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定语从句及相关术语
1.
定语从句:
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词
引导的从句,
其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个
名词性成分,相当
于形容词,所以又称为
形容词性从句
,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先
行
词后面。
2.
关系词:
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词
,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有
that,
which,
who,
whom,
whose,
as
等,绝对没有
p>
WHAT
;关系副词有
where,
w
hen,
why
< br>等。关系词常有
3
个作用:
①连接作用,引导定语从句。
②代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能
是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。
③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
注:关
系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般
whom
作为宾语。
3.
定语:
定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、
限定作用的词、短
语(动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语)或句子,汉语中常用<
/p>
‘……
的
’
表示
。
主要由形容词担任,此外,名词,代词,数词,
分词
,副词,不定式以及
介词短语
也
可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,
作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。
4
、先行词:
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
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关系代词引导的定语从句举例
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中
充当主语、宾语、
定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和
数要和先行词
保持一致。
1
、
who,
whom,
that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,
who
做主语指人,
whom
作宾
语指人,
that
既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),
可以指人也可以指物。在从句中所
起作用如下:
(1)
Is
he
the
man
who/that
wants
to
see
you?
他就是想见你的人吗?
(<
/p>
wh
o/that
在从句中作主语)
p>
(2)
He
is
the
man
whom/
that
I
saw
yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(
whom/that
在从句中作宾语)
2
、
Whose
用来指人或物
(
只用作定语
,
若指物,它还可以同
of
which
互换,指人的时候也可以用
of
w
hom
代替)
(1)
They
rushed
over
to
help
the
man
whose
car
had
broken
down.
那
人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2)
Please
pass
me
the
book
whose
(of
which)
color
is
green.
请递给
我那本绿皮的书。
3
、
which,
that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语
、宾语等,作宾语
时可以省略,例如:
(1)
A
prosperity
which
/
that
had
never
been
seen
before
appears
in
th
e
countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(
which
/
that
在句中作主语)
(2)
The
package
(which
/
that)
you
are
carrying
is
about
to
come
unwra
pped.
你拿的包快散了。
(which
/
that
在句中作宾语)
4
、
as
as
可以做主语,也可以作宾语,作宾语时可以省略,指人或者物。
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限定性定语从句
一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)
1.
t
hat
既可代表事物也可代表人,
which
< br>代表事物;
它们在从句中作主语或宾语,
that
在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,
which
在从句中作宾语也可以省略。
[eg
:
T
his
is
the
book
(
which
)
you
want.]
2
而且,
如果
which
在从句中作
“
不及物动词+介词
”
的介词的宾语,注意介词不
要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词
which
的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
3.
代
表物时多用
which
,但在下列情况中用
that
而不用
which
:
p>
a)
先行词是
anything,
everything,
nothing
,
none
等
不定代词
时;
b)
先行词由
every,
any,
all,
some,
no,
little,
few,
much
等修饰时,这时的
th
at
常被省略;
c)
先行
词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;
d)
先行词就是序数词或最高级时;
e)
先行词中既有人又有物时;
f)<
/p>
整个句中前面已有
which
时;
g)
当先行词为物并作表语时。
4.
who
和
whom
引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,
whom
作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5.
whose
是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的
前置所有格
.
它引
导的从句可以修饰人
和物
,
当它引导的从句修饰物体时
,
可以与
of
which
调换
,
< br>表
达的意思一样。
二、关系副词(在句中作状语)
关系副词
=
介词
+
关系代词
why=for
which
where=in/
at/
on/
...
which
(
介词同先行词搭配
)
when=during/
on/
in/
...
which
(
介词同先行词搭配
)
1.
where
是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句。
2.
when
引导定语从句表示时间
[注]值得一提的是,表示时间
“time
一词的定
语从句只用
when
引导,有时不用任何关系代词
,当然也不用
that
引导。
By
the
time
you
arrived
in
London,
we
had
stayed
there
for
two
weeks.
I
still
remember
the
first
time
I
met
her.
Each
time
he
goes
to
business
trip,
he
brings
a
lot
of
living
necessities,
such
as
towels,
soap,
toothbrush
etc
。
3.
当从句的逻辑主语是
some,
any,
no,
somebody,
anybody,
nobody,
some
thing,
anything,
everything
< br>或
nothing
时,常用
th
ere
is
来引导
There
is
somebody
here
who
wants
to
speak
to
you.
这里有人要和你说
话。
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非限定性定语从句
非
限定性定语从句
< br>的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,
通常是引导词和先行
词之间用
逗号
隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1.
which
引导的非限定性定语
从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部
分
2.<
/p>
当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和
指示代词
所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是
非限制性的,例如:
Charles
Smith,
who
was
my
former
teacher,
retired
last
year.
查理
·
< br>史密
斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
My
house,
which
I
bought
last
year,
has
got
a
lovely
garden.
p>
我去年买
的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This
novel,
which
I
have
read
three
times,
is
very
touching.
这本小说很
动人,我已经读了三遍。
3.<
/p>
非限制性定语从句
还能将整个主句作为先行词
,
对其进行修饰
,
这时从句谓
语
动词要用第三人称单数,例如:
He
seems
not
to
have
grasped
what
I
meant,
which
greatly
upsets
me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。
Liquid
water
changes
to
vapor,
which
is
called
evaporation.
液态水变为
蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。
4.
有时
as
也可用作关系代词
5.
在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词
why
和关系代词
that
,
而用
who,
whom
代表人,用<
/p>
which,whose
代表事物,如果需要用
< br>why
,
可用
for
which
代替
.
;
p.s:
which
引导非限定性定
语从句其后不可省略成分,
as
可以
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关系代词引导的定语从句
指人在从句中做主语
(1)
The
boys
who
are
playing
football
are
from
Class
One.
在踢足球的
男孩们是一班的
.
(2)
Yesterday
I
helped
an
old
man
who
lost
his
way.
昨天,
我帮助了一个
迷路的老人
.
2.
whom
指人
在定语从句中充当宾语,常省略。
(注:
who
和
whom
已无太大区别,基本可
以通用。唯一区别是
who<
/p>
可以做主语而
whom
不可以。)
(1)
Mr.
Liu
is
the
person
(whom)
you
talked
with
on
the
bus.
刘先生就
是在公交车上和你
聊天的那个人
.
(2)
Mr.
Ling
is
just
the
boy(whom)I
want
to
see.
凌先生恰巧就是我想见的
那个男孩
.
(3)
The
man
who/whom
you
met
just
now
is
my
friend.
你刚刚见到的那
个人就是我的朋友
.
注意:
关系代词
whom
在口语和非正式语体中常用
< br>who
代替,可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语
,
就用
whom
或
who.
比如
:
He
is
the
man
whom/who
I
t
alk
to.
他就是那个和我聊天的男人
.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用<
/p>
who.
比如
:
He
is
the
man
who
has
an
Engl
ish
book.
他就是那个有英语书的男人
.
3.
whose
通常指人,也可指物
在定语从句中做定语。
(1)
He
has
a
friend
whose
father
is
a
doctor.
(2)
I
once
lived
in
a
house
whose
roof
has
fallen <
/p>
指物时,常用
以下结构来代替
(3)
The
classroom
whose
door
is
broken
will
soon
be
repaired.
(4)
The
classroom
the
door
of
which
is
broken
will
soon
be
repaired.
(5)
Do
you
like
the
book
whose
color
is
yellow?
(6)
Do
you
like
the
book
the
color
of
which
is
yellow?
指物
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(1)
Football
is
a
game
which
is
liked
by
most
boys.
足球是大多数男孩都
喜欢的游戏
.
(2)
This
is
the
pen
(which)
he
bought
yesterday.
这是他昨天刚买的钢笔
.
5.
that
指人时
相当于
w
ho
或者
whom
;指物时,相当于<
/p>
which
。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(5)
The
number
of
the
people
that/who
come
to
visit
the
city
each
year
rises
one
million.
(6)
Where
is
the
man
that/whom
I
saw
this
morning?
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关系副词引导的定语从句
1.
when
指时间
在定语从句中做时间状语
(1)
I
still
remember
the
day
when
I
first
came
to
the
school.
(2)
The
time
when
we
got
together
finally
came.
2.
where
指地点
在定语从句中做地点状语
(1)
Shanghai
is
the
city
where
I
was
born.
(2)
The
house
where
I
lived
ten
years
ago
has
been
pulled
down.
3.
why
指原因
在定语从句中做原因状语
(1)
Please
tell
me
the
reason
why
you
missed
the
plane.
(2)
I
don’t
know
the
reason
why
he
looks
unhappy
today.
注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由
“
介词
+
关系代词
”
引导的从句替换
(1)
The
reason
why/
for
which
he
refused
the
invitation
is
not
clear,
(2)
From
the
year
when/in
which
he
was
going
to
school
he
began
to
k
now
what
he
wanted
when
he
grew
up.
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介词和关系代词
1
)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2
p>
)
that
前不能有介词。
3
)
某些在
从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的
介词
+
关系词
结构可以同关系
副词
when
,where
和
why
互换。
This
is
the
house
in
which
I
lived
two
years
ago.
This
is
the
house
where
I
lived
two
years
ago.
Do
you
remember
the
day
on
which
you
joined
our
club?
Do
you
remember
the
day
when
you
joined
our
club?
This
is
the
reason
why
he
came
late.
This
is
the
reason
for
which
he
came
late.
介词
+<
/p>
关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常
由介词
+
关系代词引导
当介词
放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用
whick/whom
即
“
介词
+which/who
m
且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用
tha
t/which/who/whom.
作介词的宾语,且
可以省
略。例如:
(1)
The
school
(that/which)
he
once
studied
in
is
very
famous.
h
可以省略
=
The
school
in
which
he
once
studied
is
very
famous.
不可省略
(2)
Tomorrow
I
will
bring
here
a
magazine
(that/which)
you
asked
for.
=
Tomorrow
I
will
bring
here
a
magazine
for
which
you
asked.
(3)
We’ll
go
to
hear
the
famous
singer
(whom/that/who)
we
have
often
t
alked
about.
=
We’ll
go
to
hear
the
famous
singer
about
whom
we
have
often
talked.
注意:
1.
含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:
look
for,
look
after,
take
care
of
等
T
This
is
the
watch
which/that
I
am
looking
for.
(T
=正确
)
F
This
is
the
watch
for
which
I
am
looking.
(F
=错误
)
2.
若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用
whom
,不可用
who
或者
th
at
;
指物时用
which
,不能用
that
;关系代词是所有格时用
whose
(1)
The
man
with
whom
you
talked
is
my
friend.
(T)
The
man
with
that
you
talked
is
my
friend.
(F)
(2)
The
plane
in
which
we
flew
to
Canada
is
very
comfortable.
(T)
The
plane
in
that
we
flew
in
to
Canada
is
very
comfortable.
(F)
3.
“
介词
+
关系代词
”
前可有
some,
any,
none,
both,
all,
neither,
most,
each,
few
等代词或者数词
(1)
He
loved
his
parents
deeply,
both
of
whom
are
very
kind
to
him.
(2)
In
the
basket
there
are
quite
many
apples,
some
of
which
have
gon
e
bad.
(3)
There
are
forty
students
in
our
class
in
all,
most
of
whom
are
from
big
cities.
关系代词
关系代词(一般情况下)
that
可用
who
,whom
和
which
在从句做主语,谓动
词的宾语,但是不能做介词的宾语。
which
指物,在从句中作主语,谓语或宾语;
who
在从句中作主语;
whom
在从句中宾语;
whe
re
在从句中修饰表地点的名词,做地点状语;
whe
n
在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词,做时间状语;
why
在从句中做原因状语,先行词通常是
有时
wh
y
也可用
for+which
代替。<
/p>
例:
A
doctor
is
a
person
‖
who
looks
after
people's
health.
主语
谓语
先行词
定语从句修饰先行词
判断介词和关系代词
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