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长难句
一、名词性从句
（一）主语从句
1 That as
much as one-fourth of all timber harvested is not
used proved to be false.
2
Whether
the
remarkable
growth
of
organized
camping
means
the
eventual
death
of
the
more
independent kind is hard to say.
3
It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which
we all make that we must decline in this way, that
if we escape wars, accidents and
diseases we shall eventually die of old age, and
that this happens at a rate
which
differs little from person to person, so that
there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between
the
ages of sixty-five and eighty.
4
It
is
recounted
of
Carlyle
that
when
he
heard
of
the
illness
of
his
friend,
Henry,
he
went
off
immediately to visit
him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained
of a bottle of medicine formerly
prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs.
Carlyle’s.
（二）宾语从句
< br>宾语从句分为三类
:
动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和
形容词的宾语从句
.
1 Some
philosophers argue that rights exist only within a
social contract, as a part of an exchange of
duties and entitlements.
2 It was
necessary to recognize that these institutions
which are based on the same premises, let us say
the supernatural, must be considered
together, our own among the rest.
3 More
generally, the escape clauses could undermine the
reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the
new package will not deliver the
changes that its supporters claim, but close
analysis of what is inevitable a
very
complicated package might confirm the skeptics’
fears.
4 A leader should show that
he or she values the input of subordinates --- for
example, by involving
them in decisions
about matters in which they have a direct stake.
（三）表语从句
表语从句就是用一个
句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样。
1
The
irony
of
the
historian’s
craft
is
that
its
practitioners
always
know
that
their
efforts
are
but
contributions to an
unending process.
2 What is harder to
establish is whether the productivity revolution
that businessmen assume they are
presiding over is for real.
3 Galileo’s
greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first
person to turn the newly
invented
telescope
on the heavens to prove that
the planets revolve around the sun rather than
around the earth.
4 One difficulty is that
almost all of what is called behavioral science
continues to trace behavior to
states
of mind, feelings, traits of character, human
nature, and so on.
（四）同位语从句
1 Influenced by the view of some
twentieth-
century feminists that
women’s position within the family
is
one of the central factors determining women’s
social position, some historians have
underestimated the
significance of the woman suffrage
movement.
2 It is difficult for any
of us in moments of intense aesthetic experience
to resist the suggestion that we
are
catching a glimpse of a light that shines down to
us from a different realm of existence, different
and,
because the experience is
intensely moving, in some way higher.
3
This modern faith in medicines is proved by the
fact that the annual drug bill of the Health
Services is
mounting to astronomical
figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing
to rise.
4 If parents were prepared
for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it
was a sign that the child was
growing
up and developing valuable powers of observation
and independent judgment, they would not be so
hurt, and therefore would not drive the
child into opposition by resenting and resisting
it.
二、定语从句
1 Besides, this is unlikely to produce
the needed number of every kind of professional in
a country as
large
as
ours
and
where
the
economy
is
spread
over
so
many
states
and
involves
so
many
international
corporations.
2
New
ways
of
organizing
the
workplace---all
that
re-engineering
and
downsizing---are
only
one
contribution to the
overall productivity of an economy, which is
driven by many other factors such as joint
investment in equipment and machinery,
new technology, and investment in education and
training.
3 We live in a society in which the
medicinal and social substances (drugs) is
pervasive: an aspirin to
quiet a
headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get
going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
4
This trend began during the Second World War, when
several governments came to the conclusion
that the specific demands that a
government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally
be
foreseen in detail.
5 The method of scientific
investigation is nothing but the expression of the
necessary mode of working
of the human
mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena
are reasoned about and given precise and
exact explanations.
6
Carter’s
devotion
to
her
ancestor
is
about
more
than
personal
pride:
it
is
about
family
honor,
for
Henson
has lived on through the character in American
fiction that he helped inspire.
7 Silicon
Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented
engineers, scientists and entrepreneurs from
overseas flock in search of fame, fast
money and to participate in a technological
revolution whose impact
on mankind will
surely surpass the epoch-making European
Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the
bygone age.
8 The principle of making
the best use of all we have requires that we stop
the waste of human life in
industry and
prevent the waste of human welfare which flows
from the unfair use of concentrated power and
wealth in the hands of men whose
eagerness for profit blinds them to the cost of
what they do.
9
I’m
usually
fairly
skeptical
about
any
research
that
concludes
that
people
are
either
happier
or
unhappier or more or less certain of
themselves than they were 50 years ago.
10
There
are
newsletters,
such
as
Tightwad
Gazette,
that
give
hundreds
of
thousands
of
Americans
useful tips on
anything from recycling cling-film to making their
own soap.
三、状语从句
1
．时间状语从句
常用引导词：
when, as, while, as
soon as, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：
the minute, the
moment, the second, every time, the
day
，
the instant, immediately
,
directly, no sooner … than, hardly
…when, scarcely … when
2
．地点状语从句
常用引导词：
where
特殊引导词：
wherever,
anywhere, everywhere
3
．原因状语从句
常用引导词：
because, since, as,
for
特殊引导词：
seeing that, now that,
in that, considering that, given that.
4
．目的状语从句
常用引导词：
so that, in order that
特殊引导词：
lest, in case, for
fear that
，
in the hope that,
for the purpose that, to the end that
5
．结果状语从句
常用引导词：
so … that, so… that,
such … that,
特殊引导词：
such that, to the
degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree
that,
6
．条件状语从句
常用引导词：
if, unless,
特殊引导词：
as/so
long
as,
only
if,
providing/provided
that,
supposing
that,
in
case
that,
on
condition that
7
．让步状语从句
常用引导词：
though, although, even
if, even though
特殊引导词：
as(
用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装
)
，
< br>while (
一般用在句首
)
，
no matter
…
，
in spite of
the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever,
whenever, however, whichever
8
．比较状语从句
常用引导词：
as(
同级比较
),
than(
不同程度的比较
)
特殊引导词：
the more …
the more … just as …
，
so…; A is to B
what /as X is to Y; no … more
than; not A so much as B
9
．方式状语从句
常用引导词：
as, as if, how
特殊引导词：
the way
1 The newly described languages were
often so strikingly different from the well
studied languages of
Europe and
Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused
Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
2
The
greater
interest
in
exceptional
children
shown
in
public
education
over
the past
three
decades
indicates
the
strong
feeling
in
our
society
that
all
citizens,
whatever
their
special
conditions,
deserve
the
opportunity to fully
develop their capabilities.
3
Although
perhaps
only
1
percent
of
the
life
that
has
started
somewhere
will
develop
into
highly
complex and
intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of
planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a
natural
part of the universe.
4
Although many women who have received higher
education do not spend the whole of their
lives following career for which their
education has prepared them, it is accepted that
the benefits of a
university career are
useful.
5
Economy
is
one
powerful
motive
for
camping,
since
after
the
initial
outlay
upon
equipment,
or
through hiring it, the total expense
can be far less than the cost of hotels.
6
As the boat slid across the river, Parker watched
carelessly as the pursuers closed in around the
men
he was forced to leave behind.
7
Until we are intelligent as to its laws and
varieties, the main complicating facts of human
life must
remain unintelligible.
8
That concept implies educational opportunity for
all children----the right of each child to receive
help
in learning to the limits of his
or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or
great.
9 Parents often fell inadequate when
confronted on the one hand with the eager,
sensitive
mind of a
child
and on the other with a world of complex physical
nature.
10 But particularly when viewed against
America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices
hardly suggest
a dark and deteriorating
social environment.
四、并列结构
英语常用并列连词，如：
and/but/so/yet/for/nor/or<
/p>
/not
only/……but
al
so/either…or
或
neither…nor
等连接两个或几个同等成分，
这种结构称为并列结构。
< br>连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、
介词短语
或名词的定
语等。
1
Whorf
came
to
believe
in
a
sort
of
linguistic
determinism
which,
in
its
strongest
form,
states
that
language
imprisons
the
mind,
and
that
the
grammatical
patterns
in
a
language
can
produce
far-
reaching
consequences for the culture
of a society.
2 Children will play with dolls
equipped with personality chips, computers with
in-built personalities
will be regarded
as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be
in front of smell-television, and digital
age will have arrived.
3 The role of
natural selection in evolution was formulated only
as little more than a hundred years age,
and the selective role of the
environment in shaping and maintaining the
behavior of the individual is only
beginning to be recognized and studied.
4
Furthermore
it
is
obvious
that
the
strength
of
a
country’s
economy
is
directly
bound
up
with
the
efficiency
of
its
agriculture
and
industry,
and
that
this
in
turn
rests
upon
the
efforts
of
scientists
and
technologists of all kinds.
5 Dependence is
marked first by an increased tolerance, with more
and more of the substance required
to
produce
the
desired
effect,
and
then
by
the
appearance
of
unpleasant
withdrawal
symptoms
when
the
substance is discontinued.
6 The test of
any democratic society lies not in how well it can
control expression but in whether it
gives freedom of thought and expression
the widest possible latitude, however disputable
or irritating the
results may sometimes
be.
7 The paid manager acting for the
company was in more direct relation with the men
and their demands,
but even he had
seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the
workmen which the employer had often had
under the more patriarchal system of
the old family business now passing away.
8
You have all heard it repeated that men of science
work by means of induction and deduction that by
the help of these operations, they, in
a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature
certain natural laws, and
that out of
these, by some special skill of their own, they
build up their theories.
9 Very few people, no
matter how intelligent or experienced, can take
inventory of the many branching
possibilities, possible outcomes, side
effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or
a course of action in
a matter of
seconds.
10 But the significant thing is not the
behavior of the players but the attitude of the
spectators; and,
behind the spectators,
of the nations who work themselves into furies
over these absurd contests.
五、非谓语结构
1 This
temptation to cover the distance between himself
and the reader, to study his image in the sight
of those who do not know him, can be
his undoing: he has begun to write to please.
2
Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to
any of the major world powers around the year 1925
would have been sufficient to change
the course of world history.
3 An education
that aims at getting a student a certain kind of
job is a technical education, justified for
reasons radically different from why
education is universally required by law.
4
In
the
American
economy,
the
concept
of
private
property
embraces
not
only
the
ownership
of
productive
resources
but
also
certain
rights,
including
the
right
to
determine
the
price
of
a
product
or
to
make a free contract with another
private individual.
5 In a draft preface to the
recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting,
Shapiro suggested that
the panel had
found a broad consensus that it would be “morally
unacceptable
to attempt to create a
human
child by adult nuclear
cloning.”
6 Arguing from the view
that humans are different from animals in every
relevant respect, extremists of
this
kind think that animals lie outside the area of
moral choice.
7
His
colleague,
Michael
Beer,
says
that
far
too
many
companies
have
applied
reengineering
in
a
mechanistic
fashion, chopping out costs without giving
sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
8
The
mechanic
should
sit
down
among
levers,
screws,
wedges,
wheels,
etc.,
like
a
poet
among
the
letters
of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition
of thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits
as new idea.
9 The fact that half of the
known species are thought to inhabit the world’s
rain forest does not seem
surprising,
considering the huge number of insects that
comprise the bulk of the species.
10 Additional
social stresses may also occur because of the
population explosion or problems arising
from
mass
migration
movements----
themselves
made
relatively
easy
nowadays
by
modern
means
of
transport.
六、强调结构
强调结构是指有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气，
增强情感色彩或加强对比，
需要改变句
子结构，这种结构叫做强调结构。
< br>
It
作形式主语和
it
引导强调句的比较
It
作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构。而
it
< br>引导的强调句则是对句子某一部
分进行强调，去掉
it
is
…
that
这个结构句子仍然成
立，被强调部分指人是也可用
who/whom
。例如：
It is a pity that you
didn’t
go to see the film.
It is you that come from the star.
1 Perhaps it is humankind’s long
suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that
makes the idea of
forcing the waters to
do our bidding so fascinating.
2 Thus, in the
American economic system it is the demands of
individual consumers, coupled with the
desire
of
businessmen
to
maximize
profits
and
the
desire
of
individuals
to
maximize
their
incomes
that
together determine what shall be
produced and how resources are used to produce it.
3
Nor
is
it
only
the
ignorant
and
ill-educated
person
who
has
such
faith
in
the
bottle
of
medicine,
especially if it
be wrapped in white paper by a clever chemist.
4
The
implications
of
all
this
were
that
it
was
not
the
disturbance
of
sleep
that
mattered,
but
the
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