-
Unit 1
1. A full appreciation of
the physiology of a living organism must be based
on a sound
knowledge of its anatomy.
Anatomy does not merely study the separation of
parts,
but the accurate description of
the morphologies and functions of different
organs.
2. Our daily food intake must match
requirements and any excess must be excreted
for balance to be maintained.
3. The process of
stabilization of the internal environment is
called homeostasis and
is essential if
the cells of the body are to function normally.
4.
Human
cells
have
the
ability
to
break
down
large
molecules
to
smaller
ones
toliberate sufficient energy for their
activities.
5. As long as normal
conditions are maintained in this internal
environment, the cells
of the body
continue to live and function properly.
1.
对生物生理学的全面了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识。
解
剖学不仅仅是研究人体各部分的
分离，还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和生理功能。
2.
我们每天摄入的事物必须满足需要，
任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。
3.<
/p>
内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡，
体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常
发挥作用所必不可少的。
4.
人类
细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力，从而为自身活动释放足够的能量。
5.
只要这种内环境正常的条件得以维持，机体的细胞就能继续生存并发挥正常功能。
Unit 2
1. Biochemistry asks how the thousands
of different biomolecules interact with each
other to confer the remarkable
properties of living organisms.
2.
Enzymes
are
catalysts
that
accelerate
the
rates
of
biological
reactions.
Each
enzyme is very specific
in its function and acts only in a particular
metabolic reaction.
3. One
of the most fruitful approaches to understand
biological phenomena has been
to purify
an individual chemical component, such as a
protein, from a living organism
and to
characterize its chemical structure or catalytic
activity.
4. The chemical
principles that govern the properties of
biological molecules include
the
covalent
bonding
of
carbon
with
itself
and
with
other
elements
and
the
functional groups that appear in common
biological molecules, etc.
5.
The basic unit of
DNA
is
a
linear
polymer of
four
different
monomeric
subunits,
deoxyribonucleotides,
arranged in a precise linear sequence.
1.
生物化学探寻的是数千种不同的生物分子如何相互作用，以赋予生物体具备显著的特
性。
2
.
酶是能加速生物学反应速率的催化剂。
每一种酶都有专一的功
能并且仅在特定代谢反应中
发挥作用。
3.
用以
了解生物学现象的最有效的方法之一是从生物体中纯化出单一化学成分，
例如蛋白质，<
/p>
并对其化学结构或催化活性进行表征。
4.
决定生物分子特性的化学原理包括碳与自身或其他元素的
共价结合和一般生物分子中出
现的功能基团等。
5.
脱氧核糖核酸的基本单位是由四种不同的脱氧核糖核苷酸
单一亚单位以精确的线性序列
进行排列而构成的线性聚合物。
Unit 3
1. Although the
existence of microbes was determined almost three
hundred years
ago,
the
study
of
microbiology
is
only
getting
started
compared
with
zoology
and
botany.
ancient
times,
the existence
of
microbes
was
hypothesized and
they might
be
the responsible
agent of diseases, which
was pure speculation(
推断
) as
there was no microscope at
the time.
first
one
who
suggested
taxonomic
classification(
分类法
)
of
bacteria
and
discovered
spores
is
Ferdinand
Cohn,
a
botanist
who
studied
algae
and
photosynthetic bacteria.
He established bacteriology.
4.
Microbes
may
be
tiny,
but
the
field
of
microbiology
is
relatively
huge,
which
encompasses many
subdisciplines affecting
people
’
s life and health a
lot.
5. Some of microbes
may cause diseases but not all microbes are
detriment, such as
some of them used in
industrial fermentation(
发酵
)
to make wine and vinegar(
醋
).
1.
尽管三百年前人们就确定世界上存在微生物，但与动物学
和植物学相比，微生物学研究
还只是刚刚开始。
2.
在古代
,
人们认为有微生物存在而且微生物可能是传染病的致病原，但当时没有显微镜，
所以这
一切纯属猜测。
3.
第一
位提出对细菌分类和发现孢子的人是植物学家费南·科恩，他对藻类和光合细菌进行
了研
究，创建了细菌学。
4.
微生物体积虽小，但微生物学
领域却很大，其中包括很多分支学科，对人类生活和健康
产生了重大影响。
5.
有些微生物能引发疾病，但不
是所有的微生物都是有害的，如一些微生物可用于工业发
酵，制作酒和醋等。
Unit 4
1. The science of
the effects of drugs on the body is
called pharmacology, and the
scientists
who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is
not a science that can
be
studied
on
its
own,
but
that
closely
related
to
other
branches
of
science.
Pharmacologists
should not
only understand
the
normal
process that take
place
in
the body, but know how
the functions of the body are affected by disease.
2.
For
physicians
and
medical
students,
the
scope
of
pharmacology
is
not
so
expansive
as its common definition. The clinician is
interested primarily in drugs that
are
useful
in the prevention,
diagnosis,
and treatment
of
human
disease,
or
in
the
prevention
of pregnancy.
3.
All
physicians
should
share
the
responsibility
to
resolve
kinds
of
sociological
problems caused
by the abuse of drugs, properly used, drugs are
great blessing to
mankind;
improperly
used,
they
could
destroy
human
race.
When
a
patient,
particularly
the
elderly
is
prescribed
frequently
to
take
more
than
one
therapeutic
agent, drug
interactions resulting in toxicity will occur.
4. At one time, it was
essential for the physician to have broad
botanical knowledge,
because they had
to possess the ability and skill to select proper
plants from which
to prepare his own
crude medicinal preparations.
5. The
study of biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs and their mechanisms
of action is
termed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies
mainly in that its
attention
is
focused
on
the
characteristics
of
the
drug.
As
a
broader
science,
it
borrows freely from both the theories
and experimental techniques of the drug. As a
broader
science,
it
borrows
freely
from
both
the
theories
and
experimental
techniques of
physiology, biochemistry, immunology, and
pathology.
1.
研究药物作用于人体的科学叫药
理学，研究这门学问的科学家便是药理学家。药理学不
是一门能够独立研究的科学，
而是与其它学科紧密相关的。
药理学家不仅要了解人体内进行
的正常反应过程，还应懂得机体功能是怎样受疾病影响的。
2.<
/p>
医生和医学生对药理学的理解和要求没有其定义范畴那么广泛。
临
床医生的主要兴趣在于
药物对人类疾病的预防、诊断及治疗，或者在避孕方面所起的作用
。
3.
所有医生都应该负起责任解决药品滥用所引起的各种社会问题。药物用得恰当，将是人<
/p>
类的一大福音，用得不当，则可能毁了人类。病人（特别是老年病人）经常性使用一种以上
治疗药物的话，往往会发生产生毒性药物的相互作用。
4.
以
前，
医师必须具备很广泛的植物学知识，
因为他要懂得挑选适当
的植物的能力和技巧，
并将它们制备成简单的药物制剂。
5.
对药物的生化生理作用及其活性机制的研究叫做药效学，该学科的独到之处主要在于其<
/p>
关注的要点是药物的特征。药效学作为一门边缘学科，大量借鉴了生理学、
生物化学、
免疫
学、病理学等学科的理论和实验技术。
Unit 5
1.
To
fight
against
disease,
the
immune
system
generates
proteins
known
as
antibodies
that
bind
to
invading
organisms.
But
the
real
case
is
that
the
immune
system
is
not
to
develop
a
specialized
antibody
each
time
it
is
faced
with
a
new
pathogen.
In
fact,
the
immune
system
select
the
most
effective
one
by
mass
screening of its antibody repertoire,
thus identifying the ones that work best.
2. In a process called
combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large
number of
related
compounds
and
then
screen
the
collection
for
the
ones
that
could
have
medicinal value.
3. In a
parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called
microtiter plate to assemble
all the
products separately in their own reaction vessels.
4.
A
parallel
synthesis
and
a
split-and-
mix
synthesis
are
different
with
that
in
a
parallel
synthesis,
all
the
products
are
assembled
separately
in
their
own
reaction
containers, while
in a split-and-mix synthesis, the related
compounds are mixed up in
the same
reaction vessel, which reduces the number of
containers required.
5. At
the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the
molecules attached to a single bead
are
found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull
out from the mixture the beads
that
bear biologically active molecules and then, use
sensitive detection techniques
to
determine the molecular makeup of the compound
attached.
1.
为了对抗疾病，免疫系统生成了被
称为抗体的蛋白质，它们附着于入侵细菌。但实际情
况是免疫系统并不能在每次面对一个
新的病原体时都制造出一种特殊的抗体；
实际上，
免疫
系统是通过对其抗体库的大规模筛选而确定最有效的抗体。
2.
在
一种被称为“组合化学”的过程中，化学家们首先生成很多相关化合物，然后对它们
进行
筛选，来找到那些可能具有药用价值的化合物。
3.
在平行合成中，化学家们常常
利用所谓的微量滴定盘将所有的产物都在其各自的反应容
器中结集。
4.
平行合成和分裂—混合合成的不同在于
,
在平行合成中每个化合物都留在自己的反应器中，
而在
分裂—混合合成中，
相关化合物都混合在同一容器中，
这种方法
极大地减少了所需容器
的数量。
5.<
/p>
在分裂—混合合成过程结束时，可以发现所有附着于一个小珠上的分子结构都一样。化学<
/p>