-
Postmodernism
is
the
expression
of
thought
and
culture
in
art,
literature,
philosophy
and
politics
in
advanced
capitalist
period.
“Post
-
”
of
“Postmodernism”
is
the
inheritance
and
reaction
to
“modernism”.
Postmodernism
was
originally
used
by
artists
and
critics
in
New
York
in
the
1960s and then employed
by European theorists in the 1970s. Once this
writing
entered
on
the
stage
of
history,
it
has
brought
us
not
only
techniques
such
as
parody,
fragmentation, pastiche, collage, allegory, irony,
playfulness, metafiction,
but also
intertextuality in history, philosophy, sociology,
etc..
英美文学名词解释
(2013-06-29
16:58:29)
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原文地址：英美文学名词解释作者：
kiwi
01.
Humanism(
人文主义
)
Humanism is the essence of the
Renaissance.
2> it emphasizes the
dignity of human beings and the importance of the
present life.
Humanists voiced their
beliefs that man was the center of the universe
and man did
not only have the right to
enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the
ability to
perfect himself and to
perform wonders.
02.
Renaissance(
文艺复兴
)
The
word
“Renaissance”means
“rebirth”,
it
meant
the
reintroduction
into
westerm
Europe of the full
cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.
2>the
essence
of
the
Renaissance
is
Humanism.
Attitudes
and
feelings
which
had
been characteristic of
the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down
into the era of
Humanism and
reformation.
3>
the
real
mainstream
of
the
english
Renaissance
is
the
Elizabethan
drama
with
william shakespeare being the leading
dramatist.
03. Metaphysical
poetry(
玄学派诗歌
)
Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to
name the work of the 17th century writers
who wrote under the influence of John
Donne.
2>with
a
rebellious
spirit,
the
Metaphysical
poets
tried
to
break
away
from
the
conventional fashion of
the Elizabethan love poetry.
3>the
diction is simple as compared with that of the
Elizabethan or the Neoclassical
periods,
and
echoes
the
words
and
cadences
of
common
speech.4>the
imagery
is
drawn
from actual life.
04.
Classcism(
古典主义
)
Classcism refers to a movement or
tendency in art, literature, or music that
reflects the
principles manifested in
the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism
emphasizes
the
traditional
and
the
universal,
and
places
value
on
reason,
clarity,
balance,
and
order.
Classicism,
with
its
concern
for
reason
and
universal
themes,
is
traditionally
opposed to Romanticism, which is
concerned with emotions and personal themes.
05.
Enlightenment(
启蒙运动
)
Enlightenment
movement
was
a
progressive
philosophical
and
artistic
movement
which flourished in france and swept
through western Europe in the 18th century.
2>
the
movement
was
a
furtherance
of
the
Renaissance
from
14th
century
to
the
mid-17th century.
3>its purpose was to enlighten the
whole world with the light of modern philosophical
and artistic ideas.
4>it
celebrated
reason
or
rationality,
equality
and
science.
It
advocated
universal
education.
5>famous
among
the
great
enlighteners
in
england
were
those
great
writers
like
Alexander pope. Jonathan .
ssicism(
新古典主义
)
In
the
field
of
literature,
the
enlightenment
movement
brought
about
a
revival
of
interest in the old
classical works.
2>this
tendency
is
known
as
neoclassicism.
The
Neoclassicists
held
that
forms
of
literature
were
to
be
modeled
after
the
classical
works
of
the
ancient
Greek
and
Roman
writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the
contemporary French ones.
3> they
believed that the artistic ideals should be order,
logic, restrained emotion and
accuracy,
and that literature should be judged in terms of
its service to humanity.
07. The
Graveyard School(
墓地派诗歌
)
The Graveyard
School
refers
to
a
school
of poets
of
the
18th
century
whose
poems
are
mostly
devoted
to
a
sentimental
lamentation
or
meditation
on
life.
Past
and
present,
with
death
and
graveyard as themes.
2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the
leading figure of this school and his Elegy
written in a
country churchyard is its
most representative work.
08.
Romanticism(
浪漫主义
)
1>In the mid-18th century, a new
literary movement called romanticism came to
Europe and then
to England.
2>It
was
characterized
by
a
strong
protest
against
the
bondage
of
neoclassicism,
which
emphasized reason, order and elegant
wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to
passion,
emotion, and natural beauty.
3>In the history of literature.
Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought
that designates a
literary and
philosophical theory which tends to see the
individual as the very center of all life and
experience. 4> The English romantic
period is an age of poetry which prevailed in
England from
1798 to 1837. The major
romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and
Shelley.
09. Byronic
Hero(
拜伦式英雄
)
Byronic hero refers to a proud,
mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.
2> with immense superiority in his
passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry
on his
shoulders
the
burden
of
righting
all
the
wrongs
in
a
corrupt
society.
And
would
rise
single-handedly against any kind of
tyrannical rules either in government, in
religion, or in moral
principles with
unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.
3> Byron’s chief contribution to
English literature is his creation of the “Byronic
Hero”
10. Critical
Realism(
批判现实主义
)
Critical Realism is a term applied to
the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early
20th centuries.
2> It means the
tendency of writers and intellectuals in the
period between 1875 and 1920 to apply
the methods of realistic fiction to the
criticism of society and the examination of social
issues.
3> Realist writers
were all
concerned about the
fate of the common people and described what
was faithful to reality.
4>
Charles Dickens is the most important critical
realist.
11.
Aestheticism
（美学主义）
The basic theory of the Aesthetic
movement---
“art for art’s sake” was
set forth by a French poet,
Theophile
Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the
theory of aestheticism was Walter
Pater.
2> aestheticism
places art above life, and holds that life should
imitate art, not art imitate life.
3>
According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation
is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective.
Art
should
be
free
from
any
influence
of
egoism.
Only
when
art
is
for
art’s
sake,
can
it
be
immortal.
They believed that art should be unconcerned with
controversial issues, such as politics
and morality, and that it should be
restricted to contributing beauty in a highly
polished style.
4>
This
is
one
of
the
reactions
against
the
materialism
and
commercialism
of
the
Victorian
industrial era, as well as a reaction
against the Victorian convention of art for
morality’s sake, or
art for money’s
sake.
美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国
诗人西奥费尔
.
高缔尔提出
,
英国运用该美
学理论的第一人是沃尔特
.
佩特
.
美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活
,
认为生活应模仿艺术
,
而不是艺
术模仿生活
.
在美学主义看来
,
所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物
.
艺术不应受任
何功利的影响
,
只有当艺术为艺术而创作时
,
艺术才
能成为不朽之作
.
他们还认为艺术不应只
关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题
,
艺术应着力于以华丽的
风格张扬美
.
这是对维多利亚工
业发展
时期物质崇拜的一种回应
,
也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的
维多利亚传统的挑战
.
Victorian
period(
维多利亚时期
)
In
this
period,
the
novel
became
the
most
widely
read
and
the
most
vital
and
challenging
expression of
progressive thought. While sticking to the
principle of faithful representation of the
18th
century
realist
novel,
novelists
in
this
period
carried
their
duty
forward
to
criticism
of
the
society and the defense of the mass.
2> although writing from different
points of view and with different techniques, they
shared one
thing in common, that is,
they were all concerned about the fate of the
common people. They were
angry
with
the
inhuman
social
institutions,
the
decaying
social
morality
as
represented
by
the
money-worship and
Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty
and injustice.
3>their
truthful
picture
of
people’s
life
and
bitter
and
strong
criticism
of
the
society
had
done
much in awakening the public
consciousness to the social problems and in the
actual improvement
of the society.
4> Charles Dickens is the leading
figure of the Victorian period.
13.
Modernism(
现代主义
)
Modernism
is
comprehensive
but
vague
term
for
a
movement
,
which
begin
in
the
late
19th
century and which has
had a wide influence internationally during much
of the 20th century.
2> modernism takes
the irrational philosophy and the theory of
psycho-analysis as its theoretical
case.
3> the term pertains
to all the creative arts. Especially poetry,
fiction, drama, painting, music and
architecture.
4> in England
from early in the 20th century and during the
1920s and 1930s, in America from
shortly before the first world war and
on during the inter-war period, modernist
tendencies were at
their most active
and fruitful.
5>as
far
as
literature
is
concerned,
Modernism
reveals
a
breaking
away
from
established
rules,
traditions and
conventions. fresh ways of lookin
g at
man’s position and function in the universe
and many experiments in form and style.
It is particularly concerned with language and how
to use
it and with writing itself.
14. Stream of
consciousness(
意识流
)(or
interior monologue)
In literary
criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a
literary technique which seeks to describe
an individual’s point of view by giving
the written equivalent of the character’s thought
processes.
Stream
of
consciousness
writing
is
strongly
associated
with
the
modernist
movement.
Its
introduction
in
the
literary
context,
transferred
from
psychology,
is
attributed
to
May
Sinclair.
Stream of consciousness writing is
usually regarded as a special form of interior
monologue and is
characterized by
associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that
can make the prose difficult to
follow,
tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary
thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers
to employ this technique in the English
language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.
学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。<
/p>
意识
流是现代主义运动的体现，它首先出现在心现学领域，由梅<
/p>
.
辛克拉提出的，后引进文学领
域。意识
流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白
.
它的特别是联想
性
,
以句法和标点的
跳跃
,
文章的晦涩难懂为特征
.
来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉
.
比较著名的使用此技巧<
/p>
的有乔伊斯
.
福克纳
.
15.
American Puritanism(
美国清教主义
)
Puritanism was
a religious reform that arose within the Church of
England in the late 16th
century. Under
siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot
in the third and fourth decades of
the
17th to the northern English colonies in the new
world---a migration that laid the foundation
for the religious, intellectual, and
social order of New England. Puritanism, however,
was not only
a
historically
specific
phenomenon
coincident
with
the
founding
of
new
England,
it
was
also
a
way of being in the world---a style of
response to lived experience---that has
reverberated through
American life ever
since. Doctrinally, puritans adhered to the five
points of Calvinism as codified
at the
synod of dort in 1619:
1) Unconditional
election: the idea that God had decreed at the
synod of damned and who was
saved from
before the beginning of the world;
2)
limited atonement: the idea that Christ died for
the elect only;
3) Total depravity:
humanity’s utter corruption since the
fall;
4)
Irresistible
grace:
regeneration
as
entirely
a
work
of
God,
which
cannot
be
re3sisted
and
to
which the sinner contributes nothing;
5) The perseverance of the saints: the
elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of
heart, cannot
fall away from grace.
清教主义是
16
世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革
.
在教会和皇权的双重压力
之下
,
< br>清教的一个分支于
17
世纪
30
,40
年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地
,
他们为新英格兰奠
定了宗教、
知识和社会秩序的基础。
清教主义不仅符合新英格兰成立的特定历史，
而且一直
反映了美国生活的一种生活方式。从教义上说，清教徒遵循加尔文派于
161
9
年多特宗教会
议上制定的五条信条：
1
）无条件拣选：神没有任凭人在罪中灭亡，而是在创世以前就拣选
了一群人旅行拯救；
2
）有限救赎：
基督的死只是为了特定数目的选民而死；
3
）
完全堕
落：自从亚当偷吃善恶果后，整个人类都堕落了；
4
）不可抗拒的恩典：圣灵的能力在罪人
心里运行，一直到他认罪悔改方休；
5
）圣徒的坚守：圣徒是神所挑选的，无论他们如何退
步，始终在神的感召下。
16.
American Romanticism(
美国浪漫主义
)
Romanticism
refers to an artistic and intellectual movement
originating in Europe in the
late 18th
century and characterized by a heightened interest
in nature, emphasis on the
individual’s
expression of emotion and imagination,
departure from the attitudes and forms of
classicism, and
rebellion
against
established
social
rules
and
conventions.
The
romantic
period
in
American
literature stretches from the end of
the 18th century through the outbreak of the civil
war. It was an
age
of
great
westward
expansion,
of
the
increasing
gravity
of
the
slavery
question,
of
an
intensification of the spirit of
embattled sectionalism in the south, and of a
powerful impulse to
reform in the
nort
h. In literature it was America’s
first great creative period, a full flowering of
the
romantic
impulse
on
American
soil.
Although
foreign
influences
were
strong,
American
romanticism
exhibited
from
the
very
outset
distinct
features
of
its
own.
First,
American
romanticism
was
in
essence
the
expression
of
“a
real
new
experience”and
contained
“an
alien
quality” for the simple reason that
“the spirit of the place” was radically new and
alien. Second,
puritan
influence
over
American
romanticism
was
conspicuously
noticeable.
Emerging
as
new
writers
of
strength
and
creative
power
were
the
novelists
Hawthorne,
Melville,
the
poets
Dickinson, Whitman,
the essayists Thoreau, Emerson. These American
writers had made a great
literary
period by capturing on their pages the enthusiasm
and the optimism of that dream.
浪漫主义是于<
/p>
18
世纪晚期发起于欧洲的一场艺术性及思想性的运动，它注重自
然，强调个
人情感表达与想像力，
向既定的社会制度和传统挑战
，
与古典主义形式相分离。
美国的浪漫
主义时期从
18
世纪末一直延续到内战爆发前。这个时期发生了
大规模的西迁运动，日益严
峻的奴隶问题，南部各州的地方保护主义的是益盛行以及北部
呼声愈演愈烈火的革新运动。
在文学上，
这个时期是美国第一次
伟大的创作时期，
浪漫主义的种子在北美的土壤里生根发
芽。<
/p>
尽管受到欧洲浪漫主义运动的影响，
美国浪漫主义文学仍然呈现出
自己的独特风格。
第
一，美国浪漫主义在本质上是一个“全新的
经历“的表达，因这个新大陆充满着生机和活力
而使美国的浪漫主义蕴含异国的气质；<
/p>
第二，
清教主义对美国浪漫主义有着显著的影响，
作
为新生创作力量的有小说家霍桑，麦尔维尔。诗人狄金森和惠特曼，散文家梭
罗，爱默生。
这些美国作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。
17.
Transcendentalism(
超验主义
)
Transcendentalism is literature,
philosophical and literary movement that
flourished in new
England from about
1836 to 1860. it is the summit of American
Romanticism. it originated among
a
small
group
of
intellectuals
who
were
reacting
against
the
orthodoxy
of
Calvinism
and
the
rationalism of the Unitarian Church,
developing instead their own faith centering on
the divinity
of humanity and the
natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of
its basic idealistic concepts
from
romantic German philosophy, and from such English
authors as Coleridge and Wordsworth.
Its mystical aspects were partly
influenced by Indian and Chinese religious
teachings. Although
Transcendentalism
was
never
a
rigorously
systematic
philosophy,
it
had
some
basic
tenets
that
were
generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs
that God is immanent in each person and in
nature
and
that
individual
intuition
is
the
highest
source
of
knowledge
led
to
an
optimistic
emphasis
on
individualism,
self-
reliance,
and
rejection
of
traditional
authority.
The
ideas
of
Transcendentalism
were
most
eloquently
expressed
by
Ralph
waldo
Emerson
in
such
essays
as
Nature,
and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.
超验主义是从
1836
至
1860
于新英格兰发起的一场文学
,
哲学以及艺术运动
.
即浪漫主义的顶
点
.
由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性
的形式主义
,
他们从而提出人与
自然的
神圣这一信念
.
超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主
义作家柯勒律治和沃
兹华斯的影响
,
还
在一定程度上受到东方古典哲学和宗教的影响
.
尽管超验主义思
想并不能算
是严格意义上的哲学
,
但
是它还是有一些基本原则的
.
超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神
性
,
只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互融合
.
从而超验主义十分强调个人主义
,
自立
,
拒绝传统权威思想
.
超验主义思想在爱默生的
<
论自然<
/p>
>
和梭罗的
<
瓦尔登湖
>
等书中表现得
淋漓尽致
.
18.
the Age of
Realism(
现实主义时期
)
1).Realism was a reaction against
Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism;
2).During this
period a new generation
of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas
in the older generation,
came
up
with
a
new
inspiration.
This
new
attitude
was
characterized
by
a
great
interest
in
the
realities
of
life.
It
aimed
at
the
interpretation
of
the
realities
of
any
aspect
of
life,
free
from
subjective prejudice, idealism, or
romantic color.
Instead of thinking
about the mysteries of life
and death
and heroic individualism, people’s attention was
now directed to the interesting features
of everyday existence, to what was
brutal or sordid, and to the open portrayal of
class struggle;3)
so
writers
began
to
describe
the
integrity
of
human
characters
reacting
under
various
circumstances and
picture the pioneers of the far west, the new
immigrants and the struggles of the
working class; 4) Mark Twain Howells
and Henry James are three leading figures of the
American
Realism.
19.
American
Naturalism(
美国自然主义文学
)
The
American
naturalists
accepted
the
more
negative
interpretation
of
Darwin’s
evolutionary
theory
and
used
it
to
accout
for
the
behavior
of
those
characters
in
literary
works
who
were
regarded
as more or less complex combinations of inherited
attributes, their habits conditioned by
social
and
economic
forces.2)
naturalism
is
evolved
from
realism
when
the
author’s
tone
in
writing becomes less serious and less
sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.
It is no
more
than
a
gloomy
philosophical
approach
to
reality,
or
to
human
existence.3>Dreiser
is
a
leading figure of his
school.
20.
Naturalism(
自然主义
)
Naturalism
is
a
literary
movement
related
to
and
sometimes
described
as
an
extreme
form
of
realism
but which may be more appropriately considered as
a parallel to philosophic Naturalism. 2)
as
a
more
deliberate
kind
of
realism
Naturalism
usually
involves
a
view
of
human
beings
as
passive victims of
natural forces and social environment. In
Naturalism a more documentary-like
approach is in evidence, with a great
stress on how environment and heredity shape
people. 3) As
a
literary
movement,
Naturalism
was
initiated
in
France.
4)
Naturalist
fiction
aspired
to
a
sociological
objectivity,
offering
detailed
and
fully
researched
investigations
into
unexplored
concerns of modern society.
21. Local
Colorism(
乡土文学
)
Generally
speaking,
the
writings
of
local
colorists
are
concerned
with
the
life
of
a
small,
well-defined region or province. The
characteristic setting is the isolated small town.
2) Local colorists were consciously
nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,
recorders of a
present that faded
before their eyes. Yet for all their
sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to
minutely accurate descriptions of the
life of their regions, they worked from personal
experience
to
record
the
facts
of
a
local
environment
and
suggested
that
the
native
life
was
shaped
by
the
curious conditions of
the local.
3) major local colorists is
Mark Twain.
22.
Imagism(
意象主义
)
Imagism came into being in Britain and
U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional
English
poetry to express the sense of
fragmentation and dislocation.
2>the
imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold
that the most effective means to express
these momentary impressions is through
the use of one dominant image.
3>imagism is characterized by the
following three poetic principles:
A.
direct treatment of subject matter;
B.
economy of expression;
C. as regards
rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical
phrase, not in the sequence of
metronome.
4> pound’s In a
Station of the Metro is a well
-known
imagist poem.
23. The Lost
Generation(
迷惘的一代
)
The lost generation is a term first
used by Stein to describe the post-war I
generation of American
writers:
men
and
women
haunted
by
a
sense
of
betrayal
and
emptiness
brought
about
by
the
destructiveness of the
war.
2>full of youthful idealism, these
individuals sought the meaning of life, drank
excessively, had
love affairs and
created some of the finest American literature to
date.
3>the three best-known
representatives of lost generation are F. Scott
Fitzgerald, Hemingway and
John dos
Passos.
24.
Expressionism(
表现主义
)
Expressionism refers to a movement in
Germany early in the 20th century. In which a
number of
painters
sought
to
avoid
the
representation
of
external
reality
and
,instead,
to
project
a
highly
personal or subjective vision of the
world.
2>
expressionism
is
a
reaction
against
realism
or
naturalism,
aiming
at
presenting
a
post-war
world violently
distorted.
3> in a further sense, the
term is sometimes applied to the belief that
literary works are essentially
expressions
of
their
authors’moods
and
thought
s;
this
has
been
the
dominant
assumption
about
literature since the rise of
romanticism.
25. The Beat
Generation(
垮掉的一代
)
The
members
of
The
Beat
Generation
were
new
bohemian
libertines,
who
engaged
in
a
spontaneous, sometimes messy,
creativity.
2>
The
Beat
writers
produced
a
body
of
written
work
controversial
both
for
its
advocacy
of
non-conformity and for
its non-conforming style.
3> the major
beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl
became the manifesto of The Beat
Generation.
26. Jazz
Age(
爵士时代
)
The
Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and
1930s, the years between World War I and
World War II. Particularly in North
America. With the rise of the great depression,
the values of
this age saw much
decline. Perhaps the most representative literary
work of the age is American
writer
Fitzgerald’s
The
Great
Gatsby.
Highlighting
what
some
describe
as
the
decadence
a
nd
hedonism, as
well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is
largely credited with coining the
term”
Jazz Age”.
27.
Surrealism(
超现实主义
)
An anti-rational movement of
imaginative liberation in European in art and
literature in the 1920s
and
1930s,
which
launched
by
Andre
Breton
after
his
break
from
the
Dada
group
in
1922.
Surrealism seeks to
break down the boundaries between rationality and
irrationality, exploring the
resources
and revolutionary energies of dreams,
hallucinations and sexual desire. Influenced both
by
the
symbolists
and
by
Sigmund
Freud’s
theories
of
the
unconscious,
the
surrealists
experimented
with automatic writing and with the free
association of random images brought in
surprising juxtaposition.
超现
实主义是
20
世纪
20
年代和
30
年代在欧洲文艺和文学界发起的一场反对理
性提倡思想
解放的运动
.
这场运动由安
德烈
.
布里多尼和达达派决裂后发起
.
超现实主义试图打破理性和
非理性之间的界限
< br>.
探讨梦
.
幻觉以及性欲的源头
和动力
.
由于受到象征主义和弗洛伊德无意
思理论的影响
,
超现实主义将自由联想和自由写作以不可思
议的形式并置合并在一起
.
28. Metaphysical
poets(
玄学派诗人）
It
is the name given to a diverse group of 17th
century English poets whose work is notable for
its
ingenious
use
of
intellectual
and
theological
concepts
in
surprising
conceits,
strange
paradoxes
and
far-fetched
imagery.
The
leading
Metaphysical
poet
was
John
Donne,
whose
colloquial,
argumentative
abruptness
of
rhythm
and
tone
distinguishes
his
style
from
the
conventions
of
Elizabethan love lyrics.
29.
New Criticism(
新批评主义
)
New
Criticism
is
a
movement
in
American
literary
criticism
from
the
1930s
to
the
1960s,
concentrating
on
the
verbal
complexities
and
ambiguities
of
short
poems
considered
as
self-sufficient
objects
without
attention
to
their
origins
or
effects.
The
name
comes
from
John
Chrisom’s book The New
Criticism.
30.
Feminism(
女权主义
)
Feminism
incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for
women and an ideology of social
transformation aiming to create a world
for women beyond simple social equality.
2>in gen
eral, feminism is
ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief
that women suffer
injustice
because
of
their
sex.
Under
this
broad
umbrella
various
feminisms
offer
differing
analyses of the causes, or agents, of
female oppression.
3> definitions of
feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their
training, ideology or race. So,
for
example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress
the interaction within feminism of class with
gender
and
focus
on
social
distinctions
between
men
and
women.
Black
feminists
argue
much
more
for an integrated analysis which can unlock the
multiple systems of oppression.
31.
Hemingway Code Hero(
海明威式英雄
)
Hemingway Code Hero, also called code
hero, is one who, wounded but strong more
sensitive,
enjoys the pleasures of life
(sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death,
and maintains, through
some notion of a
code, an ideal of himself.
2> barnes in
the sun also Rises, Henry in a Farewell to arms
and Santiago in the old man and the
sea
are typical of Hemingway Code Hero
32.
Impressionism(
印象主义
)
Impressionism is a style of painting
that gives the impression made by the subject on
the artist
without much attention to
details. Writers accepted the same conviction that
the personal attitudes
and
moods
of
the
writer
were
legitimate
elements
in
depicting
character
or
setting
or
action.2>briefly, it is a style of
literature characterized by the creation of
general impressions and
moods rather
that realistic mood.
33.
Postmodernism(
后现代主义
)
It is a disputed term that
has
occupied
much
recent
debate
about
contemporary
culture
since the early
1980s. in
its
simplest
and
least
satisfactory
sense
it
refers
generally
to
the
phase
of
20th
century
western
culture
that
succeeded
the
reign
of
high
modernism,
thus
indicating
the
products
of
the
“space
age”
aft
er
some time
in the 1950s.
More often, though it is
applied
to
a
cultural
condition
prevailing
in
the
advanced
capitalist
societies since the 1960s,
characterized
by
a
superabundance
of
disconnected
images
and styles. In this
sense,
post modernity is said to
be
a
culture
of
fragmentary
sensations,
eclectic
nostalgia,
disposable
simulacra,
and
promiscuous
superficiality,
in
which
the
traditionally
valued
qualities
of
depth,
coherence,
meaning
originality
and
authenticity
are
evacuated
or
dissolved
amid
the
random
swirl
of empty signals.
这个具有争议的名字<
/p>
概念是从
20
世纪
80
年
代早期开始应用于近
几十年的
现代文化领
域
.
最简单也最难说服
人的说法是后现代主
义是
20
世纪西方文明
继高度现代主义之后
的一个阶段
.
后现代主
义是
50
年代太空时代
的产物
.
通常它被用来
解释自
60
年代
起先进
资本主义社会主要的
社会文化现象
.
从这个
意义上说
.
后现代主义
被认为是片断构建的
编织
< br>.
折衷的怀旧主义
,
滥用的仿物
以及混杂
的浅浮
,
而传统所强调
的深度
.
连贯
.
意义的原
创性
,
真
实性都在空洞
信号的随意泛滥中消
失瓦解
.
34. Confessional
poetry(
自白派诗歌
)
It
is
an
autobiographical
mode
of
verse
that
reveals
the
poet’s
personal
problems
with
unusual frankness. The term is usually
applied to certain poets of the United states from
the late
1950s
to
the
late
1960s,
notably
Robert
Lowell.
The
term’s
distinctive
sense
depends
on
the
candid examination of what were at the
time of writing virtually unmentionable kinds of
private
distress. The genuine strengths
of confessional poets, combined with the pity
evoked by their high
suicide rate,
encouraged in the reading public a romantic
confusion between poetic excellence and
inner torment.
自白诗歌是一种自传体诗歌<
/p>
.
诗歌主要用不寻常的坦白展示诗人的个人内心问题
.
自白诗歌是
指
50
年代后期到
60
年代后期出现的诗人
.
特别是罗伯特
.
洛厄
尔
.
此概念有时在广义上指任何
个人或
自传的诗歌
,
但自白诗歌最明显的特征
,
是坦诚揭露写作时的所思所想
,
个人
心里忧伤
的流露
.
自白派诗人杰出的文
学才华和他们由于痛苦而引起的高自杀率
,
以及诗歌中处处流露
着痛苦
,
迷茫
,
悲观
,
隐晦的气氛
< br>,
让读者们阅读时产生一种诗歌精妙和内心痛苦的迷茫感
.
35. The New York
School
（纽约派）
The
New York School was an informal group of American
poets and painters active in 1950s New
York
City,
critics
argued
that
their
work
was
a
reaction
to
the
confessional’s
movement
in
contemporary poetry.
Their poetic subject matter was often light,
violent, or observational, while
their
writing style was often described as cosmopolitan
and world-traveled. the poets often drew
inspiration
from
surrealism
and
the
contemporary
avant-garde
art
movement,
in
particular
the
action
painting
of
their
friends
in
the
New
York
City
art
are
also
commonalities
between the
New York School and the earlier Beat Generation
poets active in 1940s and 1950s
New
York City.
纽约派诗人是
50
年代活跃在纽约的美国诗人和画家的非正式群体。评论家认为他们是对同
时代自白派
诗歌运动的反抗。
他们作品的主题通常轻快，
激烈或者观察入微
。
他们的写作风
格是全球性的。
他们接
受了超现实主义和先锋艺术运动，
特别是纽约画界的朋友的影响创作
诗。他们与
40,50
年代纽约的垮掉一代诗人有一定共同
点
.
36. The Absurd
(
荒谬派
)
It is a
term derived from the existentialism of Albert
Camus, and often applied to the modern sense
of human purposelessness in a universe
without meaning or value. Many 20th century
writers of
prose fiction have stressed
the absurd nature of human existence: notable
instances are the novels
and
stories
of
Franz
Kafka,
in
which
the
characters
face
alarmingly
incomprehensible
predicaments.
37. The Black
Mountain Poets(
黑山派诗人
)
The Black Mountain Poets refer to a
group of poets active on the contemporary scene,
as these
people were either associated
with Black Mountain college, or with Black
Mountain Review, they
have become known
as “The Black Mountain Poets”
2> the leading figure of this school of
poetry was Charles Olson.
38.
Realism(
现实主义
)
Realism was a loosely used term meaning
truth to the observed facts of life (especially
when they
are gloomy). Realism in
literature is an approach that attempts to
describe life without idealization
or
romantic subjectivity.
39. Meditative
Poetry(
冥想派诗歌
)
01.
Allegory(
寓言
)
Allegory
is a story
told to explain or teach something.
Especially a long and complicated story
with
an
underlying
meaning
different
from
the
surface
meaning
of
the
story
itself.2>allegorical
novels use extended metaphors to convey
moral meanings or attack certain social evils.
characters
in
these
novels
often
stand
for
different
values
such
a
s
virtue
and
vice.3>Bunyan’s
Pilgrim’s
Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such
examples.
02.
Alliteration(
头韵
)
Alliteration means a repetition of the
initial sounds of several words in a line or
group.
2>alliteration is a traditional
poetic device in English literature.
3>Robert Frost’s Acquainted with the
Night is a case in point:” I have stood still and
stopp
ed the
sound of
feet”
03.
Ballad(
民谣
)
Ballad
is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited.
in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is
a narrative poem consisting of
quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with
iambic trimester.(
抑
扬格四音步与抑扬格
三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗
)
2>.ballads
were
passed
down
from
generation
to
generation.
3>Coleridge’s
The
Rime
of
the
Ancient Mariner is a 19th century
English ballad.
04.
epic(
史诗
)
Epic, in
poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the
actions of goods and heroes.
2>Epic
poems
are
not
merely
entertaining
stories
of
legendary
or
historical
heroes;
they
summarize and express
the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a
significant or crucial period of
its
history.
3>Beowulf is the greatest
national Epic of
the Anglo-
Saxons.
05.
Lay(
短叙事诗
)
It is a
short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended
to be sung or recited by a minstrel.
06. Romance(
传奇
)
Romance is a popular literary form in
the medic England.
2>it sings knightly
adventures or other heroic deeds.
3>
chivalry is the spirit of the romance.
07.
Alexandrine(
亚历山大诗行
)
The name is derived from the fact that
certain 12th and 13th century French poems on
Alexander
the Great were written in
this meter.
2>it is an iambic line of
six feet, which is the French heroic verse.
08. Blank
Verse(
无韵诗或素体广义地说
)
Blank verse is unrhymed poetry.
Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the
dominant verse
forms of English
dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th
century.
09.
Comedy(
喜剧
)
Comedy
is
a
light
form
of
drama
that
aims
primarily
to
amuse
and
that
ends
happily.
Since
it
strives
to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor
are utilized. In general, the comic effect
arises
from
recognition
of
some
incongruity
of
speech,
action,
or
character
revelation,
with
intricate plot.
10. Essay(
随笔
)
The
term
refers
to
literary
composition
devoted
to
the
presentation
of
the
writer’s
own
ideas on a topic and generally
addressing a particular aspect of the subject.
Often brief in scope
and informal in
style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as
the thesis, dissertation or treatise.
11. Euphuistic
style(
绮丽体
)
Its
principle
characteristics
are
the
excessive
use
of
antithesis,
which
is
pursued
regardless
of
sense,
and
emphasized
by
alliteration
and
other
devices;
and
of
allusions
to
historical
and
mythological personages and to natural
history drawn from such writers as
Plutarch(
普卢塔克
),
Pliny(
普林尼
), and
Erasmus(
伊拉兹马斯
).2> it is the
peculiar style of
Euphues(
优浮绮斯
)
12.
History Plays(
历史剧
)
History plays aim to present some
historical age or character, and may be either a
comedy or a
tragedy.
They
almost
tell
stories
about
the
nobles,
the
true
people
in
history,
but
not
ordinary
people. the
principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is
the necessity for national unity under a
mighty and just sovereign.
13. Masques or
Masks(
假面剧
)
Masques (or Masks) refer to the
dramatic entertainments involving dances and
disguises, in which
the spectacular and
musical elements predominated over plot and
character. As they were usually
performed at court, often at very great
expense, many have political overtones.
14. Morality
plays(
道德剧
)
A kind
of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents
the conflict between the good and evil
through
allegorical
characters.
The
characters
tend
to
be
personified
abstractions
of
vices
and
virtues,
which
can
be
named
as
Mercy.
Conscience,
etc.
unlike
a
mystery
or
a
miracle
play,
morality play does not
necessarily use Biblical or strictly religious
material because it takes place
internally and psychologically in every
human being.
(
十四行诗
)
It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a
formal or recited and characterized by its
presentation of a
dramatic or exciting
episode in simple narrative form.
2>it
is one of the most conventional and influential
forms of poetry in Europe.
3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are
well
-known.
16. Spenserian
Stanza(
斯宾塞诗节
)
Spenserian Stanza is the creation of
Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine
lines, with the
first eight lines in
iambic pentameter(
五音步抑扬格
)
and the last line in iambic hexameter(
六
音
步抑扬格
),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3>
Spenser
’
s the Faerie Queen
was written in this kind of stanza.
17.
Stanza(
诗节
)
Stanza
is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or
more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the
stanza is the unit of structure in a
poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.
18. Three
Unities(
三一原则
)
Three rules of 16th and 17th century
Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from
Aristotle
’
s
Poetics<
诗学
>:
2> the unity of time, which limits a
play to a single day; the unity of place, which
limits a play’s
setting in a single
location; and the unity of action, which limits a
play to a single story line.
19.
Tragedy(
悲剧
)
In
general, a literary work in which the protagonist
meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike
comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of
a central character who is usually dignified or
heroic.
t(
奇特比喻
)
Conceit is a far-fetched simile or
metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the
speaker compares
two highly dissimilar
things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John
Donne’s poetry.
(
格律
)
The word”meter” is derived from the
Greek word”metron” meaning”measure”.
2>in
English
when
applied
to
poetry,
it
refers
to
the
regular
pattern
of
stressed
and
unstressed
syllables.
3> the analysis of the meter is called
scansion(
格律分析
)
22. University
Wits(
大学才子
)
University Wits refer to a group of
scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated
from either
oxford
or
Cambridge.
They
came
to
London
with
the
ambition
to
become
professional
writers.
Some of them later became famous poets
and playwrights. They were called” University
Wits”
adowing(
预兆
)
Foreshadowing, the use of hints or
clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will
happen next.
Writers use Foreshadowing
to create interest and to build suspense.
method used to build suspense by
providing hints of what is to come.
24.
Soliloquy(
独白
)
Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment
when a character is alone and speaks his or her
thoughts
aloud..2>the
line
“to
be,
or
not
to
be,
that
is
the
question”,
which
begins
the
famous
soliloquy
from Shakespeare’s
Hamlet.
ive
Poem(
叙述诗
)
Narrative Poem refers to a poem that
tells a story in verse,
2>three
traditional types of narrative poems include
ballads, epics, metrical romances.
3>it
may consist of a series of incidents, as John
Milton’s paradise lost.
Hoo
d(
罗宾
.
豪
)
Robin hood is a legendary hero of a
series of English ballads, some of which date from
at least the
14th century.
2>the character of Robin Hood is many-
sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the
same time
tender-hearted and
affectionate.
3> the dominant key in
his character is his hatred for the cruel
oppression and his love for the poor
and
downtrodden.4>another
feature
of
Robin’s
view
is
his
reverence
for
the
king,
Robin
Hood
was a people’s
hero.
27.
Beowulf(
贝奥武甫
)
Beowulf, a typical example
of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest
national epic
of
t
he
Anglo-Saxons.
2>
the
epic
describes
the
exploits
of
a
Scandinavian
hero,
Beowulf,
in
fighting
against
the
monster
Grendel,
his
revengeful
nother,
and
a
fire-
breathing
dragon
in
his
declining
years.
While
fight
against
the
dragon,
Beowulf
was
mortally
wounded,
however,
he
killed the dragon at the
cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a
glorious hero but also as a
protector
of the people.
28.
Baroque(
巴罗克式风格
)
This is originally a term of abuse
applied to 17th century Italian art and that of
other countries. It
is characterized by
the unclassical use of classical forms, in a
literary context; it is loosely used to
describe highly ornamented verse or
prose, abounding in extravagant conceits.
< br>这原本是用来指
17
世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥
用的一个术语
.
这种风格主要是指对
古
典形式的非古典运用
.
在文学领域
,<
/p>
这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的
,
大量
运用奇思妙想
的诗歌或散文
.
29.
Cavalier poets(
骑士派诗人
)
A name given to supporters of Charles I
in the civil war. These poets were not a formal
group, but
all
influenced
by
Ben
Jonson
and
like
him
paid
little
attention
to
the
sonnet.
Their
lyrics
are
distinguished by short lines, precise
but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful
wit.
30.
Elegy(
挽歌
)
Elegy
has
typically
been
used
to
refer
to
reflective
poems
that
lament
the
loss
of
something
or
someone, and
characterized by their metrical form.
31. Restoration
Comedy(
复辟时期喜剧
)
Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of
manners, developed upon the reopening of the
theatres
after
the
re-establishment
of
monarchy
with
the
return
of
Charles
II..
Its
predominant
tone
was