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Unit 1
More Than Words
In-Class Reading
Communication Without Words
不用话语的交流
< br>当你学一门外语时,你要学的不仅仅是词汇和语法。要想成功地进行交谈,你还必须
学习该种文化的非言语性语言,
或者说“肢体语言”。
“肢体
语言”是用来描述那些可以传
递信息的脸部表情、
手势以及其他
身体动作的术语。
这种交流方法非常重要,
实际上我们用
动作表达的信息比用言语表达的信息还要多。
2
有时候
我们发现说一门外语很困难,因为我们可能不了解另一种文化的非言语信号,
或者说那些
信号在我们自己文化中的含义可能迥然不同。例如,在世界上不同的地方,上
下点头就传
递不同的信息。在北美,该动作表示“我同意”。在中东,向下点头表示“我
同意”,而
向上抬头表示“我不同意”。日本人谈话的时候这个动作通常只是表示“我正
在听”。一
位在美国的日本学生好不容易才了解了其中的差异。在和一位推销员说话的时
候,这位学
生礼貌性地点头,表示他在注意听着。结果,第二天那位推销员就将一台崭新
的洗衣机送
到了他的公寓。
3
目光接触所表达的含义也很丰富,
但是,在不同的文化中,它表达的意思也不同。在
一些讲西班牙语的国家,孩子们在与年
长者谈话时不直视对方的眼睛,以表示尊重。而在
其他国家,别人则期待你看着他的眼睛
。例如,如果你在美国不这么做的话,人们会以为
你害怕、尴尬或者生气了。
4
世界上很多地方都用两种基本的手势来招呼别人朝自己走过来。在亚洲
,
p>
人们把手指
朝下微曲,做摆手的动作,而有些北美人则用该动作向孩
子们道别。北美人用类似的手势
招呼别人走过来,但是他们的手指是向上弯曲。去国外参
观的人必须了解这种差别,否则
就会传递错误的信息。
5
我们在
谈话时与对方保持的距离同样也是交流的一个重要方面,
虽然我们很少想到这
一点。通常,北美人比拉丁美洲人和中东人更喜欢彼此间距离大一点。在国际会议上,谈< p>
话的两个外交官可能会慢慢地从房间的这一头移到那一头,其中一个想竭力拉大彼此间的< p>
距离,
而另一个则想竭力缩短这一距离。
通常,<
/p>
喜欢距离大点儿的那个人往往退到背靠墙,
无路可退为止,他
(
拉大距离
)
的努力也以失败告终。
6
尽管我们花了许多年时间来学习一
门外语,
如果我们不了解该文化的非言语性语言和
得体的举止的
话,就会产生误解。如果我们不知道应该握手还是鞠躬,什么时候坐着,什
么时候站着,
在不熟悉的场合
应该有什么样的举止
,
那么我们就没有真正具备用外语交流
的能力。或许在读、写、
说、听四项传统的交
流技能之外还应该加上第五项技能:文化意
1
1
识。
After-Class Reading
How
to Talk to Anyone, Anytime, Anywhere
如何同任何人在任何时间、任何场合交谈
1
善于交
谈是生活中的一大乐趣,还能给生活带来一些巨大的回报。有时候这并不是件
容易的事。
但是,你练习得越多,
就越善于交谈。
如果你希望能够和任何人
在任何时间和任
何场合交谈,你需要牢记六个要素。
2
首先,
你说的话无需精辟到值得让人引用。很多时候,别人并不期待你说出隽语。他
们也不会等
着把你所说的话录下来。因此,尽管开口讲话吧。希望你的谈吐有趣,足以吸引
听众。<
/p>
3
p>
第二,正确的态度——交谈的愿望——是成为一个能说会道者的根本。与人交谈时尽
量热情些。别人也会对你的热情做出积极的反应,而且你会发现自己的确也变得满腔热情。
另一方面,如果你与他人交谈时缺乏热情,他们也很容易发现,从而做出消极的反应。
4
第三点要记住的是要轮流说话。仔细倾听会使你变得更善于交谈。交谈中好的提问也
是出色交谈者的标志。
倾听是每个人学习的一种方式。
学到的越多,
你为自己成为一名优秀
交谈者所做的准备就越充分
。
5
第四个要点是应该努力开阔眼界。最优秀的交谈者能够谈论日常生活之外的事情和经
p>
历。
你可以通过旅游拓宽你的世界,但也可以足不出户就做到这一点
。当然,你可以通过阅
读学习。
但是,
要记住的一个要点是,
那些与你背景不同的人可以开阔你谈话的内容和拓展
你的思维。
6
第五点要记住的是,严肃的谈话时
间不应过长。幽默感很有用,有时讲个和自己有关
的小笑话会使谈话轻松起来。
7
最后,与人交谈要真诚。你应该对你的交谈对象坦率、诚实,正如你也希望他们这样
对待你一样。
你要乐意告诉他们你的背景以及个人好恶。
这是谈话中互相理解、
平等交换的
一个重要方面,一个了解别
人和让别人了解自己的重要方面。坦诚示人,这样准没错。
8
无论你和一个人交谈还是和许多人
交谈,规则都是一样的,都是为了建立联系。只要
表现出你的同情心、热情和倾听的愿望
,你就一定会成为一名谈话大师。
2
课内阅读练习答案
Part One Preparation
1. Why
Are You Speaking?
STEP ONE
Sample
1
?
A
young man and a young woman are looking at a
painting. The man is putting his
arm
around
the
woman.
They
seem
like
a
couple.
The
painting
shows
a
very
romantic
scene
with
a
castle
and
a
young
couple
who
look
like
a
prince
and
princess. They are facing each other
and holding each other’s hand as if
saying “I
will
love you forever”.
?
The
man
is
expressing
his
feelings
or
hope.
I
think
he
must
be
in
love
with
this
woman, so he wants to
give the woman some hints, wishing that he and the
woman
could develop a relationship as
intimate as the two in the painting, get married
and
live happily ever after.
2
?
Two boys are fighting, one lying face
down on the floor and the other sitting on him.
The
one who is sitting has a scar on his
face. They must have fought with each other
fiercely.
The
young
woman
who
l
ooks
like
a
mother
is
holding
one
of
the
boy’s
hands and says: “That’s very naughty!”
?
She
is
criticizing
the
children’s
behavior
and
hopes
that
they
would
not
do
this
again.
3
?
Two people are standing near to
something which looks like a rock or a parcel. The
woman
is asking:
“What do you think it is?”
?
She is curious
and is asking about the man’s idea.
4
?
An
old man is lying in the bed. He seems to need some
rest or sleep. But a little boy
wearing
a pair of
dark glasses is playing in his room. The boy is
squatting near the
old man’s bed,
holding a gun and pointing it at him. The boy’s
mouth is open as if
imitating gun shots.
?
He asks the boy
not to disturb him. He must be somewhat unhappy.
STEP TWO
Sample
3
?
To
greet people. “Glad to meet you.”
?
To
ask for directions. “Could you tell me
where the railway station is?”
?
To make an
invitation. “I’d like you to come and have tea
with us on Friday.”
?
To make a
request. “Could I ask you to write him a letter?”
?
To
make an inquiry. “Do you know the assignment for
today’s English class?”
?
To apologize.
“Forgive me for being late.”
?
To ask for
permission. “May I use your dictionary?”
?
To
express thanks. “I really don’t know how I can
thank you enough.”
Part Two
Reading-Centered Activities
In-Class Reading
Post-Reading
Reading
Comprehension
1
1
Introduction
(
Para
.
1
)
Body language / non-verbal language is
also an important means of communication.
2
Communicating
in
a
foreign
language
can
be
difficult
if
we
don’t
understand
the
non-verbal signals of
that culture. (
Para
.
2-5
)
For example,
A
the gesture of
nodding the head (up and down),
(
Para
.
2
)
B
eye contact,
(
Para
.
3
)
C
the sign
of
waving the hand,
(
Para
.
4
)
D
personal conversation
distance. (
Para
.
5
)
3
Conclusion (Para. 6)
To
communicate
successfully
in
a
foreign
language,
we
need
to
master
a
fifth
skill,
cultural awareness.
2
1
Because we may
not understand the non- verbal signals in its
culture, or they may mean
something different from what they mean
in our own culture.
2
Facial expression, gestures, and other
movements of the body that send messages.
3
Because he thought the Japanese student
was expressing “I agree to buy the machine”
by nodding his head.
4
People are expected to look into the
other person’s eyes during a
conversation.
5
The
Asian schoolboy may come closer instead of going
away.
6
Because they come from different
countries and prefer different conversation
distances.
4
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