
．
He played up
to
（
=tried to please
）
her
．
I had to
put up with
（
=bear
）
these terrible noises every
day
．
I
must settle
up with
（
=get even
with
）
the man who has
insulted me
．
Many signed up
for
（
=joined
in
）
the
contest
．
The guests sat down
to dinner at eight
．
I can't
sit down with
（
=suffer
without complaint
）
that
insult
．
We should speak up
for
（
=speak in a loud voice
for
）
justice
．
This policeman stood in with
（
=was in secret league
with
）
those
gangsters
．
Why don't we stand
out against
（
=oppose
）
this evil
practice
？
We should stand up for
（
=support
）
this good
policy
．
I always think back t
o
（
=recall
）
my
childhood
．
Think
twice about it before you
act
．
Tune in to another radio
station
．
We should wake up to
（
=realize
）
the seriousness of our
situation
．
They wait up for
me
（
=They stay awake until I
come
home
）．
He
walked away with
（
=easily
won
）
the
election
．
He walked off
with
（
=took
away
）
my
umbrella
．
We
walked out of the meeting as an expression of
protest
．
I want out
of
（
=want to be freed
from
）
her nagging
．
I
warmed up to
（
=became
friendly with
）
my
neighbors
．
We should wise up
to
（
Am
．）（
=finally under
－
stand
）
what is going
on
．
I can't work together
with him
．
e
．
He got out of
（
=avoided
）
smoking
．
We moved on to
getting married
．
We stood up
for prohibiting
narcotics
．
I never turn aside from
（
=avoid
）
doing anything
good
．
He went near
to
（
=narrowly
escaped
）
being
killed
．
1374
10<
/p>
．
S
＋
TV
．
N
．
P
＋
N or
G
（
John found fault with
me
．）
1375
无数及物动词和特定的名词和介词构成成语。整个成语可以看作及物动词，因为它们可用
名词、代词或动名词作宾语：
a
．
They caught
hold of
（
=seized
）<
/p>
the
thief
；
caught
sight of
（
=spied
）
a strange
star
；
declared war
on
（
or
against
）
a foreign
country
；
found
fault with
（
=censured
< br>）
me
；
gained
possession of
（
=got
）
a large
estate
；
got notice from the
police
；
gave
warning to
（
=warned
）
us
；
had
< br>（
an
）
interest i
n
（
=liked
）
< br>music
；
left word with the
office boy
；
lost sight of
（
=forgot
）
t
heir purpose
；
lost touch
with
（
=could not
communicate
with
）
all their
friends
；
made war on
（
=fought
）
a
foreign country
；
put
confidence in
（
=trusted
）
me
；
put
（
or
lost
）
faith in
everyone
；
took care of their
children
；
took
（
a
）
pride in their
work
．
b
．
They asked a
favour of you
；
did a good turn
to
（
=did a service to
< br>）
me
；
did an
injury to their brother
；
drew
（
or formed
）
a conclusion
from
（
=inferred
from
）
this
fact
；
entertained a fear
for
（
=worried
about
）
this
adventure
；
extended an
invitation to
（
=invited
）
all their
friends
；
formed an estimate o
f
（
=estimated
）
his
abilities
；
gave an account of
（
=related
）
the accident
；
gave an order to
（
=ordered
）
us
；
gave a trial to the
candidate
：
had a lesson in
（
=learned
）
English
．
c
．
They asked the
favour of an early
supply
；
cleared the way for
the Queen
；
got
（
or had
）
the start
of
（
=gained an adventage
over
）
their
rivals
；
got the
better
（
or the
best
）
of
（
< br>=overcame
）
their
competitors
；
lost
the use of their legs
；
took
the consequences
of
（
=submitted to the results
of
）
their
folly
；
took the
place of
（
=replaced
）
other members
．
d
．
He cleared his
mind of prejudice
；
directed
our attention to the
vice
；
did his duty
to
（
or
by
）
his
country
；
found his
way to my village
；
gave his
love to his parents
；
paid his
addresses to
（
=courted
）
her
；
raised
his voice against
（
=opposed
）
the
manager
；
set his mind
on
（
=attended
to
）
his
business
；
shook
his head at the news
；
thrust<
/p>
（
or poked
，
pushed
）
his nose
into
（
=meddled officiously
in
）
every
< br>－
thing
；
took
his eyes off her
；
took his
choice of the books he
needed
；
turned his attention
to
exportation
；
tu
rned his back on
（
or to
）（
=forsook
）
h
is friends
．
e
．
They did much
damage to the car
；
had little
notion of this project
；
had
no objection to your
proposal
；
had no patience
for
（
=couldn't
stand
）
those
fools
；
had some
relations with the government
；
made
（
or
lost
）
a lot of
money over coffee
；
made some
reference to Shakespeare
；
saw
no harm in LSD
；
took no
delight in
（
=didn't
like
）
reading
；
took some
interest in music
；
took
little notice of the crime
．
f
．
He had dealings
with
（
=did business with
）
us
；
will go shares
with
（
= divide profits or
cost with
）
his
friends
；
made friends with
politicians
；
made
preparations
（
or
arrangements
）
for the
journey
；
shook
hands with
us
；
took pains over the
work
；
took photographs of
us
；
took
precautions against theft
；
took
sides with
（<
/p>
=supported
）
a
certain political party
．
这种动词成语不仅如上面例句表示的，
可以用名词作宾语，
也可像下面例句表示的，
可用动名词
作宾语：
g
．
He
aimed his efforts at studying nuclear
energy
；
bore the
responsibility of paying the debt of his
son
；
gave his mind to
bringing up his children
；
had no patience for waiting so
long
；
had the pleasure of
dancing with
Mary
；
laid claim to being
respected as a man
；
made
preparations for starting at 3 a
．
m
．
；
didn't
see his way
（
clear
）
to
（
=didn't find
it possible or good
）
becoming
a money-lender
；
saw no harm
in smoking
；
took
no interest in learning any
trade
；
laid claim to being
the father of a famous actress
who had
been an orphan
．
1
376
无数及物动词可与特定的介词连用，但与作宾语的名词关系并不紧密。这种句型与
其说是
“TV
．
N
．
P
＋
N or G”
这类，不如说是带状语的
“
TV
< br>＋
N”
类型：
I gave the money to
John
．
Thank you for your
kindness
．
Compare this with
that
．
Don't throw stones at
that dog
．
He
prepared us for the exam
．
She
keeps her children from
harm
．
Please translate this
poem
into
Chinese
．
It reminds me of her
pretty eyes
．
He
asked
（
or begged
，<
/p>
implored
）
her for
pardon
（
or
aid
）．
They
banished
（
or dismissed
，
expelled
）
him from that
place
．
They
charged
（
or presented
< br>，
provided
，
supp
lied
，
furnished
）
him with
something
．
What prevents you
from coming
？
I
warned him
against doing
evil
．
I paid him for having
done something for me
．
I must
keep my feet from getting
wet
．
I talked him
into believing me
．
They
excused me for making a
mistake
．
They forced us into
fighting
．
1377
注：在上面及物动词的空格内只有
< br>gave
一个词，
gave
下方
的标记说明了它和介词
to
的联系。
11
．
S<
/p>
＋
TV
．
R
．
P
＋
N or
G
（
John prided himself on his
new car
．）
1378
约有
60
个及物动词可和反身代词和特定的
介词构成成语，整个成语可以看作及物动词：
a
．
I availed
myself of
（
=make use
of
）
his
offer
（
or this
chance
）．
I prepared myself
for a journey to
Singapore and other
countries
．
I occupied myself
with
（
or addressed
my
－
self
to
，
applied myself
to
，
engaged myself
in
，
employed myself
in
）（
=was busy
in
）
literary work
（
or
reading
，
studying a
problem
）
；
threw
myself into
（
=took a vigorous
part in
）
the
contest
（
or
teaching
）
．
He
betook himself
to
（
=resorted
to
）
his old
job
（
or his
legs
，
his
heels
）；
lost himself in
studies
．
b
．
He allied
himself to
（
or
with
）
（
=was united
with
）
a rich
family
；
associated himself
with the firm
（
or the
party
，
the
movement
）
；
engaged
himself to a businessman
（
or
a
woman
）
；
concerned
himself
with
（
or
about
）
the exam
；
en
－
roll
ed himself in the army
．
c
．
He helped
himself to
（
=stole
）
my watch
；
served
himself with the
cake
；
possessed himself of
（
=obtained
）
a horse
；
gorged himself on
chicken
．
d
．
He prided
himself on
（
=was proud
of
）
his new
car
；
valued himself on his
birth
；
plumed
himself
on his
appearance
；
pique himself on
his dress
．
e
．
He indulged
himself
（
=gratify
himself
）
with
wine
（
or in wine
）；
addicted
（
or
delivered up
，
gave
up
，
abandoned
）
himself to
pleasure
（
or dissipation
，
wine
，
drink
ing
，
gambling
，
grief
，
bad
habits
）
；
lost
himself to her
；
dedicated
himself to education
；
devoted
himself to music
；
submitted
himself to
discipline
（
or his
wife
）；
yielded himself to
temptation
．
f
．
He familiarized
himself with
（
=made himself
well acquainted with
）
business
；
accustomed himself
to the we
ather
；
accommodated
（
or
adapted
）
himself to new
circumstances
；
reconciled
himself to
（
or
wit
h
）
（
=overcome his
objections to
）
his enemies
（
or
his fate
，
his
lot
，
the
situation
，
a life of
poverty
）
．
g
．
He troubled
himself about such a small
matter
；
worried himself about
the education of his
children
．
He
delighted
（
or
contented
）
himself with his
success
（
or the result
）；
enjoyed
（
or
amused
）
himself
with wine and
women
；
refreshed himself with
coffee
．
He
bethought himself of a plan
．
He has satisfied himself of the truth
of the report
；
can't
assure
（
or
persuade
）
himself of my
sincerity
．
h
．
He intruded
himself on my company
．
He avenged
（
or
revenged
）
himself on his
enemy
．
He
defended himself against
robbery
；
guarded himself
against vice
；
set himself
against everyone
．
He broke himself of a bad
habit
；
freed himself of
evil
．
i
．
He
distinguished himself for
bravery
．
He
ingratiated himself with
（
=f
lattered
）
his
boss
．
He absented
himself from school
．
He excused himself from
coming
．
j
．
The problem
resolved itself into a question of
money
．
This trifle developed
itself into a serious
problem
．
The snow melted itself into water
．
It burned itself into
ashes
．
It
changed
（
or
transformed
）
itself into
a giant
．
The kingdom divided itself into
three
．
I engaged
myself in making dress
．
He threw himself into
teaching
．
He addicted himself
to
gambling
．
He
accustomed himself to living on the
mountain
．
He amused himself
by reading
．
You must
resign
（
or
reconcile
）
yourself to living
a hard life
．
I excused myself
from at
－
tending the
party
．
1379
图解：
1
2
．
S
＋
TV
＋
I
或
S
＋
TV<
/p>
．
N
＋
I
（
John wanted to
swim
．）
1380
约有
90
个及物动词用不定式（而不是动名词）作
宾语：
a
．
He
wished
（
or hoped
，<
/p>
delighted
）
to
go
；
wanted to
know it
；
schemed
（
or
arranged
）
to kill
his
rival
；
tended
（
or
desired
）
to
fight
；
meant to
help you
；
aimed to
be
－
come a doctor
；
thought
（
=intended
）
（现在用得较少）
to go
；
ached
（
or yearned
，
longed
）
to be free
；
trusted
（
=earnest
ly
hoped
）
to hear
from you soon
．
She admired
（
=intended
）
（美式）
to learn
Russian
．
He did not care
to go
．
b
．
He volunteered
to help me
；
offered to buy my
house
（
or to strike me
）
；
chose
（
or elected
）
to remain
here
．
He hesitated
to go
；
didn't scruple to
steal
；
hastened to tell me
；
decided
（
or determined
，
res
olved
，
concluded
）<
/p>
to marry her
；
vowed
（
or
swore
）
to revenge
himself
．
He promised
（
or agreed
，
consented
）
to pay me
soon
．
They have contracted to
build a large theatre
．
He
threatened not to pay me
．
c
．
He
condescended
（
or
deigned
）
to help
me
（
or to offer me
tea
）
；
vouchsafed
to answer
．
He submitted
to be punished
．
He
refused
（
or
declined
）
to lend me the
money
；
scorned
（书面语）
to accept the bribe
，
disdained
（书面语）
to speak with the
hypocrite
．
He
demanded
（
or
required
）
to see
my passport
；
asked
（
or applied
，
begge
d
）
to see the
king
；
moved to postpone the
decision
．
d
．
He could
（
not
）
afford
to wait
（
or to be
generous
，
to be
idle
）；
managed to
control his temper
；
will
never manage to
learn
；
contrived to live a
simple life
（
or to make
matter worse
）．
They
tried
（
or
sought
）
to kill
their enemy
；
endeavoured
（
or strove
，
struggled
）
to be
independent
．
e
．
They won't
trouble
（
or
bother
）
to do such a
thing
；
do not care to see
it
．
They
undertook
（
or
guar
anteed
，
engaged
）
to pay me the
debt
．
They helped
（
us
）
（
to
）
build the
house
．
They expect to
be there at
noon
．
They never
thought
（
or
expected
）
to see me
again
．
They pretended
（
or
affected
，
made
believe
）
to be rich men
；
claimed
（
or
professed
）
to
know everything
．
f
．
They
dared
（
or
ventured
）
to do
it
；
won't presume to
criticise us
．
May I
venture
（
or
presume
）
（
=take
the liberty
）
to ask you a few
questions
？
They
learned to swim
．
They
prepared to leave
here
；
started
out
（
or set out
）（<
/p>
=began
）
to write a
report
；
proceeded to play
music
；
moved to arrest the
criminal
．
They
deserved to enjoy this
priviledge
．
This child needs
to be spanked
．
g
．
He grew to
believe it
．
How did he come
（
=begin
）
to know it
？
How came you to love
her
？
The
extra job serves to increase my
income
．
These sentences will
suffice to ex
－
plain the use
of the
verb
．
Her
looks contribute to show
herjoy
．
That just goes to
show your ignorance
．
Every
man tends
（
or
inclines
）
to
believe in himself
．
The boy
bids fair to succeed
（
or to
be an engineer
）．
1381
有些动词在不定式前可加
for
引起的短语，表示意义上的主语：
We planned for him to
come
．
We arranged for
something to be done
．
He want
ed
（
for
）
his son to be
happy
．
The ringing
of the bell meant for them to come to
dinner
．
We have decided for
the meeting to
take place on the
3rd
（
=decided that the
meeting should take place on the
3rd
）
．
He doesn't
deserve for
you to help
him
．
1382
在下面句子中及物动词和后面跟的名词构成成语，可以看作一个单一的及物动词，后面跟
不定式作宾语：
He had a good
mind
（
=earnestly
wished
）
to do
it
；
tried his
best
（
=
endeavoured
）
to find out a
solution
；
took
the trouble to consult a
dictionary
；
took
（
good
）
care not to trouble
her
；
had not the heart to
leave
her
；
made up his
mind
（
=
decided
）
to go
abroad
；
had to
make shift to set up a
hut
；
saw his way
（<
/p>
clear
）
to criticise
（
or
praise
）
them
．
1383
有些动词，看起来像是及物动词却不是及物动词，可
以和
to
构成词组，起助动词的作用：
You ought to
（
=sho
uld
）
obey your
parents
．
You want
to
（
=should
）
be more careful
．
I shall have to
（
=
must
）
go
．
I<
/p>
（
have
）
got to
（
=must
）
go
now
．
I am to
（
=must
）
see him
．
He stands to
（
=may
）
win
（
or
lose
）
the
game
．
He is going
to
（
=will
）
< br>
leave here
．
He
failed to
（
=should
，
but did no
）
answer her
．
He
appeared
（
or
seemed
）
to know
it
．
He used to
come at seven
，
and usedn't to
come at eight
．
He
chanced
（
or
happened
）
to meet me
there
．
He turned
out
（
or
proved
）
to have
discovered our secret
．
试比较下面句子：
He is
certain
（
or
sure
）
to
（
=will certainl
y
）
succeed
．
He is likely to
（
=may
）
come this
evening
．
He is
able to
（
=can
）
speak
English
．
He is
allowed to
（
=may
）<
/p>
do what he
likes
．
He is
obliged to
（
=must
）
go at
once
．
He is bound
to
（
=must
）
< br>
go
．
He is in a
position
（
or a situation
）
to
（
=can
）
help his
friends
．
在上面所举动词之后不可加动名词：
I wanted going
abroad
．（错句）
He
promised helping me
．（错句）
1384
图解：
< br>注：不定式的图解方法和动名词一样（参阅
1368
节）
。
注：不定式意义上主语
for
him
的图解办法。
13
．
S
＋
TV
＋
G
（
John enjoyed
swimming
．）
1385 <
/p>
约有
100
个及物动词用动名词（而不是
不定式）作宾语：
a
．
You cannot
avoid making mistakes
．
They
will evade answering my
questions
．
How can he escape
being punished
？
I will never shirk helping my good
friends
．
I
can
－
not help thinking
so
（
or
laughing
）
（
=I
cannot but think so or
laugh
）．
She could not resist
telling him everything
．
b
．
They
commenced
（
or set
about
，
fell
to
）
building a
bridge
．
They
kept
（
on
）
waiting
there
，
and
you
kept
（
on
）
drinking
．
He
resumed studying French
．
He
has finished
（
or
completed
，
done
）
writing
the
letters
．
You must
stop
（
or
quit
）
drinking
．
Perhaps
you can't believe
；
he has
renounced smoking
cigars
，
given
up
（
or given
over
）
playing the
fool
，
left off being
idle
．
I have to
delay
（
or postpone
，
defer
，
put
off
）
meeting
him
（
or going to the
doctor
）．
c
．
I will
consider
（
or
contemplate
）
cooperating with
him
．
He mentioned learning
Japanese
；
reported
having done all his
work
；
described their making
liquor with rice
．
They sugges
ted
（
you
）
making a trip
to
Japan
．
He
advocated
（
or urged
）
（
our
）
using force
．
He
encouraged
（
our
）
spending less and earning
more
．
He
advised
（
or counselled
）
（
your
）
trying once more
．
He rec
ommended
（
our
）
increasing the
salary
．
d
．
He enjoyed
eating Vietnamese
food
；
relished watching women
passing by
；
fancied going to
the
movies
；
adored
（
=liked very
much
口语体）
being
praised
．
He appreciated your
assisting him
．
I
detest
（
or abomin
ate
，
loathe
）
working at night
；
resent
being laughed at
；
dislike
accompanying her
；
reject
giving him any
aid
；
favoured taking a
decisive step
．
They
depreciated
（
=expressed
disapproval of
）
building a big
library
；
officially
sanctioned flogging
．
Do you
mind opening the door
（
or his
smoking
，
being
awakened
，
taking this letter
to the post
office
）
？
I don't mind opening the
door
（
or his
smoking
，
being
awakened
）．
e
．
He
admitted
（
or
acknowledged
）
having done something
wrong
；
owned
（
or owned to
，
confessed
，
confessed
to
）
killing
her
；
denied stealing
it
；
disclaimed having tempted
anyone to do evil
．
I doubt
having any
chance
．
f
．
He risked
offending somebody
（
or losing
all he had
，
getting
hurt
，
being
robbed
）
．
Should he
chance
being
caught
，
he would be put to
death
．
He faced being
isolated from society
．
He
missed eating a good
dinner
（
or seeing
such a good play
）．
I will
await hearing from you
．
g
．
I do not
understand driving a
car
；
can't understand his
behaving like that
．
I
practised playing the
piano
．
She aped
being a high
－
born
lady
．
h
．
Fancy doing
everything for nothing
（
or meeting you
here
）．
Could you fancy
meeting her here
？
I cannot fancy doing such a silly
thing
．
I cannot
imagine marrying such a
man
．
I did anticipate
（
=look forward
to
）
having a good
time at
Christmas
．
i
．
They don't
allow
（
our
）
talking loud in
public
；
never permit
（
our
）
screaming in the
house
；
tolerate
（
our
）
smoking and gambling
；
forbade
（
our
）<
/p>
speaking
loud
；
hindered
（
or preve
nted
）（
our
）
committing the same
mistakes
；
barred smoking and
playing cards
．
I
never forgive
（
or pardon
，
excuse
）
spitting in public
places
．
He
grudged paying me
（
= was
unwilling to pay me
）（
or
having to pay double the
price
，
my living a
happy
life
）；
repented learning too
late
．
She felt
like swimming
（
or
crying
）；
burst out
crying
（
or
laughing
）．
j
．
This measure
means changing the whole
system
．
The visit entailed
buying gifts for
children
．
The plan
includes building a
church
．
Money justifies doing
evil
．
This proposal involves
increasing the school
fee
．
This implied
condemning him to death
．
The
new system facilitates pronouncing Chinese
characters
．
The
birth of another baby necessitated earning
more
．
This
provokes
（
or excites
）
vomiting
（
or
crying
）．
1386
有些及物动词后动名词的前面须有意义上的主语，正
像上面的某些句子所表现的：
I cannot
approve his
（
or
him
）
behaving like
that
．（用
him
的时候比用<
/p>
his
时更多一些。）
Mother welcomed their
（
them
）
visiting her at
her villa
．
I protest his
（
or
him
）
treating me like a
slave
．
I often
picture myself living a beautiful
life
．
I denounced
anybody's
（
or
anybody
）
telling
lies
．
Dennis
announced Greg's
（
or
Greg
）
getting
married
．
We
applaud Ada's
（
or
Ada
）
making so wise a
decision
．
1387
在某些动词后可跟
there
being
这种结构：
I doubt there being any
mistake
．
He
admitted there being some
mistakes
．
He
didn't mind there being any wild beasts
there
．
1388
在上面所举动词之后不可用不定式：
I enjoy to eat
bananas
．（错句）
He
avoided to meet her
．（错句）
1389
图解：
注：动名词意义上主语
his
的图解办法。
14
．
S
＋<
/p>
TV
＋
I or
G
（
John liked to swim or
swimming
．）
1390
约有
50
< br>个动词既可用不定式也可用动名词作宾语：
a
．
I cannot
endure
（
or bear
，
stand
）
to
be
（
or being
）
cheated
．
We
proposed
（
or intended
< br>，
planned
，
desig
ned
，
purposed
）
to abolish
（
or
abolishing
）
the outdated
rules
．
He attempted to
get
（
or
getting
）
rid of all the
beggars
．
He
forbore to say
（
or
saying
）
anything against
anybody
．
He
neglected
（
or
omitted
）
to
pay
（
or
paying
）
the
fee
．
b
．
She started to
cry
（
or
crying
）
before getting
hurt
．
He declined
to speak
（
or
speaking
）
at the
party
．
He continued
（
or
discontinued
）
to
stay
（
or
staying
）
there
．
I dread
（
or
fear
）
to
climb
（
or
climbing
）
the
mountain
．
We need
to learn
（
or learning
< br>）
something
．
He scorned to
cheat
（
or cheating
）
anyone
．
1391
有一些动词，在某些上下文中需用不定式作宾语，在
另一些上下文中需用动名词作宾语：
a
．
He
（表示人的主语）
began
to cry
，
to
eat
，
to
dance
（
or crying
，<
/p>
eating
，
dancing
）．
It
（表示物
的主
语）
began to
boil
（
or to
rain
，
to move
）
（而不说
boiling
，
raining
，
moving
）
．
He
（人）
ceased
to
write
（
or writing
）
．
It
（物）
ceased to h
arden
（而不说
hardening
）．（不过有些作家不承认这
一差别）
b
．
He began to
know it
（
or to love
it
，
to see
it
，
to under-
stand
，
to feel
sad
，
to be suspected
）．
（而
不说
knowing
it
，
loving it
，
etc
．）（在表示一种被动的心理状态时，
b
egin
可用不定式作宾语，
而不用动名词作宾语。
）
He got
（
or
grew
．
became
）
（
=began
）
to
know
（
or to
believe
，
to care for
）
her
．
但是：
They got
（
=began
）
qua
rrelling
（
or talking
，
laughing
，
playi
ng
）．（美式英语）
c
．
I prefer
studying music to
（介词）
doing
business
．
I
prefer to study music rather than
（
to
）
do
（不定式）<
/p>
business
．
1392
另一些动词用不定式作宾语和用动名词作宾语意义不同：
a
．
You must stop
thinking
（
=not think any
more
）
；
stop to
think
（
=stop doing something
else and begin
to
think
）．
He forgot
meeting
（
or having
met
）
you at a
hotel
（
=had met you but
forgot it
）；
forgot to meet
you
（
=ought to have met
you
，
but did not do so
）
；
remembered
（
or re- called
，
rec
ollected
）
going
（
or having
gone
）
to the
pictures with
her
（
=remembered that he had
gone
）
；
will
remember to post the
letter
（
but
has
not yet posted it
）．
b
．
I regretted
telling
（
or having
told
）
you the sad
story
（
=regretted that I had
told it
；
regret to tell
you
（
=regret that I have to
tell you
）
that your son is
very naughty
．
You
must try eating
（
=eat for the
first time
）
the
durian
；
must
try
（
=make
efforts
）
to finish this work
before Sunday
．
She cannot
help
（
=cannot help
others
）
to prepare the
meal
；
cannot
help
（
=cannot refrain from
）
laughing
．
c
．
He went on
teaching lesson five
（
=didn't
stop after teaching some part of lesson
five
）；
went on to
teach lesson
five
（
=began teaching lesson
five after finishing lesson
four
．）
I like
（
or dislike
，
love
，
hate
）
swimming
（
or studying the current events
）
（
habit
）
；
should
（
or would
）
like
（
or love
，
prefer
）
to swim in this
place
（
or to drink
coffee
）．（
one recent
act
）
I began to
understand
（
or to
see
）
my mistake
（被动
心理状态）
，
started selling coffee
years ago
．
（主
动的活动）
。
1393
注意避免连续使用
2
个
-ing<
/p>
形式或两个不定式：
He is
beginning to work
（而不是
working
）．
He is trying
to do it
（而不是
doing
it
）．
He seems to
like playing
（而不是
to play
）
tennis
．
It's necessary to start
organizing
（不要说
to
organize
）
a new
party
．
1394
约有
10
个及物动词可用被动形式的不定式或主动
形式的动名词作宾语：
Your work needs
correcting
（
or to be
corrected
）．
This
baby wants looking after
（
or
to be looked after
）．
It requires
washing
（
or to be
washed
）．
His
language would not bear
repeating
（
or to be
repeated
）．
It
won't bear thinking of
（
or to
be thought of
）．
The colour will not stand
washing
（
or to be
washed
）．
It
defies explaining
（
or to be
explained
）．
The
complicated situation forbade
analysing
（
or to be
analysed
）．
He
deserved punishing
（
or to be
punished
）．
比较下面句子：
The work
is worth doing
（
or worthy to
be done
）．
This
plan is worth carrying
out
（
or worthy to be carried
out
）．
1395
图解：
15
．
S
＋<
/p>
TV
＋
that-CL
< br>或
S
＋
TV
＋
N
（
=that-
CL
）（
John said that she was
lazy
．）
1396
约有
150
个及物动词可用由
that
引起的从句作宾语。
下面由
that
引
起的从句都是陈述句（参阅
1292
节）：
a
．
From this he
gathered
（
or
inferred
）
that his boss did
not like him
（
or that the
plan was good
）．
He heard
（
or
understood
）
that Wang was in
love with Su
（
or that the
situation was growing
worse
）
．
He heard say that she was
married
．
He
found
（
or saw
，
perceived
，
felt
，
sensed
，
notic
ed
）
that
something was wrong
（
or that
people liked
him very
much
）．
He
learned
（
or realized
，
discovered
）
tha
t the earth is round
（
or that
this plant could be found in
Africa
）
．
I have
ascertained
（
or found
out
）
that he was
murdered
．
He
reads that the earth has existed billions of
years
．
b
．
He does not
doubt but that
（
=that
< br>）
I'll win
．（
But
that
只
用在否定及疑问句中，这
种用法业已
陈旧。）
You can not deny but that
（
=that
）
she's a good
player
．
Who can
tell but that he is a
swindler
？
Neither of us knows but that
（
=that
）
we can
marry
．
He knows a
s
（
=that
）（不规范用法）
you are honest
．
I can tell as
（
=th
at
）
he is a
swindler
．
c
．
I
think
（
or suppose
，
assume
，
presume
，
believe
，
expect
，
imagine
，
fancy
）
that he is a
very honest
fellow
．
Suppose we have some
coffee
（
=Let us have some
coffee
）．
Suppose
we try
（
=Let us try
）．（
that
可以省略）
I dare say you are
wrong
．
I
guess
（
or figure
，<
/p>
calculate
，
reckon
）（
Am
．）
he
will be here by seven
．
I
wager
（
or
bet
）
he has
done
his best
．
d
．
I suspected
that he was a thief
．
You
didn't doubt that he was a
thief
．
But she doubted
whether he
was
．（
=I thought
he was probably a thief
．
You
were sure he was
．
But she was
not sure whether he
was
．）
He judged
（
or conc
luded
，
decided
，
gathered
，
considered<
/p>
）
that it was best to
resign
（
or that nobody
could be
trusted
）．
The law
prescribes that a man below eighteen must not get
married
．
The
judge ruled
（
or
adjudged
）
that David was
innocent
．
e
．
He
believes
（
or maintains
，
holds
）
that
the plan is imperfect
（
or
that all men are born
equal
）．
I
objected that
（
=objected
because
）
he was
unjust
．
I
protested
（
=affirmed
strongly
）
that I had said
nothing against anybody
．
He claimed that he was
innocent
（
or that he was a
descendant of Confucius
）．
f
．
He denied that
he had stolen anything
，
but
did not deny that
（
or but
that
）
he was on the
spot
．
（
=He
said that he had not stolen anything
，
…
）
Wang
agreed
（
with
me
）
that Lee was
careless
．
He
admitted
（
or acknowledged
，
confessed
，
owned
，
recognized
）
that he was not qualified for the
job
．
We must
allow that he is right
，
and
grant that his re- mark is
true
．
g
．
He
assered
（
or claimed
，
alleged
，
stated<
/p>
，
said
，
r
e- marked
）
that the situation
was getting better and
better
．
He declared
（
or
announced
）
that he was
planning a trip
（
or that
Mr
．
Fu had been murdered on
the
street
）．
He proclaimed that the war would end
after a week
．
He
reiterated that he could do nothing for
anyone
．
He
mentioned that she would leave us
soon
．
He
certified that I was a member of a photo
club
．
h
．
He
revealed
（
or let
on
）
that Wang had four
wives
．
He
emphasized
（
or
specified
）
that I was to
blame
．
He writes
that all men are born equal
．
I voted that we go for an
excursion
．
He
showed
（
or
signified
）
that he had
nothing to say about the
matter
（
or that something had
happened
）
．
He hinted that he would like to go to
the party and intimated he would accept if he was
invited
．
He
insinuated that I had played him a
trick
．
His
refusal does not mean that he is unkind to
us
．
His accent
betrayed that he came from the
North
．
i
．
He
demonstrated
（
or
proved
）
that the earth is
round
（
or that justice would
win
）．
All facts
established that he was a
traitor
．
He
estimated
（
or calculated
，
figured
）
th
at it would take three days to get to the
moon
．
He
theorizes that the human beings could live 200
years
，
if…
I submitted there was some mistake and
john was to blame
．
I argued that everything was wrong with
our system
．
He
explained that he was too ill to
come
．
j
．
He cannot
guarantee
（
or warrant
< br>，
engage
，
undert
ake
）
that I shall
make a profit
．
I
will see
（
or
check
）
that everything is
done
．
He promised
that he would help you
．
He pretended
（
or
let on
，
made
believe
）
that he was
ill
（
or that the theft had
nothing to do with
him
）
．
He
played that he was a
bridegroom
．
He
foretold
（
or foresaw
，
predicted
，
prop
hesied
，
di-
vined
）
that you would be very
rich
（
or that the
world war would break out ten years
after
）．
He
radioed that he was seriously
ill
．
k
．
He
swore
（
or
vowed
）
that he was
innocent
（
or that he would
never divulge the secret
）．
He forgot that he owed you a hundred
dollars
，
could not recollect
that he owed you so much
，
but
he
remembered that he owed you ten
dollars
．
He
replied
（
or
answered
）
that he could not
help me
（
or that he had no
money to lend me
）．
He added
（
or put
in
，
threw
in
）
that he must
resign
．
She
retorted that I was more selfish than
she
．
I don't care
that he should say so
．
He rejoiced that we had won the
battle
，
but
grieved
（
or
exclaimed
）
that many had been
killed
．
He
boasted that he was the richest man in the
city
．
l
．
He
murmured
（
or mumbled
，
grumbled
）
that
he was so unlucky
，
and
complained to me that nobody
had
treated him well
．
He whispered to me that John had been
taken by the po- lice
．
He charged that the radio of his
neighbour disturbed his
sleep
．
He
wondered
（
or
marvelled
）
that everything
should change so quickly
．
I
don't wonder that he was
killed
．
Do you wonder that he was
killed
？
m
．
I appreciated
that it was well done
．
He dreamed that he was on the
battlefield
；
little dreamed
that he should become so
miserable
．
Picture
（
or
Imagine
）
to yourself that
your wife is waiting for you at the
door
．
He
exclaimed
（
or cried out
，
interjected
）
that he had lost his gold
watch
．
Beware
（
or
Mind
）
that he does not
deceive you
（
or lest he
deceives you
）．
I
will look out
（
or
check
）
that he does not cheat
me
．
1397
< br>下面由
that
引起的从句表示命令、请求、建议等，可
以称作命令从句、请求从句等（注意
谓语由
should
构成，参阅
1294
节）：
< br>
a
．
He
commanded
（
or ordered
< br>，
enjoined
，
dire
cted
）
that we should start at
four
．
The law
prescribes that nobody should
gamble
．
He
promised you should be
rewarded
．
He
demanded
（
or required
< br>，
requested
，
ask
ed
，
wanted
）
that I should pay him next
Monday
．
I insist
that he studies music
（
=I say
it is true that he studies music
）
．
但：
I insist that he
study
（
or should
s
tudy
）
music
．
=I advise him to study
it
．
b
．
I
had
（
or would
）
rather
（
or sooner
）（
that
）
she
left
（
or should
leave
）
this dangerous
place
．
I
wish
（
or
prayed
）
that I should not
fail again
．