最新大学学术英语读写教程-下册-课文翻译

当机体

以一种积极的方式应对压力时，

免疫系统 中的这些变化似乎被最小化，

当机体以无助和抑郁

症反应时，这 些变化会被最大化。

Animal studies

These

links

between

stress, helplessness,

immune

function,

and

cancer

have

been

demonstrated

experimentally

in

studies

with

animals.

In

one

study,

conducted

by

Sklar

and

Anisman,

three

groups of mice were injected with the same number of cancer cells. One group was exposed to an

electric shock that they could learn to escape by jumping over a barrier to safety. A second group

was exposed to the same duration of shock, but had no means of actively coping with the stress.

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The third group was never shocked. The cancer grew the fastest and led to the earliest death in the

animals that had no means of coping with their stress. In contrast, the animals that growth from

those that had not been shocked at all.

压力，无助，免疫功能和癌症之间的这些联系已经在 动物研究中得到了实验证明。

在一项

由

Sklar

和

Anisman

进行的研究中，

三组小鼠注射了相同数量的癌细胞。

< br>

一群人遭到电击，

他们可以通过跳过安全屏障学会逃离 。

第二组遭到相同的电击，但没有积极应对压力的手

段。

第三组从未电击。

无法应对压力的动 物癌症增长最快，

导致最早的死亡。

相比之下，

那些从来没有被电击的动物长大了。

Human studies

The link between stress, helplessness, and cancer has been demonstrated in humans as well. In one

dramatic

study

in1981,

Richard

Shekelle

and

his

co-workers

studied

over

2,

000

men

who

had

taken a psychological test that diagnoses depression and other emotional states. Seventeen years

later, the researcher found that those men who had been highly depressed at the time of the testing

had

twice

the

chance

of

dying

of

cancer

as

men

who

had

not

been

depressed

since

depressed

people tend to drink more alcohol or smoke more cigarettes, which in turn increases their risk of

cancer,

Shekelle

took

this

into

account

when

he

analyzed

his

data;

the

association

between

depression

and

cancer

still

held,

regardless

of

drinking

or

smoking

rates.

in

another

study,

widowed husbands were found to have a decline in the function of their white blood cells -part of

the immune system-within two months of their wives deaths.

压力，无助和癌症之间的联系也在人类中得到证明。

理查德

·

谢克尔（

Ri chard Shekelle

）和

他的同事在

1981

年的一个戏剧性的研究中，

研究了

多名经过心理测试诊断出抑郁症和

其他情 绪状态的男性。

十七年后，研究人员发现那些在测试时高度抑 郁的男性患癌症的机

率是没有抑郁的男性的两倍，因为抑郁症患者往往喝更多的酒或者吸 更多的香烟，

反过来

又增加了患癌症 的风险，

Shekelle

在分析他的数据时考虑到了这一点< /p>

;

无论饮酒或吸烟率如

何，抑郁症和癌 症之间的关系仍然存在。

在另一项研究中，丧偶的丈夫在其妻 子死亡的两

个月内被发现其白血细胞的功能下降

-

免疫系统的一部分。

There is also some evidence that people

’

s emotions are involved in cancer once it has begun. in a

study

of

women

who

underwent

mastectomy

for

early-stage

breast

cancer,

Greer

found

that

women

who

reacted

to

their

diagnosis

with

either

a

fighting

spirit

or

strong

denials

were

more

likely to be free of disease eight years later than were women who reacted with stoic acceptance or

with feelings of helplessness.

还有一些证据表明，一旦癌症开始，人们的情绪就会与癌症有 关。

在对早期乳腺癌接受乳

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房切除术的妇女进行的一项 研究中，

格里尔发现，

那些女性对自己的诊断做出的反应要么是

战斗精神，要么坚决否认的比那些坚忍接受或感到无助的女性更可能没有疾病。

Recommendations for treatment

治疗建议

Findings

on

the

links

between

emotional

reactions

to

stress

and

the

progression

of cancer

have

given rise to some recommendations for the treatment of cancer patients. In particular, programs

that can help give cancer patients a greater feeling of control over their destinies and that can help

them adopt a

“

fighting spirit

”

might just increase their odds of survival. Although there is no solid

evidence as yet that such programs can in fact extend people

’

s lives, developing such programs

remains an exciting frontier in health psychology.

关于情绪对压力的反应与癌症进展之间的联系的发现已经引起对于癌症患者治疗的一些建

议。

特别是可以帮助癌症患者控制自己的命运，并可 以帮助他们采取

“

战斗精神

”

的计划，

可能会增加他们的生存几率。

虽然目前还没有确凿的证据表明这种方案实际上可以延伸人

们的生活， 但开发这样的方案仍然是健康心理学领域的一个激动人心的前沿。

Reading 1

Heart disease

心脏病

Heart disease is western society

’

s number- one killer. it is the leading cause of death for both men

and women, and accounts for more than one in four of all deaths in America. Heart disease used to

be considered a male disease, and among the middle-aged this is still true. However, since 1984,

more women than men actually die from heart disease in the United States each year. it is just that

the onset of heart disease starts later

in women than in

men. some good news, though for both

genders is that deaths from heart disease in the united states have been falling since the beginning

of the twenty-fist century. Worldwide, however, the picture is not so good. Heart disease rates are

climbing

rapidly

all

around

the

globe

as

more

and

more

cultures

adopt

a

Western

Lifestyle-smoking more, exercise less, and eating a diet higher in fats.

心脏病是西方社会的头号杀手。

< /p>

它是男性和女性死亡的主要原因，占美国死亡人数的四分

之一以上 。

心脏病以前被认为是一种男性疾病，在中年人当中，这仍然 是事实。

然而，自

1984

年以来，

美国每年都有更多的女性死于心脏病。

只是女性心脏病的发生晚于男性。

有

一个好消息，

不过对于男性女性来说，

自二十一世纪初以来，

美国心脏病的死亡人数一直在

下降。

但是在全球范围内，情况并不是那么好。

随着越来越多的文化采取西方生活方式，

越来越多的人吸烟，< /p>

减少锻炼，

并且在饮食中摄入更多的脂肪，

心脏病发病率在全球迅速攀

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升。

Heart disease usually involves the formations of a fatty substance called plaque in the walls of the

coronary

arteries,

which

supply

blood

to

the

heart.

If

the

arteries

become

narrowed

enough

or

blocked, the person may suffer a heart attack (death of a region of heart muscle tissue). Among the

many factors that have been found to be related to the risk of developing heart disease are high

blood pressure(or hypertension), a history or heart disease among one

’

s close relatives (indicating

a

possible

genetic

predisposition

to

the

disease),

cigarette

smoking,

being

relatively

overweigh,

and a high level of a fatty substance called cholesterol in the blood. In addition to all of these well

-established risk factors, it is now clear that stress can have a major impact on the development of

heart disease. People who continually undergo a great deal of stress -and who lack the ability to

control it -are at significantly greater risk for heart disease than people who undergo less stress or

who

can

manage

stress

successfully.

Jobs

that

impose

high

psychological

demands

but

that

provide the worker with little control- such as a cook, a waiter, or a hospital orderly -seem to breed

heart disease.

心脏病通常是由为心脏供血的冠状动脉壁上形成称为斑块的脂肪物质形成的。

如果动 脉变窄

或阻塞，则该人可能遭受心脏病发作（心脏肌肉组织区域的死亡）

。在已经被发现与开发心

脏疾病的风险的诸多因素中，高血压（或高血压）

、吸烟、血液中称为胆固醇的高水平脂肪

物质相对容易发生，高血压 是一个历史及疾病或心脏疾病（表明可能的遗传倾向的疾病）

。

除了所有这些良好的风险因素外，现在很清楚，压力可能会对心脏病的发展产生重大影响。

那些持续承受巨大压力的人，

以及缺乏控制能力的人，

心脏病 的风险明显高于那些压力较小

或能够成功应对压力的人。强加心理要求但给工人提供少量 控制的工作

-

例如厨师，服务

员或医院有秩序的

-

似乎会滋生心脏病。

The type a behavior pattern

行为模式的类型

Whereas some jobs may make heavier psychological demands than others, certain sorts of people,

regardless of their occupation, seem to make heavy psychological demands on themselves-and, as

a result, run a greater risk of heart disease. people with a particular personality style, called the

coronary prone behavior pattern and commonly labeled type A, have been found to be especially

susceptible

to

heart

disease.

Type

A

people are

hard-driving,

competitive,

and

aggressive.

They

experience great time urgency, always trying to do more and more in less and less time. people

who have an opposite sort of personality are termed Type B. others are categorized somewhere in

between.

虽然有些工作可能比别人有更重的心理需求 ，

但某些人不论职业，

似乎都对自己有沉重的心

理要求，

结果心脏病的风险就更大了。

具有特殊个性风格的人们被称为

“

冠状动脉易感行为

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模式

”

，通常被标记为

“A

型