-
高
级
英
语
上册
课
文逐句翻
译
Lesson One Rock
Superstars
关于我
们
和我
们
的社会,他
们
告
诉
了我
们
些什么?
What Do They Tell Us
About Ourselves and Our Society?
摇滚乐
是青少年叛逆的音
乐
。
——
摇滚乐评论
家
约
相
?
罗
克
韦尔
Rock is the
music of teenage rebellion.
--- John
Rockwell, rock music critic
知其崇拜何人便可知其人。
——
p>
小
说
家
罗
伯特
?
佩恩
?
沃
伦
By
a man‘s heroes ye shall know
him.
--- Robert Penn Warren,
novelist
1972
年
6
p>
月的一天,芝加哥
圆
形
剧场挤满
了大汗淋漓、
疯
狂
摇摆
的人
们
。
It was mid-June, 1972, the
Chicago Amphitheater was packed, sweltering,
rocking.
滚
石
摇滚乐队<
/p>
的
迈
克
?
贾
格
尔
正在台上演唱
―
午夜漫步人
‖
。
Mick Jagger of the
Rolling Stones was singin
g ―Midnight
Rambler.‖
演唱
结
束
时评论
家唐
?
赫克曼在
现场
。
Critic Don Heckman was there when the
song ended.
他描述道:
―
贾
格
尔
抓起一个半加
仑
的水罐沿舞台前沿
边
跑
p>
边
把里面的水洒向前几排汗流
浃
背的听众。听众
们
蜂
拥<
/p>
般跟随着他跑,急切地希望能沾上几滴洗礼的圣水。
―Jagger,‖ he said, ―grabs a
half
-gallon jug of water and runs along
the front platform, sprinkling its contents
over the first few rows of sweltering
listeners. They surge to follow him, eager to be
touched by a few baptismal
drops‖.
1973
年
12
月下旬的一天,
约
1.4
万名歌迷在
华
< br>盛
顿
市外的首都中心
剧场
尖叫着,乱哄哄地
拥
向台前。
It was late December, 1973, Some
14,000 screaming fans were crunching up to the
front of the stage at Capital
Center,
outside Washington, D.C.
美国的恐怖歌星艾利
丝
?
库
珀的表演正接近尾
声。
Alice Cooper, America‘s
singing ghoul, was ending his act.
他表演的最后一幕是假装在断
头
台上
结
束自己的生命。
He
ends it by pretending to end his life
–
with a guillotine.
他的
―
头
‖
< br>落入一个草
篮
中。
His ―head‖ drops into a straw
basket.
―
哎呀!
‖
一个黑衣女孩子惊呼道:
―
啊
!
真是了不起,不是
吗
?
‖
。
―Ooh,‖ gasped a girl dressed in black.
―Oh, isn‘t that marvelous?‖
当
时
,
14
岁
的
迈
克珀力也在
场
,但他的父母不在那里。
Fourteen-year-
old Mick
Perlie was there too, but his parents
weren‘t.
―
他
们觉
得他
恶
心,
恶
心,
恶
心,
‖
迈
克
说
,
―
他
们对
< br>我
说
,你怎么受得了那些?
‖<
/p>
―They think he‘s sick, sick,
sick,‖ Mike said. ―They say to me, ?How can you
stand that stuff?‘‖ 1974
年
1<
/p>
月下
旬的一天,在
纽约
< br>州尤宁谷城拿
骚
体育
场
内,
鲍
勃
?
狄
伦
和
―
乐队
‖
乐队
正在
为
音
乐
会上要用的
乐
器
调
音。
It was late January, 1974.
Inside the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York,
Bob Dylan and The Band were
tuning for
a concert.
馆
外,
摇滚<
/p>
歌迷克利斯
?
辛格在大雨中等待着入
p>
场
。
Outside, in the pouring rain, fan Chris
Singer was waiting to get in.
―
< br>这
是朝圣,
‖
克利斯
说
,
―
我
应该
跪着爬
进
去。
‖
― This is
pilgrimage,‖ Chris said, ―I ought to be crawling
on my knees.‖
对
于<
/p>
这
一切好
评
及个
人崇拜,你怎么看?
How do you feel
about all this adulation and hero worship?
当米克
?
贾
格
尔
的崇拜者
们
把他
视为
上帝的最高代表或是一个神
时
,你是
赞
成
还
是反
对
?
When Mick Jagger‘s
fans look
at him as a high priest or a god, are you with
them or against them?
你也和克利斯
?
辛格一
样对鲍
勃
< br>?
狄
伦怀
有几乎是宗教般的崇敬
吗
?
Do
you share Chris Singer‘
s almost
religious reverence for Bob Dylan?
你
认为
他或狄
伦
是步入
歧途
吗
?
Do you think he
–
or Dylan
–
is misguided?
你也
认为
艾利
丝
p>
?
库
珀令人
恶
p>
心而拒不接受
吗
?
Do you reject Alice Cooper as sick?
难
道你会莫名其妙地被
这
个奇怪的小丑吸引,原因就在于他表达出你最狂
热
的幻想?
Or are you drawn somehow to
this strange clown, perhaps because he acts out
your wildest fantasies?
这
些并不
是
闲谈
。
These aren‘t idle questions.
有些社会学家
认为对这
些
问题
的回答可以充分
说
明你
在想些什么以及社会在想些什么
——
也就是
说
,有关你和
社会的
态
度。
Some sociologists
say that your answers to them could explain a lot
about what you are thinking and about what
your society is thinking
–
in other words, about
where you and your society are.
社会学家欧文
?
霍洛威茨
说
:
―
音
乐
表<
/p>
现
其
时
代。
p>
‖
―Music expressed
its times,‖ says sociologist Irving
Horowitz.
霍洛威茨把
摇滚
乐
的舞台
视为
某种
辩论
的
论坛
,一个各种思想交
p>
锋
的
场
所。
Horowitz sees the rock music
arena as a sort of debating forum, a place where
ideas clash and crash.
他把它看作是一个美国社会努力
p>
为
自己的感情及信仰不断重新
进
行解
释
的地方。
He sees it as a place where American
society struggles to define and redefine its
feelings and beliefs.
他
说
:
―
重新解
释
是一
项
只有青年人才能
执
行的任
务
。只有他
< br>们
才把
创
造与夸
张
、理性与运
动
、言
语
与声音、
音
乐
与政治融
为
一体。
‖
―The redefinition,‖
Horowitz says, ―is a task uniquely performed by
the young. It is they alone who combine
invention and exaggeration, reason and
motion, word and sound, music and
politics.‖
作曲兼演唱家托德
?
伦
德格
伦对这
< br>个
观
点表示
赞
< br>同。
Todd Rundgren, the
composer and singer, agrees.
他
说
:
―
摇滚乐
与其
说
是一种音
乐
力量不如
说
是一种社会心理的表
现
。就
连
埃
尔维
斯
?
普雷斯利也并非是一种
伟
大的音
乐
力量,他
只不
过
是体
现
了
50
年代青少年那种心灰意冷的精神状
态
。
‖
―Rock music,‖ he says, ―is really a
sociological expression rather than a musical
force. Even Elvis
Presley
wasn‘t really a great musical force. It‘s just
that Elvis managed to embo
dy the
frustrated teenage spirit of
the
1950s.‖
毫无疑
问
,普雷斯利震惊了美国的成人世界。
Of
course Presley horrified adult America.
报纸
写社
论
攻
击
他,
电视
网也禁止播他,但也
p>
许
埃
尔维
斯
证实
了霍洛威茨和
伦
德格
伦
的看法。
Newspapers
editorialized against him,
and TV networks banned him. But Elvis may have
proved what Horowitz and
Rundgren
believe.
当他通
过电视
上埃
德
?
沙利文的星期日晚
间
的
综艺节
目出
现
在千百万人面前
时
,就引起了某种
辩论
。
When he
appeared on the an Sunday night variety show in
front of millions, a kind of ―debate‖ took
place.
多数年
纪
大的
观
众眉
头紧皱
,而大多数年
轻观
众
则
报
以掌声
欢
迎。
Most of the older viewers frowned,
while most of the younger viewers applauded.
摇滚乐评论
家
们说
,从埃
尔维
斯到艾利
丝
,
许
多歌星帮助我
们
的社会解
说
其信仰与
态
度。
Between Elvis and
Alice, rock critics say, a number of
rock stars have helped our society define its
beliefs and attitudes.
鲍
勃
?
狄
伦
触
动
了
对现
状不
满
的神
经
,他唱到民
p>
权
、核散落物以及孤独。
Bob Dylan touched a nerve of
disaffection. He spoke of civil rights, nuclear
fallout, and loneliness.
他唱到
变
革和老一代人的迷茫,他在歌声中唱道:
―
< br>这
儿正
发
生着什么事,你不知道
是什么事,
对吗
,
琼
< br>斯先
生?
‖
He spoke of change and of the
bewilderment of an older generation. ―Something‘s
happening here,‖ he
sang. ―You don‘t
know what it is, do you, ?‖
其他人也加入了
这场辩论
。
Others entered the debate.
霍
洛威茨
说
,甲壳虫
乐队
以幽默的方式,或
许还
借助麻醉品的力量来倡
导
和平与虔
诚
。傲慢无
理、打架斗殴的
滚
石
乐队
成
员
要求革命。杰斐
逊飞<
/p>
机
乐队
的歌曲
―
我
们
能
够联<
/p>
合
‖
和
―
志愿者
‖
(有一
场<
/p>
革命)
则
是激
进
青年的
更
进
一
步的两
项
声明。
The Beatles, Horowitz said, urged peace
and piety, with humor and maybe a little help from
drugs. The Rolling
Stones, arrogant
street-
fighting men, demanded
revolution. The Jefferson Airplane‘s ―We Can Be
Together‖ and
Volunteers (Got a
Revolution)‖ were two further statements of
radical youth.
但政治并不是
60
年代
强
硬派
摇滚乐
所
辩论
的惟一主
p>
题
,始
终
作
为
任何音
乐
永恒
p>
组
成部分的情感也是一个重要
题
目。
But politics wasn‘t
the only subject debated in the hard rock of the
sixties. Feelings, always a part of any musical
statement, were a major subject.
詹妮
丝
?
乔
普林用歌声表达自己的悲哀。
Janis
Jophin sang of her sadness.
甲壳虫
< br>乐队
揭示出
爱
与恨之
间
的一系列的感情。
The Beatles showed there were a range
of emotions between love and hate.
以后又出
现
了
―
乐队<
/p>
‖
乐队
把
乡
p>
村音
乐
和西部音
乐
所表达的
较为传统
的
< br>观
念与
强
硬派
< br>摇滚乐较为
激
进
的
―
都市
‖
观
念
结
合在一起。
Then came The Band, mixing the more
traditional ideas of country and western music
into the more
radical ‖city‖ ideas of
the hard rock.
霍洛威茨
认为这
一成分的
乡
村音
乐
帮助听众表达了一种
―
摆
脱
这
一切
‖
,
―
重返
过<
/p>
去
时
光
‖
的
强
烈愿望。
This country element, Horowitz feels,
helped its audience express an urge to ―get away
from it all,‖ to ―go back
to the old
day.
当前最能
说
明霍洛威茨看法
的例子之一就是
约
翰
?
丹佛,他最著名的歌曲《阳光照在我肩上》、《高高的落基
山》和《
乡间
小路》把民
间摇滚乐
的音
乐
灵魂与力量
结
< br>合了起来,而歌
词则赞
美了
―<
/p>
往日美好
时
光
‖
的朴素的
欢乐
。
.‖ One of the best current examples
of what Horotwitz is talking about is John Denver.
His most notable songs –
―Sunshine on My Shoulders‖, ―Rocky
Mountain High‖, and ―Country Road‖ –
combine the musical drive and
power of
folk rock, whil
e the lyrics celebrate
the simple joys of ―the good old days.‖
这样
的例子不
胜
枚
举
。
The list could go on and on.
这
些
摇滚乐
音
乐
家
们
和所有的
艺术
家一
样
反映出我
们
借以
认识
并形成属于自己
的感情与信念。
Like all artists,
these rock musicians mirror feelings and beliefs
that help us see and form our own.
我
p>
们
以什么
来回
报<
/p>
他
们
呢?当然是掌声和
< br>赞
美。
What do we
give them in return? Applause and praise, of
course.
在
1972
年的一次
全国民意
测验
中,
10
%的男高中生和
30
%以上的女高中生都
说
他
们
最崇拜的人是超
p>
级摇滚
歌星。
In one 1972, national opinion poll,
more than 10 percent of the high school boys and
20 percent of the girls said
their hero
was a rock superstar.
此外我
们给<
/p>
他
们
金
钱
,
商
业杂
志《福布斯》
认为
,
―
当今成
为
百万富翁的捷径是当
摇滚
歌星。
‖ We also give
them money. ―The fastest way to become
a millionaire these days,‖ says Forbes, a business
magazine, ―is to
become a rock ?n‘ roll
star.‖
今天的英雄
们
——
至少其中一部分人
——
告
诉
我
们
,他
们
很喜
欢
所得到的
报偿
。
T
oday‘s heroes –
some of
them, anyway
–
tell us they enjoy their rewards.
―
我暗自嘲笑
这
些先生
们
和女士
们
,
他
们
从没想到
过
我
们
会成
为
金
娃娃。
‖
演唱
这
支歌曲的是
―
文化英雄
‖
艾利
丝
?
库
珀。
―And I laughed to
myself at the men and the ladies. Who never
conceived of us
billion
-
dollar babies.‖ The
particular ―culture hero‖ who sings
that is Alice cooper.
可是,仍然存
在着一个大
问题
:
为
< br>什么他是文化英雄?
The big
question remains: Why is he a culture hero?
他,或者当今任何其他走
红
的
摇滚
歌星能告
诉
我
< br>们
些什么有关他
们
的歌迷的事情
?
What does he
–
or any
other current rock success
–
tell us about his fans?
p>
对
于我
们
自己和我
们
的社会有些什么了解?
现
在怎
样
,
过
去如何,将来又将向何
处
去?
About ourselves and
our society?
Where it is, where it was, where it‘s
heading
Lesson 2: Four
Choices for Young People
在
毕业
前不久,斯坦福大学四年
级
主席吉姆<
/p>
?
宾
司
给
我写了一封信,信中
谈
及他的一些不安。
p>
Shortly before
his
graduation, Jim Binns, president of the senior
class at Stanford University, wrote me about some
of his
misgivings.
他写道:
―
与其他任何一代人相比,我
们这
一代人在看待成人世界
时
抱有更大的疑
虑
……
同
< br>时
越来越
倾
向于全
盘
否定成人世界。
‖
―More than any other generation,‖ he
said, ―our generation views the adult world with
great skepticism… there
is also an
increased tendency to rej
ect completely
that world.‖
很明
显<
/p>
,他的
话
代表了
许
多同
龄
人的看法。
< br>
Apparently he speaks for a lot of
his contemporaries.
在
过
去的几年里,我
倾
听
过许<
/p>
多年
轻
人的
谈话
,他
们
有的
还
在大学
读书
,有的已
< br>经毕业
,他
们对
于成人的世界<
/p>
同
样
感到不安。
During the last few years, I have
listened to scores of young people, in college and
out, who were just as nervous
about the
grown world.
大致来
说
,他
们
的
态
度
可
归纳
如下:
―
这
个世界乱糟糟的,到
处
充
满
了不平等、
贫
困和<
/p>
战
争。
对
此
p>
该负责
的大
概
应<
/p>
是那些管理
这
个世界的成年人吧。如果他
们
不能做得比
这
些更好,他
们
又能拿什么来教育我
们
呢?
这样
的
教
导
,我
们
根本
不需要。
‖
Roughly,
their attitude might be summed up about like this:
―The world is in pretty much of a mess, full
of
injustice, poverty, and
war. The people responsible are, presumably, the
adults who have been running thing. If
they can‘t do better than that, what
have they got to teach our generation? That kind
of lesson we can do
without.‖
我
觉
得
这
些
< br>结论
合情合理,至少从他
们
的角
度来看是
这样
的。
There conclusions strike me as
reasonable, at least from their point of view.
对
成
长
中的一代人来
说
,相关的
问题
不是我
们
的社会是否完美(我
们
p>
可以想当然地
认为
是
这样
),而是
应该
如
何去
应
付它。
The relevant question for the arriving
generation is not whether our society is imperfect
(we can take that for
granted), but how
to deal with it.
尽管
这
< br>个社会
严
酷而不合情理,但它
毕
竟是我
们
惟一
拥
有的世界。
For all
its harshness and irrationality, it is the only
world we‘ve got.
因此,
< br>选择
一个
办
法去
应
付
这
个社会是
刚刚
步入成年的年
轻
人必<
/p>
须
作出的第一个决定,
这
通常是他
们
一生中最
重要的决
定。
Choosing a strategy to
cope with it, then, is the first decision young
adults have to make, and usually the most
important decision of their lifetime. <
/p>
根据我的
发现
,他
们
的基本
选择
只有四种:
So far as I have been able to
discover, there are only four basic alternatives:
1
)脱离
传统
社会
1
)
Drop Out
这
是最古老的方法之一,任何年
龄
< br>的人无
论
在任何地方,也无
论<
/p>
是否使用迷幻
剂
都可以采用。
This is one of
the oldest
expedients, and it can be practiced anywhere, at
any age, and with or without the use of
hallucinogens.
那些
认为这
< br>个世界残酷、复
杂
得令人
难
p>
以忍受的人通常会
选择这
个
办
法。
It always
has been the strategy of choice for people who
find the world too brutal or too complex to be
endured.
实质
上,
这
是一种寄生式的生活方式,采取此策略的人通
过这样
< br>或那
样
的方式寄生于
这
个他
们
蔑
视
的社会,并
且拒
绝对这
个
社会承担
责
任
By definition, this way of life is
parasitic. In one way or another, its
practitioners batten on the society which
they scorn and in which they refuse to
take any responsibility.
我
们<
/p>
中的一些人
对
此很
厌恶
——
认为这
种生活方式很不光彩
。
Some of us find this
distasteful
–
an undignified
kind of life.
但
对
于
那些卑微、
懒
惰又缺乏自尊的人来
说<
/p>
,
这
也
许
是可行的最可以忍受的
选择
了。
But for the poor in spirit,
with
low levels of both energy and pride, it may be the
least intolerable choice available.
2
p>
)逃避
现实
社会
2) Flee
这
个策略早在
远
古就有先例。
This strategy also has ancient
antecedents.
自文明
诞
生以来,就有人企
图
逃避文明社会,希望
寻
求一种更
为
朴素、更富田园
风
情、更
为
宁静的生
活。
Ever since civilization
began, certain individuals have tried to run away
from it in hopes of finding a simpler,
more pastoral, and more peaceful life.
与那些脱离
传统
社会的人不同,
这
些人不是寄生者。他
们
愿意自食其力,愿意
为
社会作出
贡
献,可是他
们
就是
不喜
欢这
个文明世界的
环
境。确地
说
,不喜
欢这
充
满
丑
恶
p>
和
紧张
的大都市。
Unlike the dropouts, they are not
parasites. They are willing to support
themselves and to contribute something to the
general community, but
they simply
don‘t like the en
vironment of
civilization; that is, the city, with all its
ugliness and tension.
这
种方法的<
/p>
问题
在于无法大
规
模地
进
行
实
践。
The trouble with this
solution is that it no longer is practical on a
large scale.
不幸的是,在我
们
的地球上,高尚的野蛮人和未被破坏的自然景色已越来越少;除了两极地区以外已
经
没有未
开
发
的土地了。
Our planet,
unfortunately, is running out of noble savages and
unsullied landscaped; except for the polar
regions,
the frontiers are gone.
少数富有的
乡绅还
可以逃避
现实
去
过
田园生活
——
但
总
的
说
来,迁移的潮流是向相反的方向流
动
。
A few gentleman farmers
with plenty of money can still escape to the
bucolic life
–
but in
general the stream of
migration is
flowing the other way.
3
)策划革命
Plot a Revolution
在
对
民主
进
程
单调
乏味的运作方式毫无耐心或相信只有武力才能改
变
基本社会制度的那些人中,
这
一策略
颇
受
欢
迎。
This strategy is always popular
among those who have no patience with the tedious
working of the democratic
process or
who believe that basic institutions can only be
changed by force.
它吸引了每一代年
轻
人中那些更
为
活
跃
和更具理想主
义
的人。
It attracts some of the more
active and idealistic young people of every
generation.
对
他
们
p>
来
说
,
这
种策略具有浪漫的吸引力,通常以某位魅力非凡且令人振
奋
的人物
为
其象征。
To
them it
offers a romantic appeal,
usually symbolized by some dashing and charismatic
figure.
这
一策略
简单
p>
明了并具有
更大的吸引力:
―
既然
这
个社会已
经
无可救
药
,那就
让
p>
我
们砸
碎它,在它的
废
墟上面建一个更好的社会。
‖
It has the even greater appeal of
simplicity: ―Since this society is hopelessly bad,
let‘s smash it and build
something
better on th
e ruins.‖
我最好的朋友中有些是革命者,他
们
中的一些人
p>
过
得相当
满
足。<
/p>
Some of my best friends have
been revolutionists, and a few of them have led
reasonably satisfying lives.
这
部分人其
实
是那些革命并未成功的人,他
< br>们
可以
继续兴
高采烈地策划大屠
杀
,直至老
态龙
钟
。
These are the ones whose revolutions
did not come off; they have been able to keep on
cheerfully plotting their
holocausts
right into their senescence.
另外一些人年
纪轻轻
就死了,死在
监狱
里或街
垒
旁。
Others died young, in prison or on the
barricades.
但最不幸的是那些革命成功的人。
But the most unfortunate are those
whose revolutions have succeeded.
他
们
极度失望,看到他
们
推翻的
权
力机构又被新机构所替代,而新机构依旧是那
样
冷酷,那
样
毫无生机
。
They lived in bitter
disillusionment, to see the establishment they had
overthrown replaced by a new one, just as
hard-faced and stuffy.
当然,我并
不是
说
革命一无所成。
I am not, of course, suggesting that
revolutions accomplish nothing.
一些革命(美国
革命,法国革命)确
实
将事情
变
得越来越好。
Some (The
American Revolution, the French Revolution)
clearly do change things for the better.
< br>我只是想
说
革
命无
论
成
败
,那些策划革命的革
命者
们
都注定要失望。
My point is merely that the idealists
who make the revolution are bound to be
disappointed in either case.
因
为胜
利的曙光无
论
如何也不会照耀
在他
们
梦想中的那个
摆
脱了人
类
一切卑劣的
灿烂
p>
的新世界上。
For at best
their victory never dawns on the shining new world
they had dreamed of, cleansed of all human
meanness.
相反,它照在了一个熟悉的平庸的地方,
这
个地方仍旧需要食品
杂货
和
污
水排放。
Instead it dawns on a
familiar,
workaday place, still in need of groceries and
sewage disposal.
无
论贴
着什么
样
的政治
标签
,革命后的
国家都不是由激
进
< br>的浪漫主
义
者来治理,而是由市
场营销
、
卫
生工程和管理官僚机构的<
/p>
专
家来治理。
The revolutionary state, under whatever
political label, has to be run-not by violent
romantics-but by experts in
marketing,
sanitary engineering, and the management of
bureaucracies.
对
一些决心改造社会,但同<
/p>
时
又希望能找到一种比武装革命更可行的方法的理想主
义
者来
说
,
还
有另外一种
选
择
。
For the idealists
who are determined to remake society, but who seek
a more practical method than armed
revolution, there remains one more
alternative.
4
)循序
渐进
,逐步改
变
社会
< br>
Try to Change the World Gradually,
One Clod at a Time
乍一看,
这
一途径毫无吸引力。
At first
glance, this course is far from inviting.
< br>它缺乏魅力,并且
见
效很慢。
It lacks glamour. It promises no quick
results.
它依靠
劝说
和民主
决策
这
些令人
恼
火且不可靠的方法来
实现
。
It depends on the exasperating and
uncertain instruments of persuasion and democratic
decision making.
它需要耐心,可我
们
p>
却
总
是缺乏耐心。
It demands patience, always in short
supply.
它惟一的好
处
是有<
/p>
时这
方法行得通
——
在
这
个特定的
时间
和地点,它比其他的任何策略都更
有可能制止世界上
的某些
恶
行。
About all that can be said for it is
that it sometimes works
–
that in this particular time and place it offers a
better
chance for remedying some of the
world‘s outrages than any other available
strategy.
至少
历
史事
实
似乎
证
明了
这
一点。
So at least the historical evidence
seems to suggest.
我大学
毕业
的
时
候,我
们这
一代人也
发现
世界乱得一
团
糟。
When I was
graduating from college, my generation also found
the world in a mess.
几乎所有地方的
经济
机构都已崩
溃
,在美国几乎四分之
一的人口失
业
。
The economic machinery had broken down
almost everywhere: In this country nearly a
quarter of the
population was out of
work.
一
场
大
< br>战
似乎在所
难
免。
A major was seemed all too
likely.
当
时
作
为
校
报编辑
,
对这
些我曾
经
猛烈地抗
p>
议过
,像今天的学生
积
极分子一
样
。
As a college newspaper editor at that
time, I protested against this just as vehemently
as student activists are
protesting
today.
与此同
时
,我
们这
一代人
渐渐发现
改
造世界有点像在
亚
平宁山区打仗一
样<
/p>
。你
刚刚
占
领<
/p>
一条山脉,另一条山脉
又在前方
隐现
p>
。
At the same time,
my generation was discovering that reforming the
world is a little like fighting a military
campaign in the Apennines, as soon as
you capture one mountain range, another one looms
just ahead.
当
20
世<
/p>
纪
30
年代的大
问题刚刚
勉
强
得到控制,新的
问题
又出
现
了
——
富足社会中出
现
的
崭
新
问题
,如
种族
平等,保
证
城市
< br>环
境适于居住,
应
付各种陌生<
/p>
伪
装下的
战
争等
等。
As the big problems of
the thirties were brought under some kind of rough
control, new problems took their
place
–
the unprecedented problems
of an, affluent society, of racial justice, of
keeping our cities from becoming
uninhabitable, of coping with war in
unfamiliar guises.
最令人不安的是我
们
发现
了人口爆炸
这
一
< br>问题
。
Most
disturbing of all was our discovery of the
population explosion.
我
们
突然意
识
到我
们这
p>
艘
载
人小
飞
船上的乘客数目大
约
每
40
年翻一倍。
It
dawned on us rather suddenly that the number of
passengers on the small spaceship we inhabit is
doubling
about every forty years.
只要地球上的人口持
续
地按
这
个可怕的速度增
长
,其他所有
p>
问题
都将无法解决。
So long as the earth‘s population keeps
growing at this cancerous rate, all of the other
problems appear virtually
insoluble.
p>
我
们
的城市会
变<
/p>
得越来越
拥挤
,景色会
< br>变
得更加
杂
乱,空气和水也会<
/p>
变
得愈
发肮脏
。
Our cities will continue to
become more crowded and noisome. The landscape
will get more cluttered, the air
and
water even dirtier.
所有人的生活
质<
/p>
量都会不断
恶
化。
The quality of life is likely to
become steadily worse for everybody.
如果
过
多的人必
须为
了争
夺
日益减少的食物份
额
和生存空
间
而争斗的
话
,
战
争的升
级
看来是无法避免的。
And
warfare on a rising scale seems inevitable if too
many bodies have to struggle for ever-dwindling
shares of
food and living space.
因此吉姆
?
宾
司
这
代人要承担一
项艰
巨的
任
务
。
So
Jim Binns‘ generation has a formidable job on its
hands.
但我
认为这
并不是无法克服的困
难
。
But not, I think, an insuperable one. <
/p>
过
去的事
实证
明
,
处
理
这项艰
巨任
务
完全可采用以前解决困
难问
p>
外
时
使用的方法
—
—
从
实际
效果出
发
,一点一
滴,通
过
大家不懈的努力来完成。
On the
evidence of the past, it can be handled in the
same way that hard problems have been coped with
before-
piecemeal, pragmatically, by the
dogged efforts of many pe
Lesson Three
The Use of Force
他
们
是我的新病人,我所知道的只有名字,奥
尔逊
。
They were new patients to me,
all I had was the name, Olson.
请
您尽快赶来,我女儿病得很重。
―Please come down as soon as you can,
my daughter is very sick.‖
当
我到达
时
,孩子的母
亲
迎接了我,
这
是一位看上去惊恐不安的
妇
人,衣着整
洁
却一
脸忧伤
的神色她只是
说
,
这
位就是医生
吗
?
When I arrived I was met
by the mother, a big startled looking woman, very
clean and apologetic who merely
said,
Is this the doctor?
然后
带
我
进
了屋。
And let me in.
在后面,她又
说
到,
请
你一定要原
谅
我
们
,医生,我
p>
们让
她呆在厨房里,那儿暖和,
这
里有
时
很潮湿。
In the back, she added. You must excuse
us, doctor, we have her in the kitchen where it is
warm. It is very damp
here sometimes. <
/p>
在厨房的桌子旁
边
,
这
个孩子穿得
严严实实
的,坐在她
父
亲
的腿上。
The child was fully dressed and sitting
on here father‘s lap near the kitchen
table.
他父
亲试图
站起来,但我向他示意不用麻
烦
,然后我脱下外套
开始
检查
。
He tried to get up, but I motioned for
him not to bother, took off my overcoat and
started to look things over.
我能
< br>够觉
察出他
们
都很
紧张
,而且用
怀
疑的眼光上
下打量着我。
I could see that they
were all very nervous, eyeing me up and down
distrustfully.
在
这
种情形下,他
们
通常不会提供太多的情况,而是等着我告
诉
他
们
病情,
这
就是
为
什么他
p>
们
会在我身上花
3
美元。
As often, in such cases,
they weren‘t telling me more than they had to, it
was up to me to tell them; that‘s why
they were spending three dollars on me.
这
个孩子用她那冷漠而
镇
定的目光目不
转
睛地
盯
p>
着我,
脸
上没有任何表情。
The child was fairly eating me up
with her cold, steady eyes, and no expression on
her face whatever.
她
纹丝
不
动
,内心似乎很平静。
这
是一个非常惹人喜
爱
的小
东
西,外表
长
得象小牛一<
/p>
样结实
。
She did not
move and seemed, inwardly, quiet; an
unusually attractive little thing, and as strong
as a heifer in appearance.
但是她的
< br>脸发红
,而且呼吸急促,我知道她在
发
< br>着高
烧
。
But her face was flushed, she was
breathing rapidly, and I realized that she had a
high fever.
她
长
着一<
/p>
头
漂亮
浓
密的金
发
,就像刊登在广告插
页
上和周日
报纸图
片版上的那些孩子一
样
。
She had
magnificent blonde hair, in profusion.
One of those picture children often reproduced in
advertising leaflets and the
photogravure sections of the Sunday papers.
她
发烧
已
经
3
天了,她父
亲
开口
说
,我
们
不知道是什么
原因。
She‘s had a fever for
three days, began the father and we don‘t know
what it comes from.
我太太
给
她吃了一些
药
,你知道
,大家都是
这样
做的,可
这
些
药
根本不管用,而且,附近有很多人都生了病,
所以我
们
想
请
您最好
给
她
检
查
一下,然后告
诉
我
< br>们
是怎么一回事。
My
wife has given her things, you know, like people
do, but it don‘t do no good. And there‘s been a
lot of sickness
around. So we tho‘t
you‘d better look her over and tell us what is the
matter.
像医生
们经
常做的
那
样
,我
问
了
个
问题
,想以此来猜
测
一下病症所在。
As doctors often
do I took a trial shot at it as a point of
departure. Has she had a sore throat?
父母两人一起回答
说
,没有
……
没有,她
说
她的嗓子不疼。
< br>
Both parents answered me together,
No…No, she says her throat don‘t hurt
her.
你嗓子疼
吗
?母
亲
又
问
< br>了一下孩子。
Does your throat
hurt you? Added the mother to the child.
女孩的表情没有任何
变
化,而她的目光却一直没有从我的<
/p>
脸
上移开。
But the little girl‘s expression didn‘t
change nor did she move
her eyes from
my face.
你看
过
她的嗓子了
吗
?
Have you looked?
我想看,孩子的母
亲说
,但看不
见
。<
/p>
I tried to, said the mother
but II couldn‘t see.
这
个月碰巧她上学的那个学校已
经
有好几例白喉病。<
/p>
虽
然到目前
为
止
没有人
说
出
这
件事,但很
显
然,我
们
心里
都想到了。
As it
happens we had been having a number of cases of
diphtheria in the school to which this child went
during
that month and we were all,
quite apparently, thinking of that, though no one
had as yet spoken of the thing.
好了,我
说
,我
们
先看看嗓子
吧。
Well, I said, suppose we
take a look at the throat first.
我以医生特有
的
职业
方式微笑着,叫着孩子的名字。我
说
,来吧,
玛
蒂
尔
达,
张
开嘴,
< br>让
我看一下你的嗓子。
I
smiled in my best professional manner and asking
for the child‘s first name I said, come on,
Mathilda, open
your mouth and let‘s
take a look at your throat.
没有任何反
应
。
Nothing doing.
哦,来吧,我
劝
道,
张
大你的嘴,
让
我看看。看,我
说
着
把两只手伸开,我的手里没有
东
西,
张
大嘴,
让
我看
看。
Aw, come on, I coaxed,
just open your mouth wide and let me take a look.
Look, I said opening both hands wide, I
haven‘t anything in my hands. Just open
up and let me see.
他是一个多好的人呀
,她的母
亲
插
话
道。你看他
对
你多好呀,来,听
话<
/p>
。他不会
伤
害你的。
Such a nice man,
put in the mother.
Look how kind he is to yo
u. Come on, do
what he tells you to. He won‘t hurt
you.
听到
这
里我狠狠地咬了咬牙,要是他
们
没用
―
伤
害
‖
这
个
词
,我也
许
能做点什么,但是我没有着急或
恼
怒,
而
是慢声
细语
地
说
着
话
,一
边
再次靠近
这
个孩子。
As that I ground my teeth in
disgust. If only they wouldn‘t use the word ―hurt‖
I might be able to get somewhere.
But I
did not allow myself to be hurried or disturbed
but speaking quietly and slowly I approached the
child
again.
我
刚
p>
将椅子拉近一点,突然,她像猫一
样
双手本
能地朝我的两眼抓去,我差一点被她抓到。
As I moved my
chair a little nearer suddenly with one
catlike movement both her hands clawed
instinctively for my eyes and
she
almost reached them too.
好在她只是打掉了我的眼
镜
,
虽
然眼
镜
没有碎,但已落到了离我几英尺
远
的厨房地板上。
In fact she knocked
my glasses flying and they fell, though
unbroken, several feet away from me on the kitchen
floor.
父母两人都非常
尴
尬,
充
满
歉意,你
这
个坏孩子,母
亲
一
边说
,一
边
抓着她,并
摇
晃着她的一只手,你看看你
做的事。
这
么一个好人。
Both the
mother and father almost turned themselves inside
out in embarrassment and apology. You bad girl,
said the mother, taking her and shaking
here by one arm. Look what you‘ve done. The nice
man…
看在上帝的份上,我打断了她的
话
,
请
不要再在她面前
说
我是一个好人。
For heaven‘s sake, I broke in. Don‘t
call me a nice man to her.
我
来是看看她的嗓子,也
许
她患了白喉,而且很可能会死于
这
种病。
I‘m
here to look at her throat on the chance that she
might have diphtheria and possibly die of it.
但
这
一切她都
不在乎
,看
这
儿,我
对
女孩
说
,我
们
想看看你的嗓子,你不小了,
应该
明白我
说
的
话
,你是自己
张
开嘴呢,
还
是我
们
帮你
张
开?
But that‘s nothing
to her. Look here, I said to the child,
we‘re going to look at your throat. You‘re old
enough to
understand what I‘m saying.
Will you open it now by yourself or shall we have
to open it for you?
她仍然一
动
不
动
,甚至
连
表情都没有任何
变
化
。
Not a move. Even her
expression hadn‘t
changed.
但是她的呼吸却越来越急促。
Her
breaths, however, were coming faster and faster. <
/p>
接着一
场战
役开始了,我不得不
这样
做。
Then
the battle began. I had to do it.
由于她的自
我保
护
,我必
须检查
< br>一下她的嗓子。
I had to have a
throat culture for her own protection.
可是我首先告
诉
家
长这
完全取决于他
们
。
But first I told the parents that it
was entirely up to them.
我
说<
/p>
明了其危
险
性,但同
时
提出只要他
们
承担
责
任我就不会
坚
持做
这
次喉
咙检查
。
p>
I explained the danger but
said that I would not insist on a throat
examination so long as they would take the
responsibility.
如果你不按大夫
说
的去做,你就要去医院了,母
亲严厉
地警告她。
If you don‘t do
what the doctor says you‘ll have to go to the
hospital, the mother admonished her
severely.
是
吗
?我只好暗自笑了笑。
毕
竟我已
< br>经
喜
欢
上了
这
个野蛮的小
东
西,但却看不起<
/p>
这对
父母。
Oh yeah? I
had to
smile to myself. After all, I
had already fallen in love with the savage brat,
the parents were contemptible to me.
在接
下来的
―
战
斗
‖
中他
们
越来越
难
堪,被摧
垮
了,直至精疲力竭。而
这
个女孩由于恐惧,她
对
我的抗拒达到
了惊人的地步。
In the ensuing struggle they grew more
and more abject, crushed, exhausted while she
surely rose to
magnificent heights of
insane fury of effort bred of her terror of me.
p>
父
亲
尽了最大的努力,他
< br>块头
很大,然而事
实
上他面
p>
对
着的是他的女儿,由于
对
她的所作所
为
感到愧疚和担
心
伤
到她,他每次在我几乎就要成功了的关
键时
刻放开了她,我真恨不得
杀
了
他。
The father tried his
best, and he was a big man but the fact that she
was his daughter, his shame at her behavior
and his dread of hurting her made him
release her just at the critical times when I had
almost achieved success,
till I wanted
to kill him.
可是,因
为
又担心她真会患上白喉,尽管他自己就快昏到了,他又告
诉
我
继续
,
继续
,
而她的母
亲
在我
们
的身
后走来走去,
忧
愁万分地抖着
双手。
But his dread also that
she might have diphtheria made him tell me to go
on, go on though he himself was almost
fainting, while the mother moved back
and forth behind us raising and lowering her hands
in an agony of
apprehension.
把她放在你的大腿上,我命令道,抓住她的两个手腕。
Put her in front of you on your lap, I
ordered, and hold both her wrists.
然而他<
/p>
刚
一
动
手,女孩
就尖叫了一声。
But as soon as he
did the child let out a scream.
别这样
,你会弄疼我的.
Don‘t, you‘re hurting me.
p>
放开我的手,放手,我告
诉
你。
Let go of my hands. Let them go
I tell you.
接着她
发
出
可怕的歇斯底里的尖叫,住手!住手!你会弄死我的!
Then she shrieked terrifyingly,
hysterically. Stop it! Stop it! You‘re killing
me!
你
觉
得她受得了
吗
?医生!她母
亲说
。
Do you think she
can stand it, doctor! Said the mother.
你出去,丈夫
对
他的妻子
说
,你想
让
她死于白喉
吗<
/p>
?
You get out,
said the husband to his wife. Do you want her to
die of diphtheria?
来吧,抓住她,我
说
道。
Come on now,
hold her, I said.
接着我用左手
掰
住女孩的
头
,并
试图
将木制的
压
舌板伸
进
她的嘴里。
Then I
grasped the child‘s head with my le
ft
hand and tried to get the wooden tongue depressor
between her
teeth.
她
< br>紧
咬着牙
绝
望地反抗着!
She fought, with clenched
teeth, desperately!
而此
时
我也
变
得狂怒了
——
p>
对
一个孩子。
But now I also had grown furious-at a
child.
我
试图让
自己不要
p>
发
脾气,但却做不到,我知道怎
样
去
检查
她的嗓子。
I tried to hold myself down
b
ut I couldn‘t. I know how to expose a
throat for inspection.
我尽了最大
的努力。当我
终
于把木制的
压
舌板伸到最后一排牙
齿
的后面
< br>时
,她
张
开了嘴,然而只是一瞬
间
,我
还
来不
及看她又把嘴
闭
上了,没等我把它取出来,她的臼
齿
已
经紧紧
咬住了
压
舌板,并把
压
舌板咬
成了碎片。
And I did my best.
When finally I got the wooden spatula behind the
last teeth and just the point of it into the
mouth cavity, she opened up for an
instant but before I could see anything she came
down again and gripped the
wooden blade
between her molars. She reduces it to splinters
before I could get it out again.
你不害臊
p>
吗
?
妈妈
朝她大声
训
斥道。你在大夫面前
这样
不
觉
得害臊
吗
?
Aren
‘t
you ashamed, the mother yelled at her. Aren‘t you
ashamed to act like that in front of
the
doctor?
给
我拿一把平柄的勺子什么的,我
对
母
亲说
。
Get me
a smooth-handled spoon of some sort, I told the
mother.
我
们还
要接着做下去
。
We‘re going through with
this.
孩子的嘴已
经
流血了。
The child‘s
mouth
was already bleeding.
她的舌
头
破了,
还
在歇斯底里地大叫着。
Her tongue was
cut and she was screaming in wild hysterical
shrieks.
也
许
我
应该
停下来,
过
一个多小
时
再回来无疑
这样
会好一些。
Perhaps I should
have desisted and come back in an hour or more. No
doubt it would have been better.
但我已
经
看到至少两个孩子因
为这
< br>种情况而被疏忽了,躺在床上死去,我感到我必
须现
在<
/p>
进
行
诊
断,否<
/p>
则
就再
没有机会了。
But I have seen at least two
children lying dead in bed of neglect in such
cases, and feeling that I must get a
diagnosis now or never I went at it
again.
然而最糟糕的是,我也失去了理智,我本可以在盛怒之下将女孩的嘴扒开
来享受其中的快
乐
,向她
发
起
进
攻真
是一件
乐
事,我的
脸
也因此而
发热
。
But the worst of it was that I too had
got beyond reason. I could have torn the child
apart in my own fury and
enjoyed it. It
was a pleasure to attack her, my face was burning
with it.
在
这
种
时
候,
谁
都会叮
咛
自己,无
论这
个可<
/p>
恶
的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的
举动
,也要
违
背她的意愿来保
护
她。
The damned
little bra
t must be protected against
her own idiocy, one says to one‘s self at such
times.
这样
做也是
为
了保
护
其他孩子,同<
/p>
时这
也是一种社会需要,事
实
也确是如此。
Others must be
protected against her. It is a social necessity.
And all these things are true.
然而由于
释
放体内能量的欲望而
产
生的一种盲目的无法控制的狂怒和一种成年人的羞耻感,使我一直
坚
< br>持到最
后。
But a
blind fury, a feeling of adult shame, bred of a
longing for muscular release are the operatives.
One goes on
to the end.
在最后失
去理性的
―
战
斗
‖
中,我控制了女孩的脖子和下巴,我
强
行将沉重的
银
勺从她的牙后面伸到嗓子直到
她作呕。
In the final
unreasoning assault I overpowered the child‘s neck
any j
aws. I forced the heavy silver
spoon back of
her teeth and down her
throat till she gagged.
果然,两个扁桃体上有着一
层
膜状物。她勇敢地反抗就是
为
了不
让
我
发现
她的
这
个秘密,她至少
隐瞒
了
3
天
嗓子疼
,并
对
父母撒
谎
,都是
为
了逃避
这样
一个
结
果。
And there it was
–
both tonsils covered with
membrane. She had fought valiantly to keep me from
knowing her
secret. She had been hiding
that sore throat for three days at least and lying
to her parents in order to escape
just
such an outcome as this.
现
在,
她真的狂怒了,在
这
以前她一直
处
p>
于守
势
,但是
现<
/p>
在她开始
进
攻了。
Now truly she was furious. She had
been on the defensive before but now she attacked,
Tried to get off her
father‘s lap and
fly at me while tears of defeat blinded her
eye.
Lesson Four Die as You
Choose
制定关于安
乐
死的法律
已
经
到了不能再回避的地步。
The need for laws on euthanasia cannot
be dodged for much longer.
在世界上某个
较
小的国家里,安
乐
死被医
疗
机构普遍接受,每年都有数千例公开
实
施。
In one of
the world‘s
smaller countries, mercy-
killing is accepted by the medical establishment
and openly practiced a few thousand
times each year.
而在某个世界大国,安<
/p>
乐
死
虽
然
经
常受到医
疗
机构的
公开
谴责
,每年却以数倍于此的次数秘密
实
施,且从未公
之于众。
In one of the world‘s biggest
countries
, euthanasia is condemned by
the medical establishment, secretly
practiced many times more often, and
almost never comes to light.
但是,在上述那个国家
有医生因
为实
施安
乐
< br>死而在
监狱
里服刑呢?
Which of these countries has a mercy-
killing doctor now languishing in its jails?
是在小国荷
兰
。荷
兰
p>
制定了有关安
乐
死的法律,能有效地管理它
。
It is the small one,
Holland, which has rules for euthanasia and so can
police it effectively.
那位荷
兰
的医生
违
反
了
他国家的
规
定。
The Dutch doctor broke his country‘s
rules.
有关安
乐
死的
问题
在所有国家都存在,决不
< br>仅
出
现
在美国
< br>这
个禁止安
乐
死的大国。
There is a moral here for all
the countries, and not just for the big death-
forbidding country, America.
目前美国正再次展开有
关安
乐
死的
辩论
。
Right now it is going
over the arguments about euthanasia once again.
p>
美国医学
协
会会刊
1
月份
发
表了一封非同
寻
常的来信。一位医生在信中宣称自己按照病人的意愿,
杀
死了一
位身患癌症的
20
岁
女孩。
In
January the Journal of the American Medical
Association published a bizarre letter, in which
an anonymous
doctor claimed to have
killed a 20-year-old cancer patient at her own
request.
这
件事引起了一
场
辩论
,而
这场辩论
将
< br>轰轰
烈烈地持
续
到秋季,那
p>
时
加利福尼
亚
州可
能会就一
项
使安
乐
死合法
化的法律
进
行投票表决。<
/p>
This started a debate that
will rumble on into the autumn, when Californians
may vote on a proposed law
legalizing
euthanasia.
这
封信可能是
为
了起到引
发
争
论
的效果,内容并不可信。
The letter was probably written for
polemical impact. It is scarcely credible.
是作者自己在信中声称他(或她)第一次与那位得了癌症的病人
见
面,听到病人
说
出
5
个字
——―
让
我去死
吧
‖——
然后就
杀
了她。
It‘s author
claims
that he met the cancer patient
for the first time, heard five words from her
–
―Let‘s get this
over with‖ –
then killer
her.
即使是极端的安
乐
死支持者
也不
赞
成在
这
种情况下采取如此做法。
Even the most
extreme proponents of euthanasia do not support
such an action in those circumstances.
然而,医
疗
上出
现
的可怕事件如洪水猛
兽
一般,并不比安
乐
死的情况更好。它
们
无疑会在英
美以及其他国家中
继续
肆虐,几乎成了令人恐怖的常
规
。
Yet
medical monstrosities that are hardly any better
undoubtedly continue, almost as a matter of
macabre
routine, in America, Britain
and many other countries.
一些医生私下透露他
们
有
时
会故意
杀
死病人,
这样
的情况
非常普遍,令人担
忧
。
It is disturbingly easy to find doctors
who will say, in private, that they sometimes kill
patients on purpose.
多数医生
说
p>
他
们
知道其他医生也有同
< br>样
的行
为
,但是因
为
即使在病人乞求他
们
的<
/p>
时
候,医生也几乎不能与病人
公开
讨论
安
乐
死,因此医
生往往
倾
向于
仅
在要死的人
处
于垂危昏迷之
际
而无法表达是否同意安
乐
死
< br>时
,才
结
束
其生命。
Most say that know
somebody else who does. But because they can
rarely discuss euthanasia openly with
patients
–
even
when those patients beg them for it
–
doctors tend to kill only
when the dying are too far gone to
consent.
由于自愿要求安
乐
死受到禁止,就只能由医生自行作出决定了,病人会在夜
间
p>
受到
药
物注射而非自愿地离开人
世。
Thus, because
voluntary euthanasia is taboo, a doctor makes the
decision himself
–
and the
patient is killed
involuntarily in the
night with a syringe.
这
是不使安<
/p>
乐
死公开的代价。
That is one price of keeping euthanasia
secret.
如果所有形式的安
乐
死都是
错误
的,那就
应该统统
列入禁止之列。
If all forms
of mercy-killing are wrong, they should remain
taboo.
可情况果真如此
吗
?<
/p>
But are they?
许
p>
多人都
认为
依靠医学技
术
来延
续
生命
带给
人的痛苦是令人悲哀、可憎可
恶
的,完全不
顾
人的尊
严
,因此被
动
的安
乐
死
——
让
病人自行死亡
——
被人
们
普
遍接受。
Because many people
accept that it is sad, undignified and gruesome to
prolong the throes of death will all the
might of medical technology, passive
euthanasia
–
letting
patients die
–
is widely
accepted.
美国大多数州都有关于
―
活
遗
嘱
‖
的法
规
,
为
医生提供保
护
。如果医生没有尽力救助曾声明不想延
续
生命的病
人,不会
为
此受到起
诉
。
Most American states have ―living
–
will‖ legislation that
protects doctors from prosecution if they do not
try
to
save someone who has
said he does not want life prolonged.
主
动
的安
乐
死<
/p>
——
杀
死病人
—
—
却依然争
论颇
多。
< br>
Active euthanasia
–
killing
–
remains controversial.
将人
杀
死与
让
人死亡之
间
的界
线还
能
维
持多久呢?
How long can the distinction between
killing and letting die hold out?
正如因未履
行某种
职责
受到
处罚
< br>一
样
,人也可能因干了某事而不受
责难
。
Just as
there can be culpable omissions, so too can there
be blameless acts.
让
我
们
从道德
伦
理著作中
举
例
说
明。假定一个人
会从某个孩子的死亡中
获
益,当
这
p>
个孩子在浴缸中撞
伤头
部而
失去知
觉时
,那个人
视
而不
见
,任其溺水身亡。
Suppose
–
to
take an example from the moral philosophy books
–
that a man stands to gain
from the death of a
certain child. The
child strikes his head in the bath and falls
unconscious. The man sits down and watches him
drown.
虽
然
< br>这
个人什么都没有做,但他并不能因此开脱罪
责
。
The fact that the
man has performed no action does not excuse him. <
/p>
同
样
,再假
设为
了
缩
短而不是延
长
死亡到来的
时间
,医生
终
止某种治
疗
是无可指<
/p>
责
的做法,那么如果
这
< br>位医生
使用足
够
的
镇
痛
剂
致使病人死亡,他就
一定大
错
特
错吗
?
Similarly, suppose that a
doctor does no wrong by withholding some treatment
in order that death should come
sooner
rather than later. Is he then necessarily wrong if
he administers enough painkillers to kill?
这
位医生采取了某种行
动
,而
不是未尽某种
职责
,
这
会使他有罪
吗
?
Does the fact that the doctor performed
an action, rather than an omission, condemn him? <
/p>
许
多医生一直在
为
解除病人
临终
前的痛苦而
奋
斗着。他
们认为
在病人
请
求安
乐
死
时
,根本无法截然区分被
动
与
主
动
的安
乐
死。
Many doctors working
on the battlefield of terminal suffering think
that only squeamishness demands a firm
difference between passive and active
euthanasia on request.
他
们赞
p>
成医生
杀
死病人的理由是:医生的
职责
之一就是使病人免遭痛苦,
这
是医生所做的全部事情,而
杀
死病
< br>人
则
是做到
这
< br>一点的惟一
办
法。
Their argument for killing goes like
this: one of a doctor‘s duties is to prevent
suffering; sometimes that is all
there is left for him to do, and
killing is the only way to do it.
这
个
观
点并不新
颖
。当希波克拉底
为
医生制定信条的
时
候,曾明确禁止安
乐
死
,而多数其他希腊医生和思想家
都不
赞
成
这
一禁令。
There is nothing new in this view. When
Hippocrates formulated his oath for doctors, which
explicitly rules out
active killing,
most other Greek doctors and thinkers disagreed
with his ban.
前事不忘,后事之
师
。
Let the past be a
guide.
有人
认为
死亡的
时间
是上帝安排的,任何人不得
缩
短他人的生命,然而假如一位病人的人生
观
使其接
受安
乐
死,那么人
们
< br>不禁要
问
:
为
< br>什么其他人
还
要用不同的宗教
观
念去干
预
其死亡呢?
< br>
Some people believe that the time
of death is appointed by God and that no man
should put the clock back on
another.
Yet if a patient‘s philosophical views embrace
euthanasia, it is not clear why the religious
objections of
others should intrude on
his death.
另一个令人担
忧问题
< br>是,有关安
乐
死的法律体系允
许
医生在
规
定的情况下按照垂死病人的<
/p>
请
求
实
施安
p>
乐
死,就
可能
为杀
人首开先例,从而危害社会。
Anothe
r worry is that a
legal framework for euthanasia, permitting a
doctor to comply with a dying man‘s
request in a prescribed set of
circumstances, might pose dangers for society by
setting a precedent for killing.
这
个
问题
取决于社会。
That depends on the society.
尽管有不同意
见
,荷
兰对
建立
这样
的法律体系已
经
准
备
就
绪
p>
。
Holland,
arguably, is ready for it.
当年就是荷
兰
医生英勇无比地
顶
住了
p>
压
力,拒
绝
参与使
安
乐
死声名狼藉的
纳
< br>粹用人体
进
行医学
实验
的暴行,
这
恐怕不是巧合。
It is probably no coincidence that
it was Dutch doctors who most heroically resisted
pressure to join in the Nazi
medical
atrocities that have given euthanasia its worst
name.
这
些医生
对
个人自由
坚
定不移的尊重使他
们
没有
杀
害渴望活下去的健康人。今
天正是同
样
的精神又使他
们
去帮
助不愿活下去的垂危病人。
The same tenacious respect for
individual liberty that stopped them killing
healthy people, who did not want to
die, now lets them help dying people
who do.
与之相反,西德在未来相当
长
的
时间
里都无法使任何形式的安
乐
死合法化。
West
Germany, by contrast, will not be able to legalize
any form of euthanasia for a long time to come.
p>
由于
历
史的阴影反
对
安
乐
死的力量异常
< br>强
大,在那些近年来自由意志的
传统
未受任何干
扰
的国家里,
为
自愿安
乐
死制定有限的
规
定并不会使人
们产
生太多的恐惧。
Opposition is too fierce,
because of the shadow of the past. Countries with
an uninterrupted recent
libertarian
tradition have less to fear from setting some
limited rules for voluntary euthanasia.
拒
绝讨论这
个
问
< br>题
会使情况更加糟糕。
By
refusing to discuss it, they usher in something
worse
Lesson Five I'd Rather Be Black
than Female
我是第一位当
选
国会
议员
的黑人
妇
女,
这
使我不同凡响。
Being the first black woman elected to
Congress has made me some kind of phenomenon.
国会中
还
有九位黑人
议员
和十位
妇
女
议员
,但我是第一位同
时
克服两个不
利因素的人。
There are nine other blacks in
Congress;
there are ten other women. I
was the first to overcome both handicaps at once.
在
这
两种不利因素中,是个女人比是黑
人更糟。
Of the two handicaps,
being black is much less of a drawback than being
female.
如果我
说
做黑人比做
妇
女更糟糕,也
许
没有人会
对
我的
说
法提出
质
疑。
If I said that being black is a greater
handicap than being a woman, probably no one would
question me.
为
什么呢?因
为
―
众所周知
‖
< br>,美国存在着
对
黑人的歧
视
p>
。
Why? Because ―we
all know‖ there is prejudice against black people
in America.
说
美国存在
着
对妇
女的歧
视对
于几乎所有男人
——
还
有大多数女
人来
说
——
却是不可思
议
的。
That
there is prejudice against women is an idea that
still strikes nearly all men
–
and, I am afraid, most
women
–
as
bizarre.
许
多年以来,多数人看不到社会存在着
p>
对
黑人的歧
视
。<
/p>
Prejudice against blacks was
invisible to most white Americans for many years.
当黑人
终
于通
过
静坐示威、
联
合抵制和自由乘
车
游行的方式以示抗
议
,来提及
这
个
问题时
,他
们觉
得
简
直
难
以
置信。
When blacks finally started to
―mention‖ it, with sit
-ins, boycotts,
and freedom rides, Americans were
incredulous.
―
谁
p>
,我
们
?
‖
他
们
委屈地
问
道。
―Who, us?‖ they
asked in injured tones.
―
我
们
歧
视
黑人?
‖
对
美国白人来<
/p>
说
,
这
是漫
p>
长
而痛苦的再教育的开始。
―We‘re prejudiced?‖ It was the start of
a long, painful reeducation for white
America.
他
们
,包括那些自
认为
是自由主
义
者的白人
——
还
需要
许
多年才能
发现
并消除他
们实际
上都持有的种族主
< br>义态
度。
It will
take years for whites
–
including those who think of themselves as
liberals
–
to discover and
eliminate the
racist attitudes they all
actually have.
消除
对妇
女的歧
视
的困
难
< br>有多大?我确信
这
将会是一
场<
/p>
更持久的斗争。
How much
harder will it be to eliminate the prejudice
against women? I am sure it will be a longer
struggle.
部分
问题
在于比
起黑人来美国
妇
女被洗
脑
的程度更深,且更
满
足于她
们
次等公民的角色。
Part of the
problem
is that women in America are
much more brainwashed and content with their roles
as second
–
class citizens
than blacks ever were.
我来解
p>
释
一下。
Let
me explain.
二十多年来我一直
积
极参与政治活
动
。
I have been active in politics for more
than twenty years.
除了最后的那六年,其余那些年干活的是我,
我干的是所有无聊
琐
碎但
对竞选胜负<
/p>
至关重要的工作
——
可得到
好
处
的却是男人,
这
几乎就是政界
妇
女一直以来的命运。
For all but the last six, I
have done the work
–
all the
tedious details that make the difference between
victory
and defeat on election day
–
while men reaped the
rewards, which is almost invariably the lot of
women in
politics.
在美国政界,大部分
的工作仍然是由
妇
女来做
——
大
约
300
万志愿者。
It is still women
–
about three million
volunteers
–
who do most of
this work in the American political world.
她
们
中任何人所能期待的最好
结
果是有幸当
选为
区或
县
的副主席,
这
是一个隔离却
平等的
职
位,是
给
那些多年
来一直忠
实
从事装信封和
组织
牌局工作的
妇
女的
奖赏
。
The best any of them can hope for is
the honor of being district or county vice-
chairman, a kind of separate-but-
equal
position with which a woman is rewarded for years
of faithful envelope stuffing and card-party
organizing.
在
这
种
p>
职
位上,她可以享受公
费
< br>出差去参加州或全国性的会
议
或代表大会,在
这
些
场
合她的作用就是和
她
单
位
的男主席投一
< br>样
的票。
I n such
a job, she gets a number of free trips to state
and sometimes national meetings and conventions,
where
her role is supposed to be to
vote the way her male chairman votes.
1
963
年,当我企
图摆
脱
这
一角色代表布
鲁
克林的<
/p>
贝
德富
锡
—
p>
斯
图维
桑特参加
竞
选纽约
州众
议
院的席位
时
,遇
到了极大的阻力。
When I tried to break out of that role
in 1963 and run for the New York State Assembly
seat from Brooklyn‘s
Bedford-
Stuyvesant, the resistance was bitter.
从
竞选
一开始,我就要面
对
他
们
毫不掩
饰
的
对
女性的
敌
意。
From the start of
that campaign, I faced undisguised hostility
because of my sex.
但是在四年以后,当我
竞选
国会
议员时
,性
别问题
才成了一个主要争端。
But it was four years later, when I ran
for Congress, that the question of my sex became a
major issue.
我所在党派的党
员
召开秘密会
议讨论
如何阻止我参加
竞选
。
Among
members of my own party, closed meetings were held
to discuss ways of stopping me.
我的
对
手,著名
的人
权
p>
运
动领
袖詹姆士
?
法默竭力把自己塑造成一个具有男子
汉
气概的黑人形象;他坐着
带
有
扩
音器的卡
车
在
附近地
区巡回,
车
上
满载
着留着非洲
发
式、穿
颜
色花哨的
宽
袍和蓄胡子的年
轻
人。
My opponent,
the famous civil-rights leader James Farmer, tried
to project a black, masculine image; he toured
the neighborhood with sound trucks
filled with young men wearing Afro haircuts,
dashikis, and beards.
电视
台
记
者
对
我不屑一
p>
顾
,他
们
忽略了一
个非常重要的数据,而
对
此我和我的
竞
选经纪
人
韦
斯利
?
麦克唐
纳
?
霍
尔
德却很清楚。
While the television crews ignored me,
they were not aware of a very important statistic,
which both I and my
campaign manager,
Wesley MacD. Holder, knew.
在我
这
个区内,登
记
参加投票
选举
的人中男女的比例是
1∶2.5
。而且那些
妇
女是有
组织<
/p>
的
——
是教
师<
/p>
家
长协
会、教会社
团
、牌局俱
乐
部以及其他社会服
p>
务
性
团
体的成
p>
员
。我去找她
们寻
求帮助。
n my district there are
2.5 women for every man registered to vote. And
those women are organized
–
in PTAs,
church societies, card clubs,
and other social and service groups I went to
them and asked their help.
法
默先生到
现
在仍然不知道他是如何被
击
败
的。
Mr. Farmer
still doesn‘t quite know what hit him.
当一位
聪
明的年
轻
女大学生开始找工作
时
,
为
什么第一个
问题总
是
―
你会打字
吗
?
‖
When a bright
young woman graduate starts looking for a job, why
is the first question always: ―Can you
type?‖
在
这
< br>个
问题
背后是一整部
妇
女受歧
视
的
历
史。
A history of
prejudice lies behind that question.
为<
/p>
什么被看成是秘
书
而不是管理者?
为
什么被看成是
图书
管理
员
和教
师
而不是律
师
?
Why are women thought of as
secretaries, not administrators?Librarians and
teachers, but not doctors and
lawyers?
因
为
她
们
p>
被
认为
是不一
样<
/p>
的,低人一等的。
Because
they are thought of as different and inferior.
快
乐
的家庭主
妇
p>
和心
满
意足的黑鬼都是由歧
视产
生的典型人物。
The
happy homemaker and the contented darky are both
stereotypes produced by prejudice.
妇
p>
女甚至
还
没有
达到
黑人所达到的象征性的平等水平。
Women have
not even reached the level of tokenism that blacks
are reaching.
最高法院中没有
妇
女,只有两名
妇
女曾担任内
阁
的
职
位,但
现
在一个也没有。
No women
sit on the Supreme Court. Only two have held
Cabinet rank, and none do at present.
只有两位
妇
女担
任大使。
Only two women hold ambassadorial
rank.
妇
女主要从事工
资
低、伺候人、没有前途的工作。即使她
们获
得
较
好的
职
位,
他
们
的工
资
也
总
是比同
样
工
作的
男人低。
But women
predominate in the lower-paying, menial,
unrewarding, dead-end jobs, and when they do reach
better positions, they are invariably
paid less than a man for the same job.
这
不是歧
视
又是什么?
If that is not prejudice, what
would you call it?
几年前,我与一位政治
领
袖
谈论
有关一个有前途的青年
p>
妇
女做候
选
人的事
。
A few years ago, I was
talking with a political leader about a promising
young woman as a candidate.
―
为
什么要花
费时间
和精力去
树
立
这
个女孩的威信?
‖
他
问
道,<
/p>
―
你很清楚她只会在我
们
打算
让
她
竞选
市
长时
退出
竞选
去而生孩子。
‖
―Why
invest time and effort to build the girl up?‖ he
asked me. ―You know she‘ll only drop out of the
game to
have a couple of kids just
about the time we‘re ready to run her for mayor.‖
对
于我,
许
多
人
说
了
类
似的
话
。
Plenty of people have said similar
things about me.
每次当我
试图
向上
迈
一步
时
,
许
多人
劝
我回去教
书
,
说
那才是
妇
女的
职业
,把政治留
给
男人。
Plenty of
others have advised me, every
time, I tried to take another upward step, that I
should go back to teaching, a
woman‘s
vocation and leave politics to the men.
我
热爱
教
书<
/p>
,只要我确信
这
个国家再也不需要女人作
贡
献
时
,我就
会去教
书
。
I love teaching, and I am ready to go
back to it as soon as I am convinced that this
country no longer needs a
women‘s
contribution.
当在
这
个富足的国家里,当没有孩子
饿
着肚子
上床睡
觉时
,我可能会回去教
书
。
When there are no
children going to bed hungry in this rich nation,
I may be ready to go back to
teaching.
当每一个孩子都能上好学校
时
,我也<
/p>
许
会回去教
书
。
When there is a good school
for every child, I may be ready.
当我
们
不再将
钱财
耗
费
在武器装
备
上来<
/p>
杀
人
时
,当我<
/p>
们
不再容忍
对
少
数民族的歧
视时
,当
惩
治住房和雇佣不公
行
为
的法律
得以
实
施而不是被束之高
阁时
,那么我在政治上也就再没什么可做的了
When we do not spend our wealth on
hardware to murder people, when we no longer
tolerate prejudice against
minorities,
and when the laws against unfair housing and
unfair employment practices are enforced instead
of
evaded, then there may be nothing
more for me to do in politics.
但是在那以前<
/p>
——
我
们
都知道
那不是今年或是
明年
——
我
们
需要的是更多的
妇
女投
身于政治,因
为妇
女可以作出特殊的
贡
献。
But until that
happens
–
and we all know it
will not be this year or next
–
what we need is more women
in
politics, because we have a very
special contribution to make.
我希望自己成功的例
子能使其他的
妇
女愿意参与政治活
动<
/p>
——
不
仅仅
是装
信封,而是
竞选
政府
职
位。
I hope that the
example of my success will convince other women to
get into politics
–
and not
just to stuff
envelopes, but to run for
office.
妇
女能将同情、
宽<
/p>
容、
远见
、忍耐和毅力
< br>带
到政府中
——
这
是我
们
与生俱有的品
质
p>
或是在男人的
压
制下不得不
培养出来的品
质
。
It is women who can bring empathy,
tolerance, insight, patience, and persistence to
government
–
the qualities
we naturally have or have had to
develop because of our suppression by men.
一个国家的
妇
女通
过
她
们
在生活
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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