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Lecture Two
What
is a loose sentence?
从修辞的角度来看，句子有松散句、圆周句和对偶句之分。松散句把主要意思放在
次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到几个词后就知道这句话的主要
内
容了。
She decided
to study English though she was interested in
music.
The
Wangs
must
have
gone
away
for
the
summer
holidays,
for
we
have
not
seen
them for
two or three weeks.
松散句比较易懂，简单，自然和直接。
What is a periodic sentence?
再比较下面的句子：
Although she was interested
in music, she finally decided to study English.
观察上面的句子，可以知道：虽然意思表达和之前相同，主要
意思都是她决定学英
语。第一句中，主要意思放在句子的开头，在第二句则放在句子末尾
。第一句的第
一部分在结构上已经完整，而第二句的第一部分只是个状语从句，不加上第
二句就
不能成为一个句子。
把最重要的意思放在最后面或者靠后的位置上，并且句子的结构直到最后一个词时
才完整。这样的句子叫做圆周句。例如：
It
is
a
truth
universally
acknowledged,
that
a
single
man
in
possession
of
a
good
fortune
must be in want of a wife.(Jane Austen)
上面的句子明显是个圆周句（掉尾句）
。因为它的结构和意思在最后一个词之前都不完
整。
圆周句的结构按照逐步推向高潮的递进顺序形成。圆周句比较复杂、正式和文雅。<
/p>
What is a balanced
sentence?
两个结构相似但意思相反的平行从句便是对偶句。
On hearing the
new, he was angered, and I was saddened.
The politician
is concerned with successful elections, whereas
the statesman is interested in
the
future of his people.
In Plato
’
s
opinion man was made for philosophy; in
Bacon
’
s opinion philosophy
was made
for man.
对偶句会给人留下深刻的印象，因为它含有相反的意思，而且
因节奏和谐而悦耳。对偶
句主要用于说明文，议论文及演说等正式文体中。
What is an effective
sentence?
1.
Completeness(
完整
)
完整是好句子的第一要点。一个完整的句子表达单一的完整思想
,
意思必须紧密相
关。
例
1.
（<
/p>
Faulty
）
Born in a
small town in South China in the early 50s, he
grew up to be a
famous musician.
(Revised)
He
was
born
in
a
small
town
in
South
China
in
the
early
50s.
In
his
childhood
he
liked
to
sing
songs.
Later
he
entered
a
conservatory.
In
the
70s
he
became a famous musician.
例
2.
Faulty
：
Do Fu was
one of the greatest poet.
Revised: Du Fu
was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Period.
2.
连贯
(Coherence)
连贯是指句子各部分之间清楚而合理的联系。句子中的词语和部分应恰当地衔接，它
们之间的关系应十分清楚。不连贯的句子通常有以下几种毛病：
a.
平行结构使用有误
例
1
．
A man is judged not only by what he
says but also by his deeds.
Revised: A man is judged not only by
what he says but also by what he does.
Revised: A man is judged not only by
his words but also by his deeds.
例
2
．
We
thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very
capable young woman.
Revised: We thought she was charming,
intelligent, and very capable.
Revised:
We
thought
she
was
a
charming,
intelligent,
and
very
capable
young
woman.
例
3
．
We have great faith and high hopes for
her.
Revised:
We have great faith in and high hopes
for her.
b.
代词指代不清楚
例
1.
She told my sister that she
was wrong.
例
2.
He was knocked down by a bicycle, but
it was not serious.
Revised
：
He was
knocked down
by a bicycle,
but was not badly hurt.
例
3.
I'm gonging to the lecture on modern
Chinese drama, because he is a dramatist I
like.
c.
修饰语和被修饰语之间的关系不明确
例
1.
Looking out of the window, the
grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.
例
2.
On
entering the classroom, the students stood up and
said,
“
Good
morning!
”
例
3.
To
get ready for the trip, all the things she needed
were put into a suitcase.
这些句子因为用了悬垂结构，句子缺少了连贯性，句子意思就让人费解。当然，也有
一些固定的说法，
如：
to be
frank, generally speaking, judging
by
…
, speaking
of
…
, just to
name
a few
…
再看下面的一些句子：
例
1.
She put into her bag the picture books
she had bought for her children.
例
2.
She bought several pictures books and
put them into her bag, which she intended
to give to her children.
Revised: She bought several picture
books for her children and put them into her bag.
例
3.
The idea he mentioned at first sounded
good.
例
4.
The idea he mentioned sounded good at
first.
Revised:
The idea he first mentioned sounded
good.
例
5.
He gave a reason for not attending the
meeting, which nobody believed.
例
6.
He
gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a
reason which nobody believed.
Revised: He gave a reason, which nobody
believed, for not attending the meeting.
d.
人称、数、语气和语态上变动混乱
例
1.
An
important thing for the student to remember is
that when writing a paper, you
should
not plagiarize.
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