-
Part Three
Chapter 23
Canada?s geography and
history
加拿大的地理特点：
Canada’s geography
features:
1)
座落于美国的北部，仅次于俄罗斯的世界第二大国；
lies to the north of the US; the
world?s second largest country after
Russia.
2.
地形十分复杂：
东部山区沿海省份沿劳伦斯湾和大西洋形成不规则的海岸；西部，太平
洋沿岸地区被南北
走向的山脉分离，其中包括落基山脉；中部是一个大平原；
it has an extremely varied
topography
:the east part is
mountainous maritime provinces
have an
irregular coastline on the Gulf of St. Lawrence
and the Atlantic;The west part,
the
Pacific border is separated from the rest of the
country by mountain ranges from
north
to south including the Rockies; the central part
is a vast plain.
3.
气候不甚宜人，大部
分地区冬季既漫长又寒冷，积雪深厚；所以，大多数人都居住在南
部边境地区
the climate is unfavorable, much
of Canada has long and cold winters with deep
snow.
So,a major part of the population
lives along the southern border.
4.
最高峰是落根峰，主要的两大河流是马更些河与圣劳伦斯河。
The highest peak is Mount Logan; The
two principal river systems are the
Mackenzie
River and the
St. Lawrence
River
大约
80%
的加拿大人住在临近美国边界的大城市中，多伦
多是加拿大最大的城市
Nearly
80%
of
Canadians
live
in
large
cities
near
the
border
with
the
United
States.
Toronto, Canada's largest city
地理区域及其特点
Geographical regions
and their characteristics
1
、
大西洋沿岸诸省区：
Atlantic Province
该地区盛产土豆，旅游业是该地区经济的主要部分
potatoes grow well
there
，
The
tourist
trade
is
an
important
part of
the region's
economy.
纽芬兰省东部附近的大浅滩是世界上的大渔场之一，
off
the
eastern
shore
of
Newfoundland,
form
one
of
the
world's
great
fishing
grounds.
哈利法克斯市，拥有一个长年不冻的天然良港。
Halifax
, has a good natural
harbor that is ice free.
2
、圣劳伦斯及五大湖省区
St.
Lawrence-Great Lakes Provinces
这是加拿大最发达
的地区。这个地区因均靠近圣劳伦斯河和五大湖区而获益匪浅。
This
is
the most
highly developed part
of
Canada.
The
region benefits
from being
near the St, Lawrence River and the
Great Lakes.
目前它是加拿大人口密度最大的地区，也是工业化程度最高
的地区。
魁北克省是加
拿大两个最重
要的省份之一。法国文化的巨大影响使它与其他省区有所不同。
This
area
is
today
the
most
densely
populated
and
industrialized
part
of
Canada.
Quebec
is
one
of
Canada's
two
most
important
provinces.
It
differs
from
the
other
provinces of Canada because it has a
strong French culture.
渥太华，加拿大的首都，也位于安大
略省。在首都，一半人说法语，一半人说英语。
Ottawa
, the capital of
Canada, is in the province of
Ontario
. Half of the
population
of the capital city are
French speaking and half are English speaking.
3
、加拿大地盾区
the
Canadian
Shield
几乎半个加拿大被加拿大地盾所覆盖，对居民没有什么吸引力，但却蕴藏着丰富的矿
产资
源、水力资源和大片的森林。
Almost
half
of
Canada
is
covered
by
the
Canadian
Shield,
although
uninviting
to
settlement,
contains
a
wealth
of
minerals,
much
water
power
and
great
forests.
4
、大草原诸省区
Prairie
provinces
它很适于种植小麦
It is
ideal for growing wheat.
5
、不列顛哥伦比亚区
British
Columbia
最重要的山脉是落基山脉和海岸山脉，它们贯穿全省
The
most
important
mountain
ranges
are
the
Rocky
Mountains
and
the
Coast
Mountains, which extend the length of
the province.
6
、北部诸省及地区
Northern
provinces and territories
光秃秃的、人烟稀少的加拿大
北部地区占整个国土的
4/5
。尽管该地区气候恶劣，但
成千上万公顷的森林、丰富的矿产资源和许多水资源都正在被开发。
The bare, thinly settled region of
northern Canada takes up four fifth of the
country.
In spite of its severe
climate, thousands of hectares of forest land,
rich mineral deposits,
and many sources
of water are being developed.
加拿大的形成
The Making of Canada
1.
欧洲人发现加拿大
The European discovery
?Kan
ata?
是印第安语
?
居住者
?
，
英国人和法国人
逐渐征服了西班牙人没有提出主权要求
的北美领土，当时被称作新法国的定居点始于
1604
年，建在皇家港口，在现今天的新斯
科舍省。
”Kanata”was
an
Indian
Word
for
“settlement”
，
The
English
and
French
became
rivals in the gradual conquest of those
parts of North America not claimed by the Spanish.
The actual settlement of New France, as
it was then called, began in 1604 at
Port Royal
in what is now
Nova Scotia
.
2
、英法竞争：在
7
年的英法战争后
1756-1763
，整个加拿大属于英国统治，
The rivalry between the British and the
French
，
the whole of Canada
came under
t
he British rule,
after the Seven Year?s war betwenn England and
Franch from 1756
-1763
3
、英国统治下的加拿大
British Canada
< br>在《魁北克法案》中，英国议会赋予了魁北克人作为法裔加拿大人的权力。
by
the
Quebec
Act
，
British
Parliament
granted
the
people
of
Quebec
rights
as
French Canadians.
第一批在加拿大的英国
定居者是美国难民，为讲英语的加拿大奠定了基础。
The
first British settlers in Canada were American
refugees
，
lay the
base of English-
speaking Canada.
根据
1791
年法案，建立了上加拿大
(
英国人
)
和下加拿大
(
法国人
)
，根据
1848
年的
《联合法案
)
，上、下加拿大又合二为一，并且
1848
年成立了内部自治政府。
1867
年的
《英属北美法案》，宣布其为自治领。
By an Act of 1791 Upper
Canada(British)and Lower Canada (French)were
created.
Act
of
Union
in
1840,
the
Upper
Canada
and
Lower
Canada
were
united
again,it
was made a dominion in 1867 by the British North
America Act.
4.
自治政府和联盟制
Self-government
and
Confederation
1869
年第一位首相约翰·麦克唐纳执政
(
保守党
)
In
1869 the first prime minister is Sir
John
Macdonald
(Conservative
Party),
自由党于
1896
年
接管了政权，一位著名的法裔加拿大人，威尔福德·鲁瑞尔任总
理。他创立了加拿大海军
。
In
1896,
the
Liberal
Party
took
over
and
the
country
was
ruled
under
Sir
Wilfrid
Laurier
, an
eminent
French Canadian, He
founded the Canadian Navy
在自由党执政时期，加拿大发展很快。
During this period Canada experienced
rapid growth.
加拿大参加了第一次世界大战
,
还成为了国际联盟成员国。
Canada
entered
World
War
I
and
to
take
a
seat
as
a
member
of
the
League
of
Nations.
5
、加拿大国
The Canadian nation <
/p>
根据
1931
年的《威斯敏斯特条例》，
加拿大就成为英联邦国家的成员。二战作为英
国的同盟参与作战。
By
the
Statute
of
Westminster
in
1931
，
Canada
became
a
member
of
the
Commonwealth of Nations. During WW II
,Canada fought as an ally of Britain in WW II
Chapter 24
经济
Ⅰ
.
自然资源
I. Natural Resources
自然资源，它们在加拿大的经济中占重要位置。
natural resources are significant in
the Canadian economy.
加拿大的河流流量几乎占全世界河流
总量的
1/10
。湖泊是河网的天然调节器
The
flow
of
Canadian
rivers
represents
almost
one-tenth
of
the
water
carried
by all the waterways of the world.
Lakes are the natural
regulators
of the network.
这些河湖的发电量占加拿大总发电量的
3/4
< br>，居世界第三位。
These
waters
generate
three
quarters
of
all
electric
power
in
Canada.
Canada
ranks third,
加拿大是世界上拥有最长海岸线的国家之一。大西洋和太平洋沿岸的水域是世界
上最富饶的捕鱼场。已经成为世界上最大的鱼类出口国，
Canada
has
one
of
the
longest
coastlines
of
any
country
in
the
world.
The
Atlantic
and
Pacific
coastal
waters
are
among
the
world's
richest
fishing
grounds.
Canada has
become the World's largest exporter of fish.
新斯科舍人为他们能造出世界上最大的帆船而骄傲。
Nova
Scotians
are
proud
of
having
built
some
of
the
world's
greatest
sailing
ships.
加拿大几乎有一半的国土被森林覆盖，伐木业、
纸浆和造纸位居加拿大最重要的
行业之列，加拿大是世界上最大的新闻纸生产国，
Almost
half
the
land
area
of Canada
is
covered by
forests.
Lumbering
and
the
manufacture
of
pulp
and
paper
products
are
among
Canada's
most
important
industries. Canada
is the largest producer of newsprint in the world,
毛皮是另一项重要的资源。许多早期的定居点都是由狩猎者和皮毛商建立的。
Furs are another valuable
resource.
Trappers
and fur
traders founded many of
Canada's
earliest settlements.
Ⅱ
.
矿产资源
Mineral Resources
矿产是加拿大最有价值的资源，几乎所有现代经
济所必需的矿产在该国都能找
到。
Minerals
are
the
most
valuable
of
Canada's
resources.
Almost
all
minerals
necessary to a
modem economy are found in the country.
主要矿床都是在加拿大地盾发现的
Major deposits of Canada, are found in
Canadian Shield .
加拿大的煤矿可能是世界上最大的之一
the coal fields of Canada may be among
the largest in the world.
Ⅲ
.
农业
Agriculture
加拿大农场主要生产小麦、动物饲料谷物、牛奶制品和水果。
Canadian
farms
specialize
in
producing
wheat,
food
crops
for
animals,
dairy
products, and fruit.
Ⅳ
.
制造业
Manufacturing
制造业是加拿大最重要的经济活动，食品加工是最主要
的产业，
4/5
的外国投资来
自美国。
Manufacturing
is
the
most
important
economic
activity
in
Canada.
Food
processing
is
the
leading
industry.
A
total
of
about
four
fifths
of
all
foreign
investments in Canada are American.
Ⅴ
.
目前的经济
The Economy Today
1.
工业和服务行业
Industries and
services
几十年来，加拿大不断地从以自然资源为基础的经济向
白领
或服务性经济过
渡。
For decades,
Canada has been shifting from a natural resource-
based economy
towards a
coll
ar
加拿大是世界上经济最发达的国家之一，也是世界上主要的
工业化国家之一。
Canada's
economy
is
one
of
the
largest
in
the
world
，
It
is
also
one
of
the
world's
leading industrialized countries.
近
25%
的国民生产总值来自制造业。
Nearly 25% of Canada's GNP comes from
manufacturing.
加拿大也是世界最主要的贸易大国之一。国民生产总值
的
25%
来自于向国外出售
商品和提供
服务。
Canada is also one of
the world's most important trading nations. Some
25% of
GNP comes from the sale of goods
and services abroad.
另一种重要的出口产品是知识技术。
Another major export is
expertise.
加拿大设计并制造了世界上最先进的通讯卫星之一
Anik
B
卫星，
Canada
has
designed
and
manufactured
one
of
the
world's
most
advanced
communications satellites, the Anik B.
satellite,
加拿大的主要贸易伙伴是美国。加拿大近
2/3
的贸易是同美国进行的，包括进口
和出口。
Canada's
main
trading
partner
is
the
United
States.
Nearly
two
thirds
of
Canada's trade is with the United
States including exports and imports.
2.
经济管理
Economic management
私有制是加拿大的经济生活的基础，政府在一些领域的参与还是很广泛的，诸如
卫生保健、社会服务和交通。
Although
private
ownership
is
basic
to
Canada's
way
of
economic
life,
government
involvement
has
traditionally
been
extensive
in
some
areas
such
as
health, social services and transport.
省和联邦政府控制矿产资源和近
80%
的森林区。这就保证了资源得到完善的保
护，也保证了自然资源为所有加拿大人造福。<
/p>
Provincial and federal
governments also control mineral resources and
nearly
80% of the forested lands. This
ensures that proper conservation is carried out
and
that the country's natural wealth
is used for the benefit of all Canadians.
加拿大企业扩展所需的大部分资金都由加拿大银行和其他的金融机构提供。
Much of the capital needed for Canadian
business to expand is provided by Canadian
banks and other financial institutions.
3.
劳动力
The work force
大多数加拿大人受雇于服务业和制造业。
Most Canadians are employed by the
service sector and manufacturing.
1/3
的工人加入了工会。
70%
以上的工会成员
从属于加拿大劳工大会。
One third of all
wage-earners
belong to a
labor union. More than 70% of union
members are
affiliated
with the Canadian
Labor Congress.
4.
经济问题
Economic problems
在过去的几年里加拿大的失业率一直很高，加拿大的生产成本增加了，但人均生
产力下降了，这不仅仅造成了巨大的利润损失，而且还导致工厂和公司的倒闭，这又
< br>导致了工作时间的减少和失业。
In the
past few years, however, Canada's unemployment
rate has been high.
the
cost
for
manufacturing
has
increased
while
the
productivity
per
worker(output)has
decreased
，
This
not
only
caused
a
great
loss
in
profit
but
also
the closing down of
factories and companies and this in turn led to
the decrease in
working hours and
employment.
由于地理条件所限，海滨地区和不列颠哥伦比亚省的人们已与
加拿大市场在某种
程度上隔断了，这在一定程度上影响了该地区的经济增长。
Because
of the
geographical conditions,
the
people
of
both
Maritime
provinces
and
British
Columbia
have
partly
been
cut
off
from
the
major
Canadian
markets,
which to a
certain extent influences the economic growth in
these regions.
联邦政府已采取了一些措施来帮助那些发展速度慢的地区。
Some measures have been taken by the
Federal government to help develop
those slow-growth regions.
1
）联邦政府给那些落后省区和辖区每年提供
平等拨款
，这些款项用于资助一些服务
性项目。
The Federal
government provides the less prosperous
provinces and territories
with
payments
every
year.
These
payments
help
subsidize
such
services
2
）还有一些直接
的联邦政府拨款来帮助解决省、领地、林业公司、钢铁公司和工业基
础结构扩展的某些问
题。
there are direct federal
grants to help solve the difficulties of provinces
, territories,
and companies
in
forestry
, iron and steel,
and industrial
infrastructure
expansion.
Chapter 25
政府和政治
Ⅰ
.
政府体系
The System of Government
加拿大是英联邦的一个自治成
员国，是一个共有十省和两个地区的联邦
Canada, a
self-governing member of the Commonwealth of
Nations, is a
federation of l0
provinces and two territories
在
(1867
年
)
成立联盟时，
加拿大由四个省组成
,
《英属北美法案》就规定
了分权及在某些领域内实行权力共享。
Canada, created a federal union. at
Confederation
, was made up
of four
provinces, the British
North America Act provided for
the separation and, in
certain areas, the sharing of powers.
2.
加拿大宪法
The Canadian
Constitution
加拿大宪法包括源于英国的基本法令、惯例和议会传统。
The
Canadian
Constitution
comprises
fundamental
acts,
customs
and
parliamentary traditions of British
origin.
随着《
1982
年宪
法法案》的通过，加拿大和英国的所有法律关系被终止，
法案和宪法的修改权由英国政府
转交给了加拿大
With the passing of
the Constitution Act of 1982, cutting the last
legal tie
between Canada and Britain,
the act and the Constitutional amending power
were transferred from the British
government to Canada
宪法联席会议的目的是根据需要对两级政
府间（联邦政府和省政府）的权
力和义务的分配进行划分和再确定。
The constitutional conferences, in
particular, aim to
delimit
and redefine as
necessary
the
distribution
of
responsibilities
and
powers
between
the
two
levels of government.
3.
行政权力
Executive power
在加拿大由总督代表女王，他是经总理推荐而任命的。
The
Queen
is
represented
in
Canada
by
the
Governor-General,
who
is
appointed on the
recommendation of the Prime Minister.
事
实上，总督只是按照身为联邦议会议员的总理
(
和内阁
)
的建议行事。
In
practice,
the
Governor-General
acts
only
on
the
advice
of
the
Canadian
Prime
Minister
and
the
Cabinet,
who
also
sit
in
the
federal
Parliament.
< br>联邦议会有两院
:
参议院和众议院
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