-
Everybody
loves
a
fat
pay
rise.
Yet
pleasure
at
your
own
can
vanish
if
you
learn
that
a
colleague has been given a bigger one.
Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you
might even
be outraged. Such behavior
is regarded as “all too human,” with the
u
nderlying assumption that
other animals would not be capable of
this finely developed sense of grievance. But a
study by
Sarah Brosnan and Frans de
Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,
which has just been
published in
Nature
, suggests that it is
all too monkey, as well.
每个人都喜欢大幅度加薪。但是
如果你知道你的同事薪水比你高，你的欣喜就会消失。
事实上，如果他有个懒散的名声，
那么你可能会愤怒。这种行为被认为是“人之常情”
。言
下之意
就是别的动物不会拥有这种进化的很完全的不满感。
但是，
乔治
亚州亚特兰大埃默里
大学的莎拉?卜罗娜和弗兰斯?德?维尔做了一项研究，表明所有的
猴类也是如此。这个研究
刚刚在《自然》上发表。
The researchers studied the behavior of
female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute.
They are good-natured, co-operative
creatures, and they share their food readily.
Above all, like
their female human
counterparts, they tend to pay much closer
attention to the value of “goods
and
services” than males.
研究者研究了
雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为。
这些猴子看起来很可爱。
它们脾气很温
和，
善于
合作，
也很乐于分享它们的食
物。最重要的是，像人类女性一样，
它们比雄性的猴子更加关
注
“商品和服务”的价值。
Such
characteristics make them perfect candidates for
Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study.
The researchers spent two years
teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for
food. Normally,
the
monkeys
were
happy
enough
to
exchange
pieces
of
rock
for
slices
of
cucumber.
However,
when two monkeys were placed in
separate but adjoining chambers, so that each
could observe
what the other was
getting in return for its rock, their behavior
became markedly different.
这些特点使它们成为卜罗娜
和德?维尔博士所做研究的最佳候选人。研究者们用了两年
时间教猴子用钱换取食物。<
/p>
一般情况下，
猴子非常乐意用几块岩石碎片换取几片黄瓜。
然而，
当两只猴子被分别放在两个相邻的房间里，
使它们能看到对方能用岩石换取什么的时候，
它
们的表现变
得明显不同。
In the world of
capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much
preferable to cucumbers). So
when one
monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her
token, the second was reluctant to
hand
hers
over
for
a
mere
piece
of
cucumber.
And
if
one
received
a
grape
without
having
to
provide
her token in exchange at all, the other either
tossed her own token at the researcher or
out of the chamber, or refused to
accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere
presence of a
grape
in
the
other
chamber
(without
an
actual
monkey
to
eat
it)
was
enough
to
induce
resentment in a female capuchin.
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜要受欢迎）
。所以，当一只猴子用
钱换了一
颗葡萄，
那么另一只猴子就会犹豫是否拿钱仅仅去换回
几片黄瓜。
如果一个猴子没有用任何
钱就得到了一颗葡萄，
那么另一只就会用钱砸研究者或把钱扔出窗外，
或拒绝接受黄瓜。<
/p>
实
际上，
仅需在另一个笼子里放上一颗葡
萄
（而不需要真正的猴子吃它）
就已经足以使一只雌
性卷尾猴愤怒了。
The
researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like
humans, are guided by social emotions.
In the wild, they are a co-operative,
group-living species. Such co-operation is likely
to be stable
only when each animal
feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of
righteous indignation, it seems,
are
not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a
lesser reward completely makes these feelings
abundantly
clear
to
other
members
of
the
group.
However,
whether
such
a
sense
of
fairness
evolved independently in capuchins and
humans, or whether it stems from the common
ancestor
that the species had 35
million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered
question.
研究者指出卷尾猴是像人类一样受社会情绪支配的。
在大自然里，
它们是善于合作，
群
< br>居的物种。
这种合作只有当每只动物感觉到它没有被欺骗时才可能保持稳定。
看起来，
愤怒
的情绪不是只有人类才有的。
拒绝接受较少的奖赏使这种情绪完全的展现在群体中其他成员
的
眼前。然而，这样的公平意识是否是卷尾猴和人类独立发展起来的，或者是源于
3.5<
/p>
亿年
前他们的同一个祖先，这还没有得到解答。
< br>
Come on -Everybody's doing it. That
whispered message
，
half invitation and half
forcing
，
is what
most of us think of when we hear the words peer
pressure. It usually leads to no
good-
drinking
，
drugs
and casual sex. But in her new book Join the
Club
，
Tina
Rosenberg
contends that peer pressure
can also be a positive force through what she
calls the social cure
，
in which organizations and officials
use the power of group dynamics to help
individuals improve
their lives and
possibly the word.
来吧，每个人都在做这个事情。这个广为传播
的信息，一半是邀请，一半是强迫，正式
我们大多数人想的当我们听到同年人压力这个词
的时候。
它通常会导致人们想到不好的事情，
酗酒，
吸毒和滥交。
但是在她的新书
《加入俱乐部》
中，
缇娜?罗森博格认为通过社会治疗，
同
年人压力可以成为一个积极的推力，
在这个过程中组织和官员运用团队的力量来帮助个人
改善生活甚至改善世界。
Rosenberg
，
the recipient of a Pulitzer
Prize
，
offers a
host of example of the social cure in
action
：
In South
Carolina
，
a
state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage
Against the
Haze sets out to make
cigarettes uncool. In South
Africa
，
an HIV-
prevention initiative known as
LoveLife
recruits young people to promote safe sex among
their peers.
罗森博格，
普利策奖的获得者，<
/p>
提供了许多正在运用社会治疗的例子：
在南卡罗莱纳州，
有一个由州政府发起的名叫
Rage Against the Haz
e
的禁烟行动正在努力使吸烟成为很逊的行
为。在南非，一个名
为“热爱生命”的艾滋病预防活动正在招募年轻人以促进同龄人间进行
安全的性行为。<
/p>
The idea seems
promising
，
and Rosenberg is a
perceptive observer. Her critique of the
lameness of many pubic-health campaigns
is spot-on
：
they
fail to mobilize peer pressure for
healthy habits
，
and they demonstrate a seriously flawed
understanding of psychology.“ Dare to
be different
，
please don't
smoke
！
” pleads one billboard
campaign aimed at reducing smoking
among teenagers-
teenagers
，
who
desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg
argues
convincingly that public-health
advocates ought to take a page from
advertisers
，
so
skilled at
applying peer pressure.
这个理念看起来很有前景，
罗森博格是一个很敏锐的观察者。
她对于许多公共卫生运动
的批评都是正确的：
他们
没有动员同龄人的压力来为健康习惯服务，
他们对于心理学有严重
错误的理解。
“
一场旨在减少渴望融入集体的未成年人吸烟行
为的广告牌上写着
“敢于不同，
请勿吸烟”
。罗森博格认为公共健康的支持者应该像广告商学习，
擅长运用同年人压力，这
是很有说服力的。
But on the
general effectiveness of the social
cure
，
Rosenberg
is less persuasive. Join the
Club is
filled with too much irrelevant detail and not
enough exploration of the social and
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