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高考高频易混词语辨析
（北京大学特聘教授、北京市中学英语特级教师、北京师范大学特聘教授
程中一）
1.
celebrate, congratulate
celebrate
和
congratulate
的区别：
(1)
celebrate
意思是举行仪式、典礼的
“
庆祝
”
，只能用事（节日、胜利、成功等）作宾语；
We had a party to celebrate
Mother's silver wedding.
我们举行宴会庆祝母亲的银婚纪念日。
(2)congratulate
意思是
“
祝贺；道贺
”
，只能用人作宾语
，若要表明所祝贺的事情，后面要
用
on (upon)
连接，例如：
We congratulated her on winning the
contest.
我们祝贺她在比赛中获胜。
I will congratulate you (up) on your
success.
我预祝你成功。
注意：
译：他们下星期为你庆贺生日。
误：
They will congratulate
your birthday next week.
正：
They will celebrate your
birthday next week.
自我测试
根据句意，用
celebrate
和
congratulate
的适当形式填空。
1.
I _______ you
on the birth of a son.
2.
We should _______ the boy for keeping a
cool head.
3.
He
_______ his birthday with a banquet.
4.
We _______ our
national Day every year.
5.
They held a party to _______ the
victory.
答案：
1.
congratulate
2.
congratulate
3. celebrated
4.
celebrate
5.
celebrate
2. chance, opportunity
chance
和
opportunity
这两个单词都可以表示
“
机会
”
，但含义不同。<
/p>
(1)chance
指侥幸的或偶然
的机会
,
或无法解释的
“
天意
”
或
“
命运
”
所安排的时机，意为
运气，机会。
It’s the chance of lifetime.
这是千载难逢的机会。
(2)
opportunity
指符合人们意向或目的的一般机会，或指某一特定时机，有利
于做某件事
以实现某种抱负与愿望，意为：良机，机会。二者常可交换使用。例如：
What a wonderful opportunity!
多么难得的机会呀！
They
had no chance/opportunity to escape.
他们没有逃跑的机会。
I had
no chance/opportunity to see him.
我没机会见到他。
I never
miss a chance/opportunity of playing football.
我从不放弃任何踢足球的机会。
I
wish I'd had your chances/opportunities.
但愿我曾获得你那样的好机会。
注意
:
①
表示偶然性，强调
“
命运
”
的安排时，
chance
比
opportunity
更好。例如：
Chance
plays an important part in many card games.
在很多纸牌游戏中，
运气起着重要的作用。
A wise man turns chance into good
fortune.
聪明人能把机会变成好运气。
②
chance
还可表示
“
可能性
”
，
opportunity
没有这种用法，例如：
The
chances are ten to one that we will win.
我们获胜的可能性是十比一。
自我测试
根据句意，用
chance
和
opportunity
的适当形式填空。
1.
Don’t let slip
any _______ of improving you.
2.
There are not many promotion ________
in this company.
3.
I am glad to have this ________ of
speaking to you.
4.
By some strange ________, we discovered
the error.
5.
This is the ________ had been waiting
for.
6.
There was
no ________ in such a system for the poor.
7.
There is
little ________ of meeting him again.
答案：
1.
opportunity
2.
opportunities
3. opportunity/chance
4. chance
5. chance
6. chance
7. chance
3.
choose, elect, select
choose, elect
和
select
这三个动词都有
“
挑选
”
、
“
选择
”
的意思，
但各自的含义和用法有所
不同。
<
/p>
（
1
）
choo
se
是普通用语，指按自己的判断力或好恶来进行挑选，挑选可以在两者、也可
以在任意多者之中进行，其后接
between A and/or B, sb./sth. from
sb./sth., sb./sth. as
sth.
。例
如：
Miss Li has to choose between giving up
her job and/or hiring a nanny.
李小姐得在放弃工作
和雇
用保姆之间作选择。
Could
you choose me a good one from among them?
< br>劳驾给我从中挑选一个好的
,
行吗？
The students chose Gao Feng as their
monitor.
学生们选高峰当班长。
（
2
）
select
表示在选择上比
choose
要考虑得更细致，主要根据被选对象的优劣，选拔、
精选出最佳或最
合适者，被挑选对象一般多于两个，其后面常常接
sb./sth. (from sb./sth.),
sb./sth.(as
sth.)
。例如：
He
selected an appropriate birthday card from the
rack for his mother.
他从架子上给母亲挑选了
一张合适的生日贺卡。
Who was
selected as the team leader?
选谁出来当队长？
（
3
）
elect
指通过投票等方式正式地选出，
常作
“
选举
”
、
“
推选
”
解，
后面接
sb.(to
sth.), sb. (as)
sth.
。例如：
Ms. Mendel was elected to parliament.
门德尔女士当选为议员。
We
elected him (as) our team leader by a show of
hands.
我们通过举手的方式选举他当队长。
自我测试
根据句意，用
choose, elect
和
select
的适当形式填空。
1.
My wife took a
long time to ______ a new dress.
2.
They want to
_____ some from among them for seeds.
3.
There is
nothing to ______ between them.
4.
The people
_____ my brother as chairman.
5.
The girl _____
the red sweater rather than the pink one.
6.
My wife was
_____ to the committee.
7.
Why didn’t you _____ a better subject
for your composition?
8.
When people
_____ someone, they _____ that person to represent
them by voting.
答案：
1. choose/select
2. select
3. choose
4. elected
5. chose
6. elected
7. select
8.
elect, choose
4.
contrary
，
opposite
contrary
和
opposite
用作形容词，均可表示
“
完全相反的
”
。
(1) contrary
一般用于表示相反的意见、计划、
目的等抽象意义，有时带有矛盾或敌对的意
味：
What you have done is contrary to the
doctor's orders.
你所做的与医生的指示恰好相反。
Your statement is contrary to the
facts.
你的陈述与事实相反。
Opposite
和
contrary
有时可通用：
The trains
go in opposite/contrary directions.
火车朝着相反的方向行驶。
要表达
black
和
white, calm
和
agitate
这样成对的概念时，即这一个是另一个的反面，不
可说
What's the contrary of
“calm”?
而应说
What's the opposite of “calm”?
calm
（镇静）的反面是什么？
(2) opposite
是常用词，常指相反的位置、方向
、性质、结果等静态含义，但不一定有敌对
的含义。
Go into that opposite room, and wait
there until I come.
到对面那个房间去，在那儿等我回来。
It would have just the opposite effect.
它会产生完全相反的结果。
自我测试
根据句意，用
contrary
和
opposite
填空。
1
．
In
England you must drive on the ______ side of the
road to rest of Europe.
2. John and
Mary sat at ______ ends of the table.
3. This is Number 6, so Number 13 must
be on the ______ side of the street.
4.
“Hot” and “cold” are ______ term.
5. The ship was delayed by ______ wind.
答案：
1. opposite
2. opposite
3. opposite
4. contrary
5. contrary
5. damage, destroy, ruin
damage, destroy
和
ruin
这三个单词均表示
“
破坏
”
、
“
损坏
”
的意思，但各自的含义和用法不
同。
(1)damage
指部分
“
损坏
”
、
“
损害
”
、
“
破坏
”
或指使用价值有所降低。它可以用作动词，
也
可以用作名词，用作名词时常与
to sth.
连用。例如：
A lot of
houses in the area were damaged by the storm.
暴风雨毁坏了这个地区很多的房屋。
The accident did a lot of damage to his
car.
这次车祸使他的车受到很大的损坏。
(2)destroy
只能用作动词，指彻底破坏，以致不可能修复，常作
“
< br>破坏
”
、
“
毁灭
”
解，也可
以指希望、计划等
打破。例如：
The earthquake
destroyed almost the whole town.
地震几乎毁灭了整个市镇。
My
hope of being a writer was destroyed.
我想成为一个作家的希望破灭了。
(3)ruin
则表示破坏严重，以致不能修复，但这种破坏不像
destroy
那样毁灭某物，而是
强调致使该物的使用价值发生了问题。用作动词时，它作
“
使毁
灭
”
、
“
使崩
溃
”
、
“
弄糟
”
解；
用作名词时，它表示
“
毁灭
”
、
“
瓦解
”
、
“
废墟
”
等抽象概念。
ruin
也有借喻的用法。例如：
The fire ruined the castle.
那场大火使城堡夷为废墟。
He
has ruined his health through drinking.
他饮酒过多，把身体搞垮了。
The
house has fallen into ruin.
房子倒塌了。
The
company is facing ruin.
这家公司面临破产。
自我测试
根据句意，用
damage,
destroy
和
ruin
的适当形式填空。
1.
There was no
way of repairing the house. It had been _______.
2.
A fire had
severely _______ part of the school.
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