-
剑桥雅思（
5-9
）
阅读词汇同义替换
Cambridge IELTS 5-9
Reading Paraphrases
1.[ ]
中为反义词
2.
用法：做完题目后查对同意替换；精读文章时学习词汇
5-1-1
Johnson
’
s
dictionary
growing
importance
rise, increased demand
lead
to
be
associated with, be linked to
well
known
famous
accept the contract
sign the contract
not have a
without
in
excess of
over
contemporary text
from Elizabethans to his
own time, living language
time limit
deadline
previous writer
predecessor, precedent
vicissitude
difficulty, hardship
patronage
support, sponsorship
ascertain
determine
bring
confer
esteem
respect
prevail
persuade
grant
offer
5-1-2
Nature or
nurture?
distaste
dislike,
aversion
successive
subsequent, consecutive
denounce
accuse, condemn
reluctant
unwilling,
disinclined
overwhelming
great
consensus
agreement,
unanimity
statistic
number, data, percentage,
proportion, figure
discrepancy
difference,
distinction, gap, incongruity, inconsistency
make-up
character, personality, quality
remnant
remainder, residue
property
quality,
character
malevolent
evil, malicious
forgo
give up, abandon
elucidate
explain,
illustrate, clarify
biological
genetic (animal
aggression instinct, primal urge)
help
have a positive
effect on
instructed
told
comply
obey, conform
positive mechanism
advantageous trait
personal values
personal and moral code
5-1-3
The truth about the environment
pessimistic
get worse, dark, dismal;
[optimistic]
be linked to
be associate with
slow down
restrict; [accelerate]
long-
lasting
extend
well into our future
catastrophic
devastating
right
appropriate
disjunction
separation
lopsidedness
imbalance
exaggerate
overstate
claim
argument
selfless
altruistic,
benevolent, charitable, philanthropic
characteristic
feature, quality
criticism
scepticism
impartial
objective, unbiased, neutral
meet reader
s’
expectation
provide what the public wants
dispose
throw away
waste
trash, rubbish
green house gases
carbon dioxide emissions
urgent
pressing
5-2-1
Bakelite
constituent
element, component
in a
similar way to
like
in that
because
be
moulded into new form
reshape
origin
be derived from
reason
impetus (stimulation, motivation,
incentive)
great advances
immense progress
in the field of
in the domain of
pragmatic
practical,
realistic
alternative
substitute
dwindle
decrease, diminish
amass
accumulate,
collect
original
first, initial, primary;
(true, authentic)
outline (v.)
give a general
description, brief (n.), summary (n.)
know as
call
e.g.
such as, for example
intense
extreme, strong
remove
extract
resin
molten Bakelite
disdain
despise,
contempt, scorn
enjoy an unparalleled
popularity
be
welcome; [fall of fovour]
relish
enjoy, savour,
flavour, taste
range of colours
array of shades
5-2-2
What
’
s so funny?
nervous energy
psychic tension
controlled release
safely puncture
ludicrousness
ridiculousness, funniness
settle on
choose, agree
resolution
solution
incongruity
inconsistency, discrepancy,
disagreement
linguistic
lingual
artificial intelligence
language understanding and
reasoning in machines
revolve
rotate, orbit
interpretation
understanding
apt
appropriate,
smart
mutate
change, convert, transform
trigger
induce, cause
linked to
be critical for
activate
spring to life
involved with
is associated
with
most difficult task
extremely demanding job
respond instantly
a rapid emotional
assessment
whatever is happening
the events of
the moment
react
respond
recognition
acknowledgement
individual
responses to joke
whether a joke gives pleasure or pain
relate to
depend on
subjective view
outlook
operation
work
5-2-3
The birth of scientific
English
given
considering,
taking (sth) into account
prominence
eminence,
distinction, prestige, fame
intellectual
thinker, intellect, brain, scholar
renaissance
revival, renewal
development
revolution
how to express ideas
language, writing style
treatise
dissertation
properties
quality,
characteristic, feature
perversely
unreasonably,
oddly
domain
area, field, territory
preliminary
preparatory, unpolished
cipher
code
obscure
vague, ambiguous; hide,
conceal
cling to
stick to, attach to
inadequacy
incapability, insufficiency, defect,
deficiency
objective
impersonal
entity
existence, object, whole
transcript
written copy
inaugurate
begin, launch
foster
encourage, promote, cultivate
kind
genre, style
descriptions
accounts
specific
particular
formative
shaping,
influential
be overtaken
this momentum was lost
momentum
force, impetus
lexis
vocabulary;
(lexical)
institute
establish, set up,
inaugurate
5-3-1
Early childhood
education
socio-economic
background
status, position
be
predicated on
be based on
bypass
avoid, ignore
configuration
pattern, shape
foster
develop,
encourage, nurture
phenomenal
wonderful,
amazing, fantastic, marvelous
perpetuate
eternalize, immortalize
administer
give, provide, apply, carry out, manage
a variety of
cross-section (typical, representative)
not succeed
disappointing, failed
insufficient
inadequate, deficient, scarce
funding
money
success
phenomenal
score
highly
make
great stride
listening, speaking
auditory
comprehension, verbal ability and language ability
interact with others
social development
5-3-2
Disappearing delta
erode
corrode, wear
astounding
startling,
amazing, astonishing, surprising
erosion
scoured away
deposit
sediment
relatively high
still a lot of
divert
turn, shift
canal
channel, watercourse
sedimentation
the sediment sinks to the bottom of the
canals
laden
loaded
municipal
urban, metropolitan
coincide
concur
food production
food chain,
fishing industry
principally
mainly,
chiefly, primarily
look at
pay close attention to
devise
design, invent, conceive, think up
marked increase
be building up faster and faster
5-3-3
The return of artificial intelligence
poised
ready
ignite
kindle
common
topic of conversation
public debate
irony
inverted commas
hype
puffery
justification
reason
rehabilitation
recovery
informative
educational,
instructive, enlightening
bring
together
encompass (include, contain, comprise)
separate research areas
disparate fields
(different, diverse, various)
lowest
point
[peak]
rear
bring up, raise
ensue
follow, succeed
undue
excessive, extravagant
retrenchment
reduction, curtailment
be
justified
materialize (happen)
fruition
fulfillment, realization
perception
optimism, realize, deem, regard
premature
early, untimely
align (with)
ally
mundane
ordinary, secular
deem
consider,
reckon, think
implement
do, execute, perform, carry
out
military impact
spot camouflaged vehicles
on a battlefield
differentiate
discriminate,
distinguish
exacerbate
worsen, aggravate
categorise
classify
reflect
encapsulate (epitomise,
symbolise)
contemporary
1960s
5-4-1
The impact of
wilderness tourism
expansion
boom
low financial cost of setting up
little or no initial
investment
in terms of
from the perspective of/
with respect to /in respect of/with (in) relation
to/ with
reference to/ regarding/
concerning
in this/these respect(s)
from this
angle/perspective/aspect
region
area
characteristic (n./adj.)
feature;
distinctive/typical
prevail
dominate
prevailing
dominant/popular/widespread/prevalent
draw
attract
landscape
scenery
unique
incomparable/unparalleled
indigenous
native
isolated
separate/solitary/alone/detached
new breed of
kind/type
grateful
appreciative/thankful
profound
deep, abstruse
trekker
hiker
fall
decline
the amount of food
farm output
tend
care
food gathering
hunting animals
and fish and collecting fruit
inhabitant
dweller, resident
culprit
reason, sinner
undermine
weaken
pattern
system
dilemma
problem,
difficulty, paradox
erosion
corrosion
degradation
demotion, reduction
disruptive
troublesome, disturbing, intrusive,
unsettling
legion
numerous, myriad
inevitably
inescapably, unavoidably
vehicle
tool, media, means
reinvigorate
restore, revitalise, revive
over the long term
in the long run
integrate
combine, incorporate, synthesise
concern
business, care, worry
revived
renaissance
communal
public, mutual
exploit
use, develop
transient
temporary
repatriate
send
home base
headquarters
accrue
accumulate, aggregate
reservation
preserve, reserve
purchase
buy
handicraft
artwork, artifact
produce
and sell
business
aspiration
ambition, dream
norm
rule, standard
5-4-2
Flawed
beauty: the problem with toughened glass
exert
use, wield, manipulate
propagate
breed, reproduce, spawn, advertise,
disseminate
subsequent
after, later
convert
change, revert
elapse
pass
unusual
rare, few and far between, uncommon
publicity
press, promotion, advertising,
propaganda
suppress
repress, sensor, ban
closely examine
analyse, inspect, investigate
favour
love, prefer, approve (v.)
fragment
shard, scrap
unexpectedly
without
warning, unpredictably
quickly
rapidly,
swiftly, promptly
dispute
argue, debate, contest
incidence
scale, extent, size
5-4-3
The
effects of light on plant and animal species
cue
clue, hint, suggestion
useful
reliable
be unpredictable
fluctuate
(vary)
plenty
considerable
scientific
evidence
experimental evidence
types
species
encourage
induce
out of season
midwinter
light levels
photoperiod
be referred to
be known as
reproduction
breeding, propagation
longer
days
increasing
day lengths
plants that flower when
days are long
long-day plants
reproduce
fertilization
perennial
long-lasting, permanent, durable
yet
not
cue
trigger
uptake
intake,
understand
limit
maximum
horticulture
gardening
6-1-1
Australia
’
s
sporting success
demolish
defeat,
destroy, pull down
underpin
support, back, establish
funded support
finance
athletes
sportsmen and women
collaborate
cooperate
expertise
skills,
ability, craft, technique
narrow the
scope
focus on
wring
squeeze, tweak, twist
prototype
archetype, original, father
profile
outline
visual imaging
image, digital
cameras
employ
use, apply, implement
investigation
analysis, examination, survey,
inspection
obstacle
barrier, hurdle, impediment
optimum
best, optimal, superlative, unsurpassed
event
championship
performance
requirements
winning times, targets
produce
develop
plan
prepare
gear
towards
adapt
to
rival
other country, competitor, opponent,
contestant, contender
reproduce
copy,
replicate, simulate, imitate, duplicate
improve
slice
…
off, cut
off
unveil
uncover, reveal, unmask, display, show,
expose, disclose
all-encompassing
all around,
comprehensive, all-inclusive
exclusively
only, solely
6-1-2
Delivering
the goods
freight
goods, cargo
world
global
increasing
expanding,
rising
tempt
attract, provoke, entice
commerce
trade, business, industry
effective trade condition
advantages
nearby nations
geographic neighbours
weakening relationship
is unrelated to
value
worth
delivery
transportation
small computer components
disk drives
product
drives, components
local
domestic,
native, internal
electronic delivery
telephone
lines, optical fibers
streamlined
improved, more
efficient/effective
introduction
invention,
adoption
capsize
overturn, topple
ships
vessels, container
by and
large
generally
tariff
tax, duty
haulier
shipper,
carrier, freighter
albeit
although
monopoly
corner
deter
discourage, prevent
6-1-3
Climate change and the Inuit
unprecedented event
unusual
incident
precarious
insecure, uncertain
tough
difficult, demanding; strong,
unyielding
autonomy
independence, self-
government
terrain
territory, region, area
indigenous
native, aboriginal
alternative
other
essential supplies
provisions,
imported meat
curtail
reduce, condense
incidence
rate, possibility
effect
impact
well-being
health, welfare, prosperity
at stake
at risk
tease
out
梳理
obtain, get by, deal with
draw on
use
resolve
address, solve
capricious
variable, changeable, inconsistent
appreciate
understand
impossible
out of the
question
catch
exploit
sustenance
food,
nourishment
inhabitant
colonist, occupant
a few
a handful of
give up
abandon
lifestyles
ways
depend mainly on
rely heavily on
produce
meat
expensive
costly
6-2-1
The
advantages of public transport
people power
democratic (democracy); [republican]
favour
prefer, approve, accept, benefit
travel time
travelling time, commuting time,
commute time
be stable
remain constant
congestion
(massive) traffic jams, gridlock
wealth
income
viable
feasible
refute
disprove,
discredit
starkly
severely, evidently
convert
change, transform
proposal
suggestion,
request
advocate
recommend, support
related
connected
flourish
thrive,
prosper, boom
minimal
limited; [maximal]
hard
inappropriate
inhabitant
resident,
occupant, dweller, (citizen, civilian, populace,
people)
live
accommodation
bicycle
friendly
high
level of bicycle usage
reasonable
averagely good,
moderate, temperate
6-2-2
Greying population stays in
the pink
greying population
elderly people
in the pink
healthy
afflict
trouble, torture
show
reveal, uncover
age-related
medical problems
diseases associated with old age,
medical complaints
speed
rate
falling
smaller
affect
strike, appear
increasing
accelerate
development
advance
increase
surge
due to
reflect, be
attributed to
pollution
poorer air quality
link
correlation
life expectancy
live longer
considerable reduction
significant drop
cost
$$200 billion, financial burden
predicted
expected
independence
self-reliance
retain
keep, hold, reserve, maintain
exercise
physical activities
decline
deteriorate,
degenerate, languish, worsen
loneliness
emotionally
isolated
fare best
manage/develop well
6-2-3
Numeration
bound
up with sth.
closely connected with sth.
sequence
of events/words
order
sufficiency
enough
quality
how many
farming
grow plants
developed
sophiscated
paramount
supreme,
primary, dominant
arithmetic
numeration
body language
gestures
prevent
misunderstanding
resolve any confusion
limited
restricted
express
deal with
people
average person
fulfil a
civic role
qualify as a witness in a court of law
grasp
understanding, capacity
conceive
think, imagine
distinct
separate,
evident, clear
hindrance
barrier, obstacle
be
registered
in
the mind
realized, noticed
concept
specific word
separate from
independent of
newer
later
relic
trace, vestige, remains
indispensable
essential, necessary
6-3-1
Film
boulevard
avenue
stunned
shocked, astonished
thrilled
excited
routine
regular, habitual, frequent
grasp
understand, comprehend
important
be worth trying
first
initial
impact
power and magic
passing of
time
flow of
events, flow of time
cultures
life and values
actor
star, film personalities
(film) personality
celebrity, hero
enduring
long-lasting, permanent
legacy
heritage, tradition
by no
means
certainly
not
novelty
newness, innovation, originality
storyline
story
narrative
account, story, report
convention
tradition, agreement; conference
6-3-2
Motivating employees under adverse
conditions
motivate
stimulate, prompt, inspire
adverse
unfavourable, disadvantageous, negative
[positive]
grow
expand
decline
shrink
optimism
[pessimism]
entice
encourage
be prone to
be liable to, be likely to, tend to,
incline to, have a tendency to
less
skilled employee
minor/secondary employee
redundant
unemployed, dismissed
rumour
gossip
autonomous
independent, self-governing
affiliation
alliance, association
specific
precise, detailed, exact
target
goal, aim, object, objective
feedback
comment, remark
external
[internal]
be assigned
be allocated,
be distributed
collectively
[individually]
in conjunction with
together with
perception (perceive)
sense
be
consistent with
[be inconsistent with]
feel
perceive
realistic
achievable, attainable, obtainable
appraisal
assessment, evaluation
valid
true, credible,
logical, sound, well-grounded
reinforce
strengthen
scope
range
individual
personalise
be
contigent on
be dependent on, rely on
achievement
performance, accomplishment
promotion
advancement
earning
remuneration,
payment, salary, compensation
disclose
increase the
visibility, eliminate the secrecy, expose, reveal,
unveil
publicise
advertise, promote
transparent
clear, lucid
fair
equitable
(equity, inequity), equal
weigh
think over,
consider, ponder, reflect, contemplate
6-3-3
The search
for the anti-aging pill
vigor
vitality, strength
infirmity
weakness
longevity
long life
drugs
treatment
delay
slow
growing old
aging
fewer
restriction
extend
increase
equivalent (to)
equal
people
mortals
diet
regimen (treatment, therapy)
disease
disorder
mimic
imitate, mock
mimetic
imitative
ate what they
wanted
free-
feeding
greater quantities
[lower levels]
reduced chance
decreased likelihood
less
likely to
reduced risk
taut
promote,
publicise
toxic
poisonous
dose
amount
retard
slow, detain
production
generation
emit
release, send out
focus on
emphasize
in short supply
scarce
6-4-1
Doctoring sales
representative
delegate, deputy, agent; typical
physician
doctor [surgeon]
drug
company
pharmaceutical company
incentive
stimulus, encouragement
profile
outline, description
moral
ethical
bribe
buy
marketing technique
marketing
practices
escalate
increase
extravagance
excess, luxury, waste
brochure
pamphlet, booklet
inundation
flood
evidence of drug promotion
pen, tablet
visible
watch, see
recipient
receiver
persuaded
influenced
research
study
prescribe
dispense
bottom line
final result;
essential point
sky-rocketing
sky high
legitimate
right, legal, lawful
money
profit
scrutinize
inspect, examine, check
6-4-2
Do
literate women make better mothers?
adults
men and women
maternal
literacy
mothers can read and write
attitudes to children
value its children more
highly
eliminate
remove, exclude
when
as
mortality
death
levels
rate, figures
learn to read
be educated
stay
remain
National
Literacy Crusade
campaign
child
infant
malnourished
undernourished
opt
choose
exert
apply, use
implication
hint,
suggestion
money
budget
maternal
[paternal],
female
effects
pay-off
bypass
avoid, escape, ignore
mature
adult, grown
replicate
copy,
duplicate, reproduce
6-4-3
Bullying
persistent
enduring, chronic, endless
research
survey
difficult to deal
with
recalcitrant, unruly, disobedient
children who are bullied
victimised pupils
have
experience
in later life
as adults
offence
crime, misdeed
common
refrain
cliché
resource
help
inquiry
question, enquiry,
investigation, inquest
decline 50%
halve
optimum
optimal, best
the most
important step
a key step
produce
develop
detailed
explicit, clear, unambiguous, specific
sanction
permission, approval, penalty
consultation
discussion, conference, counsel
disseminate
spread, distribute, disperse, propagate
implement
carry out, do, perform, execute
back (up)
support
early part
early phase
in the light of
considering, in the view of
substitute
replacement, surrogate
potential
be liable to
self-confident
assertiveness
effective
useful
recognise the
difference between A and B
distinguish A from B
prevention
intervention
7-1-1
L
et’s
go
bats
fraction
amount, proportion
uncanny
unnatural, weird, unexpected,
exceptional
navigate
find their way, guide,
pilot, maneuver
early mammal
mammalian
ancestor
avoid dying out
manage to survive
in the absence of
without
obstruct
block, impede
vision
seeing
manoeuvre
move, guide, perform
prohibitive
expensive
illuminate
light,
elucidate, clarify, illustrate
comparable
like, similar, corresponding, parallel,
equivalent
phantom
unreal, ghost
arm or leg
limb
perceive
sense
calculate
measure
apply
exploit, implement, practice, use
finding
detection
military
martial,
warlike
or rather
more
exactly/specifically/accurately
result
in
lead to,
perfect (v.) (polish, refine)
detection
navigation
technically
strictly
inaccurate
incorrect
refer to
talk about, speak of, mention; concern,
be relevant to
underlying
basic, essential,
fundamental
coin
name, call, know as, term,
christen, dub
cover
include
7-1-2
Making every drop
count
manipulate
exploit, use, handle
expand
extend, enlarge
source
origin/derivation
innovative
novel/original/unprecedented
layout
design/plan/blueprint/scheme
occupant
resident/dweller/inhabitant
explode
soar
monumental
giant, heroic, historic,
significant
due primarily to
mainly because
of
generate
produce
inferior
subordinate; [superior]
adequate
sufficient
consequence
outcome
jeopardise
endanger/threaten/imperil
compensation
payment
species
breed
ecosystem
environment
thrive
prosper/flourish
dispute
debate/contend/controversy
tension
pressure/stress
scientist
resource
planner, water expert
revision
change,
shift/amendment
rezort
option/resource
opposition
resistance/objection
address
tackle/solve/deal with
surprising
unexpectedly
diminish
decrease
downward trend
fall
remarkable
notable/exceptional
a range of
a spectrum of
domestic
home, national
conserve
preserve/save
peak
summit
standard
specification /criteria/norm
region
zone/terrain/territory
ecological
bionomical (bionomics =
ecology)/environmental
7-1-3
Educating
psyche
ways
approaches
not
traditional
radical new
unimportant
peripheral
recall
remember
valid
true, credible, well-
grounded
readily
easily
instruction
education, learning, teaching, order,
direction
teachers should train
students
teaching system
variant
version
solemnly
seriously
prior to
beforehand,
preliminary
demanding
[easy and pleasant]
likewise
also, furthermore
similar
not unusual
conventional classes
language teaching, ordinary
classes, traditional classes
distinctive
special, characteristic, typical
retain
learn, keep, maintain
admit
acknowledge
ritual
ceremony, form, rite
autocratic
categoric
designate
allocate,
appoint, call, name
accredited
accepted,
believed
well known
notoriety (fame,
popularity, reputation, notoriousness)
emulate
imitate, copy, compete, contest
procedure
session
unspectacular
mediocre
7-2-1
Why pagodas
don’t
fall down
flimsy
delicate, weak
lighting
illumination
topple
overturn,
capsize
flatten
level
devastate
destroy, ruin
magnificent
majestic, splendid, remarkable
unscathed
safe, uninjured, unharmed
erect
construct
dampen
decrease, restrain
builders
carpenters
absorb some of
the power
sway
and settle itself
severe weather
conditions
nature
’
s forces
original
first
religious purpose
Buddhism
observation post
watchtower
dispense with
get rid of, without
batter
strike, attack
eave
roof