-
1) The
发现新大陆
①
The
最早的美国人是印第安人
②
In
the
late
15th
century,
Christopher
Columbus,
an
Italian
navigator
,
supported by the Spanish queen, he led
his men to sail across the vast ocean in
1492 and reached some small islands in
the now west Indies. He thought he had
reached Asia and didn't know he had
discovered a New Continent.
15
世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗
.
哥伦布，在西班牙女
王的支持下
,
于
1492
年率
领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，
抵达了现在西印度群
岛的一些小岛。
他误以为到达了亚洲，
并不
知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。
③
Ameriga Vespucci proved
that the land was a new continent. Therefore,
the land was named America after him. <
/p>
阿美利歌
?
韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，
因此，以他的名字命名。
2)Causes of the
colonization of the New World
殖民时期
Opportunity
was a magic word.
机遇是一个神气的词
①
The new Would drew English
nobles (who dreamed of getting more land
and establishing great new estates.).
②
Drew other people who could
not find jobs in England.
③
Most of all , it drew the
poor and the homeless from the farmlands and
villages of Europe.
④
Many settlers came to the
English
colonies
in search of
religious freedom
because they had been
persecuted in England.
1
）他吸引
了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）
2<
/p>
）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。
3
）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。
<
/p>
4
）
许多人为寻求宗教自由而在这英国殖
民地定居下来，
因为他们在英国受到早叫迫害。
3)The first English colony
in the Americas was founded at
Jamestown,
Virginia
, in 1607.
Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13
colonies
along
the
east
coast
of
North
America.
They
were
Virginia,
Maine,
New
Hampshire,
Massachusetts,
Connecticut,
New
York,
Rhode
Island,
Maryland,
North Carolina, South Carolina, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georlina.
美洲的第
一块英国殖民地于
1607
年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从
1607
年到
1733
年
间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了
13
个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、
康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、
马里兰、北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治
亚。
In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to
the New World in a ship called
Mayflower
.
They
arrived
at
Plymouth
and
built
the
Plymouth
colony.
The
Puritans
（清教
徒）
,unlike
the
Pilgrims
(
清教徒前辈
< br>)who
were
artisans
and
peasants,
were
wealthy, well-educated
gentlemen. The Puritans did not allow religious
dissent.
The colonists were building a
new way of life in the New World. There were a
number of features which would play a
role in forming the American character
.
They were representative from of
government, rule of law, respect of individual
rights, religious tolerance and a
strong of individual
enterprise.1620
年，
清教徒前辈中的
201
人乘坐
“
5
月花号
”
船来到
新大陆，在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。清教
徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，
他们富有，
是受过良好教育的绅士。
清教徒
不允
许异教存在。
殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新的生活方式。<
/p>
以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一
定作用：政府的代表形式，法制
，对人权的尊重，宗教的宽容和强大个人进取精神。
4
）
The American
War of Independence and its consequences.
美国独
立战争极其影响
①
the causes: With the
development of economy, the people in the colonies
wanted
more
power
to
determine
their
own
business.
But
the
policy
of
the
British
government
was
to
bring
the
development
under
control
and
collect
more taxes from the
colonies.
原因：随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。
而英国政府的政策是要把经济发展控于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的税。
②
the
Boston
Tea
Party
(
波士顿茶叶事件
):
In
1773,
several
dozen
Boston
residents
dressed
as
Indians
boarded
the
ships
of
the
British
East
India
Company and threw the tea into the
harbor
. 1773
年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印
第安人，登上英国东印度公司的船，将茶叶倾入海中。
③
the First continental
Congress: In September 1774, the First Continental
Congress was held in Philadelphia which
encouraged Americans to refuse to buy
British goods.
第一届大陆会议：
1774
年
9
月，在费城
召开，鼓励美国人抵制英货。
④
Lexington
and
Concord(
列克星顿和康克特
)
：
The
War
of
Independence
began at there in 1775.
⑤
The
Second
Continental
Congress(three
weeks
after
the
battle
at
Lexington
in
1775
):founded
a
Continental
Army
and
Navy
under
the
command
of
Washington;
appointed
a
committee
to
draft
a
formal
declaration(Thomas
Jefferson
was
the
man
who
draft
it),
the
Declaration
of
Independence, And adopted the
Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.
第二次大陆会议
（
1775
年的列克星顿战役三周之后）
：
建立了大陆军和海军，
任命华盛顿为
总司令；指定了一个委员会负责起草一份正式宣言（托马斯
。杰斐逊起草）
，
1776.6.4
，
通
过了独立宣言。
⑥
The Declaration is a clear
explanation of the political theory behind the
revolution and this theory came from
the British philosopher John Locke.
宣言清<
/p>
晰地解释了指导这场革命的政治理论，这一理论源于英国哲学家约翰。洛克。
⑦
The consequences: IN
September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed.
Britain recognized the independence of
the United States; the war was from
1775 to 1781, it shows that, in a just
war
, a weak nation can defeat a strong
one.
American people gained
independence and
capitalism
developed in
America. It
also had great
international influence.
意
义：
1783
年
9
月，
《巴黎条约》签署，英国承认美国独立；战争从
1775-1781
，表明，
在一场正义的战争中
，弱者可以战胜强者。美国人民获得了独立，
资本主义得到发展。
同时
具有深远的国际影响。
5)Establishment of a federal form of
government:
联邦政府的建立
①
The Articles of
Confederation was unusual in many ways.1)it
provided for
no
king;2)while
the
Articles
created
a
central
government
in
the
form
of
a
Congress,
the
emphasis
was
still
on
state
powers.3)the
Articles
of
Confederation was a
written constitution for the U.S.. But there were
serious
weaknesses, it was difficult to
carry on the business of the government without
someone to do the
executive
’
s job. Congress
was too large a body to function as
government. And Congress had no power
to raise taxes. A conference was held
in
Philadelphia
in
May
1787
to
consider
what
should
be
done
to
make
the
Articles of Confederation adequate.
十三洲联邦宪法的不同之处在于：
1
）没有采
用君
主立宪制；
2
）确立了国会形式的
中央政府，但仍以洲治为主；
3
）是美国的明文宪法。但
也存在严重缺陷：无人主持行政工作，政府事务很难执行。国会体制庞大，
无法起到政府职
能，国会无权提高税收。
1787
年
5
月于费城召开了一次大会，讨论如何改进十
三洲联邦宪
法。
②
The Great Compromise(on
July 16,1787): gave each state an equal vote
in the Senate but making representation
in the House reflect the size of each
state
’
s populatio
n.1787.7.16
出台的大折中：
赋予各州在参议院中同
样的选举权
,
而众议
院中的代表人数则
根据各州的人口决定。
③
The
Bill
of
Rights
(1791)
，
became
the
first
ten
amendments
to
the
constitution
of
the
American
cons
titutional
—
the
Bill
of
Rights.
By
then,
it
is
agreed,
the
foundation
of
the
American
constitutional
system
was
comple
ted.1791
年通过的，成为对《宪法》最早的十项修正案
—
人权法案。一般认为至
此美国宪法体制的建立全部完成。
④
the first
Congress: met in New York In 1789.
the
first President: Washington
6)Consequences
of
territorial
expansion
and
the
westward
Movement
领土扩张和西进运动
①
forced England to give up
the Old
Northwest;
迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区
②
Purchased the Louisiana
from Nepoleon.(1790
’
s)
向拿破伦购买路易斯安那
州
③
forced Spain to cede
Florida and the
Gulf
coast.
迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨
西哥海岸。
④
Texas added to the
Union(1845).1845,
德克萨斯加入联邦
⑤
Obtained California and New
Mexico From Mexico by the war with Mexico
< br>(1846-1848)
从墨西哥战争
1846-484
8
，得到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。
⑥
The Gadsden Purchase(1853)
another 30,000 square miles of Mexican
land were added to the territory of
the
U.S., in return,the U.S. paid 10 million dollars.1
853
年的
‘
加滋登购地
’
中，又有
3
万平方英里的
墨西哥变成了美国领土，美国付了
1
千万美圆的补偿。
7)The American Civil War and
its impaction on the development of
the
U.S
美国内战
①
The conflict between the
North and the South: In the early
1800
’
s, black
slavery
disappeared
in
the
north
because
of
industry
development.
But
it
continued
to
exist
in
the
South.
In
the
South,
farming
remained
the
most
important way of making a living and
the planter farmed a large area of land.
Slave labors seemed best suited for
producing these crops.19
世纪早期，由于工
业的发展，黑奴在北方消失。但在南方仍然存在。在南方，农耕是最主要的谋生手段，农场
主耕种了大片土地。奴隶劳动力似乎最适于这些农作物的生产。
②
The Compromise of 1850: the
North and the South allowed California to
be accepted as a free state while
ordering the returning of runaway slaves to the
masters.1850
年通过了一个折中的方案：
同意加利福尼亚为自治州，
将逃跑的努力归还主
人。
③
Abraham
Lincoln
(
亚伯拉罕
.
林肯
)
：
Soon
after
Lincoln
Became
the
U.S.
President, the War broke out on April
12, realized that he could win
support
for the Union at home and abroad by making the war
a just war against
slavery.
So
he
issued
the
famous
Emancipation
Proclamation
in
England and
France stood by the Union
’
s
side. Many black slaves joined the
Union
Army.
亚伯拉罕
.
林肯
:
当林肯成为美国总统后，
1861.4.12
爆发战争，他意识到
可以把战争变为反奴隶的正义战争，
< br>从而获得国内外对联邦的支持。
所以他颁布了著名的
《解
放宣言》
。这样英法各国站到了联邦一边，许多黑奴加入了联邦
军。
Lincoln
’
s speech:
“
That government of the
people, by the people, for the
people,
shall not perish from the earth.
”
民有，民治，民享的政府是不会从地球上消
亡的。
T
he
Thirteenth
Amendment,
which
banned
slavery,
was
added
to
the
Constitution in December
,186
5.
废除奴隶制的第十三修正案于
1865
年
12
月写入宪法。
④
Rapid Growth of Capitalism
after the Civil War
内战后资本主义的迅速发展
After
the
war
,
the
U.S.
saw
great
developments
in
Industry,
agriculture,
science and technology, and population.
⑤
reasons: a stable political
environment after the war was over; enough
labour
supply
after
black
slaves
were
free;
new
immigrants;
Science
and
invention
played
a
very
important
role
in
accelerating
America
’
s
industrial
development; the
federal government put high taxes on foreign
imports; the
Rich natural resources.
原因：战后稳定的政治环境；黑奴自由，新移民都提供了足够的
劳动力
；
科学和发明在美国的工业发展中起到重要作用；
联邦政府对进
口商品课以高税，
丰
富的自然资源。
⑥
consequences:
Both
production
and
capital
became
increasingly
concentrated.
生产和资本越来越集中。
1)Economic growth in the early 20th
century
①
tremendous growth of the
American economy(between the end of the civil
war and 1900): Steam and electricity
replaced human muscle,steel took the
place
of
es
and
oil
were
and
goods
could
move
by
1900 it became the largest producer of
coal and steel in the world.
内战结束到
1900
年间，美国经济取得了巨大发展；蒸汽和电力取代了人力，钢取代了
铁。
机器和石油得到了应用，客运和货运可以通过铁路进行。煤和铁以巨大产量位居世界
之首。
②
features in
the growth of the economy:
1) there
emerged a growth of industrial and financial
mergers. By 1910,
incorporation had
become the dominant type;
2)With
the
development
of
industry
and
the
extension
of
railroad
network,there was a
mushroom growth of cities and
urbanization
;
3)there was a rapid development of new
technology. The automobile and
radio
also developed. America was on the way of becoming
a nation on wheels.
经济发展的特点：
1
）出现了工业和金融合并发展的势头。到
1910
年，联合企业已成为主导形式；
2
）随着工业和铁路网络的扩张，城市如雨后春笋般发展起来（都市化）
；