词汇学名词解释

1.

Slang

:

俚语

word of this group belong to the sub-standard language (a category that seems to

stand

between

the

standard

general

words

and

informal

ones

available

to

everyone)

eg

roger(understand),catch(talk to)

2.

Archaisms

:

古语词

archaisms

are

words

or

form

that

were

once

in

common

use but

are

now

restricted only to specialized or limited use.

eg thou(you).wilt(will)

3.

Neolo gisms

:

新词语

this

category

refer

to

newly-created

words

or

expressions

or

words

that

have taken on new meanings.

eg the pill=an oral contraceptive

4.

Denizens

:

同化词

denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated

into the english the words they have come to conform to english way of pronunciation

and spelling.

eg pork from porc(F) .cup from cuppa(L)

5.

Aliens

:

非同化词

aliens

are

borrowed

words

which

have

retained

their

original

pronunciation

and spelling. Eg decor(F)

6.

translation loans

:

译借词

translation loans are words and expressions formed form the existing

material

in

the

english

language

but

modelled

on

the

patterns

taken

from

anther

language.

eg ketchup from fanqiejiang(CH dial) lama from lama(Tib)

7.

semantic loans

:

借义词

words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but

to the the other words ,english has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in

the language.

eg Pioneer once signified

‘

explorer

’

only or

‘

person doing pioneering work

’

, and it

now has taken on the new meaning of a member of the Young Pioneer

’

8.

Free

versus

bound

morphemes

:

自由语素

粘着语素

Morphemes

which

are

independent

of

other

morphemes

are

free .free

morphemes

have

complete

meanings

in

themselves

and

can

be

used as free grammatical units in they are identical

With

words,for

example,man,earth,wind,car

and

t,ideal

and

prison

can

stand

by

themselves and thus are free the rest re-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex- and -er are bound as none

of them freestanding units

9.

Derivational versus inflectional morphemes

:

①

morphemes wich are used to derive new words are known as

derivational morphemes

.

eg clear+ance,life+like.

②

.Inflection

morp hemes

:

曲折语素

indicate

the

syntactic

relationships

between

words

and

function

as

grammatical

tional

morphemes

are

confined

to

suffixes.

There

is

the

regular

plural

suffix

-s

(-es)

which

is

added

to

nouns

such

as

machines,fridges,desks,radio

and

potatoes.

10.

affix

:

词缀

affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or

s

can

fall

into

prefix

and

suffix.

Eg

prefixes:pre-,ex-,and

de-

suffixes:-less,-dom,-ic,-s,-ed)

11.

Affixation

:

词缀法

affixation

is

generally

defined

as

the

formation

of

words

by

adding

word-forming or derivational affixes to base. Affixation fall into two subcategories:prefixation and

suffixation.

①

prefixation

前缀法

is

the

formation

of

new

words

by

adding

prefixes

to

-means

not:non-smoker,non- classical.

②

suffixation