语言学定义简答

2021年2月11日发(作者：外销员)

(

一

) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal

symbols used for human communication.

Language

design

features:

ariness

y

tivity

cement

al

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

The scope of linguistics: 1. phonetics

语

音学

the

study

of

how

speech

sounds

are

produced and classified.

2.

Phonology

音

系

学

the

study

of

how

sounds form systems and function to convey

meaning

3. morphology

形< /p>

态

学

:the study

of the form of words

4. syntax

句法学

the

study

of

how

words

and

phrases

are

combined to form sentences

5. se mantics

语

义

学

:

the

study

of

meaning

6.

pragmatics

语

用学

:

the study of meaning in

context

of

use

7.

historical

linguistics

< p>
历

史

语

言学

:

the study of language change

Parole

言

语

---- the realization of langue in

actual use.

Competence

语

言能力

----

the ideal user’s

knowledge of the rules of his language

(

二

) < /p>

Phonetics(

语

音

学

)

：

A

branch

of

linguistics

which

studies

the

characteristics

of speech sounds and provides methods for

their

description,

classification

and

transcription

Articulatory

phonetics

发

音

语

音学

----from

the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers

produce

speech

sounds”;

Auditory

phonetics

声学

语

音学

----

from

the

hearers’

point

of

view,

“how

sounds

are

perceived”

;Acoustic

< br>phonetics

听

觉语

音学

---from

the

physical

way

or

means

by

which

sounds

are

transmitted from one to another

Phonetics

&

phono logy

音位学和

语

音学：

< p>
Both are concerned with the same aspect of

language----the

speech

sounds.

But

they

differ in their approach and ics

is of general nature; it is interested in all the

speech sounds used in all human languages; it

aims to answer questions like: how they are

produced,

how

they

differ

from

each

other,

what phonetic features they have, how they

can

be

classified,

ogy

aims

to

discover

how

speech

sounds

in

a

language

form

patterns

and

how

these

sounds

are

used

to

convey

meaning

in

linguistic

communication.

Speech

< br>organ

发

音器官

:

three

important

areas

：

Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat; The

oral cavity ---- the mouth; Nasal cavity ----

the nose

Classification

of

English

speech

sounds:

Vowels and Consonant s(

元音

辅

音分

类

)

（

发

音方式）

stops/plosives:

塞音

[p],

[b],

[t],

[d], [k], [g];

fricatives:

擦音

[f], [v], [s], [z], [W], [T], [F],

[V], [h];

affricates:

塞擦音

[tF], [dV];

liquids:

流音

[l] [r];

nasals:

鼻音

[m], [n], [N];

g lides/semivowels:

半元音

[w], [j].

（

发

音部位）

bilabial:

双唇音

[p], [b], [m], [w];

labioden tal:

唇

齿

音

[ f ], [v];

dental:

齿

音

[W], [T];

alveolar:

齿龈

音

< p>

[t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r];

palatal:

硬腭音

[F], [V], [tF], [dV], [ j ];

velar:

软

腭音

< p>

[k], [g], [N];

glottal:

声

门

音

[h].

元音

front vowels: [I:], [I], [e], [Z], [A], [B];

central vowels: [E:], [E], [Q];

back vowels: [u:], [u], [C:], [C], [B:].

Close: [I:], [I], [u:], [u].

Semi-close: [e], [E:];

Semi-open: [E], [C];

Open: [A], [B], [C], [B:], [Q];

rounded: [u:], [u], [C:], [C];

unrounded: [I:], [I], [e], [Z], [A], [B], [E:], [E],

[Q], [B:].

long: [I:], [E:], [u:], [C:], [B:]

short: [I], [e], [Z], [A], [E], [Q], [B], [u], [C].

Diphthongs/gliding

vowels

：

[ei],

[ai],

[aU],

[EU], [Ri], [iE], [ZE], [UE].

A phone---- a phonetic unit or segment. The

speech

sounds

we

hear

and produce

during

linguistic communication are all phones.

Phoneme

音素

---- is a phonological unit; it is

a

unit

of

distinctive

value;

an

abstract

unit,

not a particular sound, but it is represented

by

a

certain

phone

in

certain

phonetic

context

Allophone

音位

变

体

---- the phones that can

represent

a

phoneme

in

different

phonetic

environments.

Phonemic

contrast

音

素

比

较

:P honemic

contrast----different

or

distinctive

phonemes are in phonemic contrast

Complementary

distribution

互

补

分

布

----allophones of the same phoneme are in

complementary distribution.

Minimal

pair

少数

对

----when

two

different

forms are identical (the same) in every way

except for one sound segment which occurs

in

the

same

place

in

the

strings,

the

two

sound

combinations

are

said

to

form

a

minimal pair

(

三略

)

M orphology

形

态

学

< p>

refers

to

the

study of the internal structure of words and

the rules by which words are formed.

Derivational

morphemes

派生

语

素

----

are

affixes added to an existing form to create a

word.

Inflectional

morphemes

曲折

语

素

---- the morphemes which are for the most

part

purely

grammatical

markers,

signifying

such concepts as tense, number, case and so

on;

they

never

change

their

syntactic

category, never add any lexical meaning

Morphological

rules

：

The

rules

that

govern

the formation of words

(

四

)

Syntax

句法学：

a

branch

of

linguistics

that studies how words are combined to form

sentences

and

the

rules

that

govern

the

formation of sentences.

(

五

)

Se mantics

语

义

学

----the

study

of

language meaning.

Sense

and

reference

系

统

意

义

和外指意

义

are

both

concerned

with

the

study

of

word

meaning. They are two related but different

aspects of meaning. Sense---- is concerned

with

the

inherent

meaning

of

the

linguistic

form. It is the collection of all the features of

the

linguistic

form;

it

is

abstract

and

de- contextualized.

It

is

the

aspect

of

meaning

dictionary

compilers

are

interested

in.

Reference----what

a

linguistic

form

refers to in the real, physical world; it deals

with

the

relationship

between

the

linguistic

element

and

the

non-linguistic

world

of

experience.

Major

sense

relat ions

：

Synonymy

同

义

关

系

Antonymy

反

义关

系

< /p>

Polysemy

多

义现

象

Homonymy

同

音

异

义

;

同

形

异

义

< p>

Hyponymy

上下

义关

系

Componential

analysis

成分分析法

----

a

way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach

is based on the belief that the meaning of a

word

can

be

dissected

into

meaning

components, called semantic features.

Predication analysis

树

叶分析

---- a way to

analyze

sentence

meaning;

Predication----the

abstraction

of

the

meaning

of

a

sentence.

A

predication

consists

of

argument(s)

and

argument

is

a

logical

participant

in

a

predication, largely identical with the nominal

elements in a sentence.

★★

Semantics

Some

views

concerning

the

study

of

meaning

：

1.

Naming

theory

(Plato):Words are names or labels for things

2. The conceptualist view

：

The conceptualist

view

holds

that

there

is

no

direct

link

between a linguistic form and what it refers

to (i.e. between language and the real world);

rather, in the interpretation of meaning they

are linked through the mediation of concepts

in

the

mind.

3.

Ogden

and

Richards:

semantic

triangle:

The

symbol

or

a

word

signifies

things

by

virtue

of

the

concept

associated with the form of the word in the

minds

of

the

speaker;

and

the

concept

looked

at

from

this

point

of

view

is

the

meaning

of

the

word.

4.

Contextualism

(Bloomfield)

Meaning

should

be

studied

in

terms

of

situation,

use,

context

—

elements

closely linked with language behavior.

Behaviorism

：

Behaviorists

attempted

to

define meaning as “

the situation in which the

speaker

utters

it

and

the

response

it

calls

forth in the hearer”.

(

六

)

Pr agmatics

语

用

学

：

the

study

of

language in

use

or

language

communication;

the

study

of

the

use

of

context

to

make

inference

about

meaning.

the

study

of

how

speakers

of

a

language

use

sentences

to

effect successful communication.

★

Pragmatics vs. semantics Semantics

区

别

---- is the study of the literal meaning of a

sentence

(without

taking

context

into

consideration). Pragmatics---- the study of

the

intended

meaning

of

a

speaker

(taking

context

into

consideration),

e.g.

“Today

is

Sunday”, semantically, it means that today is

the first day of the week; pragmatically, you

can mean a lot by saying this, all depending

on

the

context

and

the

intention

of

the

speaker, say, making a suggestion or giving an

invitation