(完整版)文体学课堂总结

Brief Summary of Stylistics

General

Stylisticsis the sciencewhich

explores

how readers interact with the languages of

texts

in

order

to

explain

how

we

understand and are affected by texts when

we

read

them.

The

stylistic

mainly

concerns

about

the

examination

of

grammar,

lexis,

semantics, as

well

as

phonological

properties

and

discursive

devices.

It

’

s developing and not

come

to maturity now.

According to

different

standards,the

stylistics mainly

divide

into

two

major

types

：

linguistic

stylistics and

literary

stylistics.

And

there are many school of

stylistics such as lingvo- stylistics,literary

stylistics,

applied

stylistics,

contrastive

stylistics, applied stylistics and so on.

In the basic notions of stylistics, the

通述

文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的

使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，

词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。

文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶

段。

根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大

类：普通文体学和文学文体学

.

并且文

体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体

学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用

文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，

比较文体学等。

在文体学的基本概念中，

expressive means and the stylistic devices

should be noticed. Expressive means

of

the

language

are

units

of

different

languagelevels:phonetic, morphological,

word-building,

syntactic,

lexical,

phraseological,which

serve the

purpose

of logical and emotional intensification of

the

utterances. A

stylistic

device

is

a

generalized pattern,

which

activates a

conscious and

intentional

intensification

of

a certain property

of

a languageunit,

designed to

achieve a

particular artistic

effect.

Stylistics

origins

from

the

ancient

classicalrhetoric,

especiallythe rhetoric

of

Aristotle.

But

the

modern

stylistics

roots

in

Russian

Formalism

and

the

related

Prague

School

of

the

early

twentieth century. In

the early twentieth

century, the famous person of stylistics is

Charles Bally

and in

the

late

twentieth

century is Roman Jakobson.

值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。

表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特

定的语言方法，手段。文体手段为达

成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的特定

组合。

文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学，

特别是亚里士多德的修辞论

.

但现代文

体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和

20

世

纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。

20

世纪

早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利，

20

世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。

It

is clear that

the Stylistics

has much

contacts with Rhetoric,.Rhetoric is the art

of discourse, an art that aims to improve

the

capability of

writers

or

speakersto

inform,

persuade,or

motivate particular

audiencesin

specific situations. Its

best

known

definition

comes from

Aristotle,

who

considers it

a counterpart of

both

logic and politics, and calls i

“

t

the faculty

of

observing

in

any

given

case

the

available means of persuasio

”

n.

Rhetoric

About the

history of Rhetoric, Rhetoric

at least the Middle Kingdom period .The

Egyptians held eloquent speaking in high

esteem, and it was a skill that had a very

high value in their society.

文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞，

是依据题旨情景，运用各种表现手段

方法，对语言材料进行加工，提高语

言表达效果的一种活动，而研究这种

提高语言表达效果规律的科学，就叫

做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上，真

正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里

士多德，他将修辞学界定为”在每一

件

事

上

发

现< /p>

可

用

的

说

服

手

段

的

能

力。”

修辞学

修辞起源于美索不达米亚

.

在古埃及，

has its

origins in

Mesopotamia.

And

In

修辞学自中王国时期就存在，古埃及

ancient Egypt, rhetoric had existed

since

人关注雄辩，认为修辞学在社会生活

中具有重大价值。

The

“

Egyptian rules of rhetoric

”

also

clearly specified tha

“

t

knowing when not

to

speak

is essential,and very respected,

rhetorical knowledge

”

.

Their

“

approach

to

rhetoric

”

was

thus

a

“

balance

between eloquence and

wise < /p>

silence

”

.

Their

rules

of

speech

also

strongly

emphasized

“

adherence

to

social

behaviors

that

support

a

conservative

status quo

”

and they held that

“

skilled

speech

should

support,

not

question,

society

”

.

In ancient China, rhetoric dates

back

to

the

Chinese

philosopher,

Confucius. In ancient Greece, the earliest

mention

of

oratorical

skill

occurs

in

study manifested

in

the establishmentof

departments of

rhetoric

and

speech at

academic

institutions,

as

well

as

the

formation

of

national

and

international

professional organizations.

埃及的修辞原则明确定义：知道什

么时候不说话是必不可少的，而且了

解非常受人尊敬和修辞的知识

.

古埃

及的修辞手法是雄辩和智慧的沉默的

平衡。他们演讲的原则强调坚持保持

现状的社会行为，并且他们认为好的

演讲应该是受人支持的，有利于社会

的，而不是被人质疑的。在古中国，

修辞回溯到中国的哲学家孔子和他的

追随者。在古希腊，最早涉及的是河

马的伊利亚特。

20

世纪见证了修辞学

的再次兴起。当代学者继续在数世纪

的修辞传统上添砖加瓦，重新解释修

辞学来说明人类交流的重要性

Homer's

Iliad.

At

the

turn

of

the

20th

century, there was a revival of

rhetorical

Rhetoric typically provide heuristics for

understanding discovering and developing

arguments for particular situations.

And

we should know the Aristotle

’

s

three persuasive audience appeals:

logos, pathos, and ethos.

And the five canons of rhetoric:

invention,

arrangement, style,

memory,

and delivery.

invention

(the

process

of

developing

arguments);

style

(determining

how

to

present the

arguments);

arrangement (organizing the

arguments

for extreme effect);

delivery (the gestures, pronunciation, tone

persuasive arguments);

memory

(the

process of

learning

and

memorizing

the

speech and

persuasive

messages.)

修辞学通常提供在特定条件下，关

于理解，认知和论据的探索法

.

关于修辞，我们需要知道亚里士多

德的修辞学三种劝说方式

:

逻辑诉求，情感诉求，人格诉求，

以及修辞五艺

:

取材，

布

局谋篇，

朗诵法，

表达技巧，

默记：

取材——建立论据的过程；

表达技巧——如何表述

布局谋略——决定如何表达论据；

朗诵法——手势，发音，语调，表达

and

pace

used

when

presenting

the

论据的步骤；

默记——学习和 记忆演讲信息的过程

Grammar

The

system

of

transitivity

is

a

particular

grammatical facility

used for

capturing experience

in

languageis

the

system of transitivity.

In

this system,it

contain six process(the

participant ):

Material processes

(actor, goal)

Mental processes

(senser, phenomenon)

Behavioural processes

( behaver)

Processes of verbalization

(sayer, verbiage, receiver)

possessed, possessor)

Existential processes

(existent)

语法

及物性系统是一个语义系统，他把

人们的经验表达出来，并指明过程所

涉及的参与者和环境成分。

在这个系统中，分为六个过程类型

(

括号内为其参与者

)

：

物质过程

（动作着，目标），

心理过程

（感觉者，现象），

行为过程

（行为者）

,

言语过程

（说话者，说话内容，受话者）

，

Relational processes

关系过程

(carrier,

attribute,

identified,

identifier,