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第二十二讲
省
略
一、不用替代词的省略
1 .
主语
Don..t eat more than(what ) is good for
you .
I have done more
than(what) is required .
(
It ) Seems easy .
( It )
Sounds funny .
( It ) Looks
like they are okay .
(
He)Who breaks pays .
谁打破的谁赔。
2 .
主语和部分谓语
While ready to help her ( = While I was
ready to help her ) , I didn..t know what she
wanted
.
I met the girl while on a visit to
Guangzhou( = While I was on a visit to Guangzhou)
.
( It is) My mistake .
( It is) Very kind of you
to help me .
I shall go
there if ( it is) possible .
3 .
助动词
(Do) You understand ?
( Have) Children done their homework ?
4 . There(be)
( There..s) Nothing wrong .
( Is there)Anything I can do for you ?
5 .
主语
+
动词
+
宾语
A: To whom did you lend the book ?
B: To John . ( I lent the
book)
6 .
名词短语的中心词
An hour
in the morning is worth two( hours) in the evening
.
一日之计在于晨。
He was
always the first (man) to come and the last(man)
to leave .
他总是到得最早
,
离
开最晚。
7 .
所有格后面的名词
Mary..s( dress) is a beautiful dress .
He stayed in his uncle..s(
house) during the summer vacation .
8 .
冠词
1)
两个名词并列时
,
第二个名词前的冠词常可省略
Both the old and ( the ) young took
part in the singing competition .
Is the baby a boy or ( a) girl ?
婴儿是男是女
?
2)
名词作同位语时
,
其前的定冠词常可省略
War
hero Douglas Bader has come .
The conference was held in Beijing,
capital o f China .
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大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二
版
)
803
一、不用替代词的省略
As
owner and editor o f the Pennsylvania Gazette,
Benjamin Franklin made the periodical
popular .
3)
报刊标题
Restaurant Fire Disaster
4)
小型广告
2nd fl flt in mod blk close West End,
dble recep(A second floor flat in a modern block
close to the West End with
a double reception room . . .)
5)
购物单
Cleaner..s: collect clothes
取衣服
Supermarket:
eggs , sugar, salt , wine
超级市场
:
售鸡蛋、糖、盐、酒
6)
注解
Causes of 1st World War : massive re-
armament . . .
7)
通知
,
告示
( The) Flat (
is) on sale .
公寓出售。
( The) Lift ( is) out of order .
电梯故障。
8)
说明、释义
Cut along dotted line .
pen: long thin object to write in ink
Frame
车架
< br>(
箭头所指
)
9)
书名
(
An) Outline of American History
美国史提纲
9 .
并列结构中的同等句子成分
Peter likes (Mary) , but John hates
Mary .
Jim came at eight
but Henry ( came ) at nine .
I like her more than ( I like) him .
I noticed how the teacher
asked the questions and ( how) they were answered
.
To some life is pleasure,
and to others( life is) suffering .
You may go by land or( by) water .
It is a matter of life and(
of ) death .
那是一件生死攸关的事。
It doesn..t matter whether he is for(
the plan) or against the plan .
..
但
:Does he
prefer travelling by night or by day ? ( by
不可省
,
表示的是两个不同的观念
)
10 .
关系代词或关系副词
1)
作主语的省略
(1)
在以
it , that ,
here, there
起首的句子中。例如
:
It wasn..t I( that) told
her the news .
That..s a
thing( that , which) might happen to any man .
Who is it ( that) took away
my pen ?
There was a girl (
who, that ) wanted to see you .
Here are the students ( that , who)
called on you yesterday .
We are acquaintances, and that..s all (
that ) there..s to it .
It
is he himself ( that ) is hunted down .
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It wasn..t she ( that ) made the
mistake .
(2)
在以
what , who
等起首的疑问句中。例如
:
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第二十二讲
省
略
Who is it ( that) took away
my pen ?
What is the black
spot ( that) moves about on the wall ?
(3)
在以
we have
起首的句子中。例如
:
We have 20 essays ( that , which)
should be read during the vacation .
We have only about 200 hundred dollars
( that , which) can be put to use .
(4)
在形容词最高级或
only,
last , first +
名词
+ that +
ever
结构中。例如
:
He is the greatest man ( that ) ever
breathed .
She is the only
girl ( that ) ever passed the test .
He was the f irst man ( that was) ever
saved during the disaster .
(5)
在
I think, I
admit , I believe, I feel , I know
插入语前作主语的关系代词。例如
:
He asked for the material ( that ) I
think can not be provided .
They talked about the plan ( that ) I
believe is not practical .
(6)
几个
that
关系从句修饰同一个先行词时
,
只须保留第一个关系代词
,
其后的均可省
去。例如
:
It is said that we use hardly one
hundred- thousandth of the heat that there is in
coal and
( that) could be
extracted from it .
The
dictionary ( that ) he compiled in 1993 and ( that
) he revised last year is very popular
among college students .
2)
作宾语和表语的省略
that , whom, which
作宾语和表语时一般都可省。例如
:
The flat ( that ) he bought in 2001 and
that he sold in 2002 is now again on sale .
(
两个
that
关系从句修饰同一先行词时
,
只可省略其中一个关系代词
)
I have given him anything ( that) he
asked for .
He is said to
be everything ( that) an honest man should be .
She is not the girl ( that
) she used to be .
3)
作状语的省略
He liked the place for the very reason
( that) she ever lived there .
I liked the way ( that) she did it .
This is the place ( that )
they swam across the river .
Those were the years ( that) he was in
trouble .
This is the
factory (where) he worked many years ago .
It is for her ( that) I
have to do it .
Note:
在关系代词
+ be( have) + come
结构中
,
关系代词可连同
be, have
一起省略。例如
:
It is a dream ( that has) come true .
Here are the friends ( who
have) come to see you .
11
.
物主代词
在某些词组短语中
,
物主代词可以省略。例如
:
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He lost ( his) patience .
他不耐烦了。
I felt
at(my) ease .
我感到舒适。
She took (her ) leave soon afterwards .
她不久后就离开了。
Note:
有时候
,
用不用物主代词含义不同。比较
:
I shall remember her for li f e .
我将永远记着她。
( = forever )
I shall remember her for my
li f e .
她救了我的命
,
我将永远记着她。
( = which she
has saved)
大学英语语法———讲座与测试
(
第二版
)
805
二、用替代词的省略
She
kept house .
她照管家务。
( =
looked after )
She kept the
house .
她足不出户。
( = was
confined to)
12 . as . .
.as
结构中的省略
这种省略通常有两种情况
:
①从句中与主句中重复的词可省
;
②在把两个时间、地点等
相比较时
,
第一个
as
可省。例如
:
She looked a f ter the orphans as
carefully as ( she looked) after her own children
.
He handles great things
as easily as ( he handles) small things .
He is now as diligent as (
he was) when he was in middle school .
He can be ( as ) happy in hard times as
in good days .
He is ( as)
optimistic now as before .
Note:
在下面的句子中
,
主要动词被省略。
He obeys
Alice as a son should ( obey) a mother .
She fondled the cat as a
mother would ( fondle) her child .
He let the man go as a cat might ( let
) a mouse ( go) .
He did
his homework carefully as his sister had (done)
hers .
13 .
全句省略
某些表示愿望或假设的复合句常可将主句或从句省略。例如
:
If I could see her
again(how happy I should be) !
( It is pity) That such a great man
should die !
I might have
been a rich man( if I had taken her advice) .
二、用替代词的省略
在某些情况下
,
当我们省略掉某个词、词组或句子时
,
还需要用某个替代词。常用的替代词
有
do( does) so, not , to,
neither, nor, do so, do that , do it , one( ones)
, the same
等。
1 .
do
do
可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。例如
:
He speaks English more
fluently than you do. ( = speak English)
Did you see the film ? Yes
, I did. ( = saw the film)
Nelson hoped that they would all do
their duty to the country as Englishmen should do
.
( = should do their duty
to the country)
Henry never
really succeeded in his ambitions . He might have
done, one felt , had it not
been for the restlessness of his nature
. ( = succeeded in his ambitions)
2 . so
和
not
so
可以代替单词、词组或句子
,
作
call , expect , hope, do,
fear , hear , imagine, suppose,
speak, say, tell , think , believe, be
afraid , see, notice
等的宾语
;
not
代替否定的句子
,
用法与
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so
相似
,
并可放在
perhaps, probably,
absolutely
等副词后。例如
:
He must be a worker . I
imagine so. ( = that he is a worker )
Has she finished reading the book ? I
hope so. ( = that she has finished reading the
book)
She was not angry at
first , but became so after a while . ( angry)
He is a great friend of
mine and I hope he will always remain so . ( a
great friend of mine)
Is he
the best student in the class ?
I think so . ( = that he is . . .)
I think not . ( = that he
is not . . . . I don..t think he is . . . .
Perhaps not)
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第二十二讲
省
略
He will return at the
weekend .
I am afraid not .
( = that he will not return at the weekend)
..
要注意的是
, so
作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用
,
口气比较婉转
,
不表示
肯定
,
也不表示否定
,
因此
,
在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不
可用
so
。例如
:
A:Are they coming to the
party ?
B: I..m sure of it
. (
肯定
)
(
正
)
I
doubt it. (
怀疑
)
(
正
)
I..m sure so .
(
误
)
I
doubt so . (
误
)
..
同样
,
在
ask
和
know
之后不可用
so
。例如
:
He knows that.
(
正
)
He knows so . (
误
)
Why do you ask( that) ?
(
正
)
Why do you ask so .
(
误
)
..
另外
, not
不可以用于个别表示说话的动词之后
,
但主语是非特指的人称时除外。例如
:
She said so .
(
正
)
She said not .
(
误
)
John told me so .
(
正
)
John told me not .
(
误
)
..
但可以说
They say
not , It seems/ appears not , It says not
等。
Note:
①
so
可以放在句首或句尾
,
但若谓语动词是
see, notice
或
hear,
则只能放在句首。
例如
:
I
believe ( say, think . . .) so . = So I believe (
say, think . . .) .
So I
see ( hear , notice) . (
正
)
I see (hear , notice) so .
(
误
)
②下面句中的
not she
相当于“
no, she
didn..t
”
,
语气较强
:
A: Did she pay you the money ?
B: Not she .
③“
not +
状语”也是一种常见的省略。例如
:
A:Will you go out for a walk ?
B: Not this evening . ( =
No, I won..t go out for a walk this evening . )
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A: I want to talk with someone about it
.
B: Not with them . ( = I
don..t want you to talk with them about it . )
④
not that
结构有时意为
I don..t mean that . .
.
或
I don..t say that . . .,
有时意为
not
because
。例如
:
Why didn..t you come last
night ? Not that I care, of course .
If you need money, I can lend you
some
—
not that I am rich, of
course .
She went to bed
early . Not that she was ill , but that she was
tired .
3 . to
to
代替不定式
,
常同
refuse, want , seem,
intend, mean, expect , hope, like, be afraid,
prefer ,
care, oblige,
forget , wish, t ry
等连用。例如
:
I asked him to see the
film, but he didn..t want to( see the film) .
Some people suggested that
she reconsider the matter , but she refused to(
reconsider the
大学英语语法———讲座与
测试
(
第二版
)
807
二、用替代词的省略
matter
) .
Note:
①动词
hope, think , fear ,wish,
be afraid
和
so, to
连用的比较。
一般情况是
, so
所代替的多为句子
,
而
to
则只代替动词不定式。例如
:
Will you stay for lunch ?
I hope so . ( = I will stay for lunch .
)
I hope to . ( = stay for
lunch)
②作表语或同位语的不定式
,
其符号
to
有时可以省略
(
参阅第十一讲
)
。例如
:
The most
urgent thing I have to do now is ( to) look into
the matter .
③如果省略的不定式结构中含有
be, have
或
have been,
一般要保留
be, have
或
have
been
。例如
:
A: Are you on holiday ?
B: No, but I..d like to be .
A: She hasn..t done it yet
.
B: She ought to have .
4 .
复合代词
do so, do that
和
do it
1) do so
可以替代动词加宾语
,
也可以替代动词加状语
She
said she would go with me, but she didn..t do so .
( = go with me)
Just finish
off watering the flowers . And let me know when
you..ve done so . ( = finished
off watering the flowers)
2) do so
替代动词加宾语结构时
, so
可以用
it
或
that
取代
,
用
it
指具体事物
,
用
that
表示较
重的口气
Henry is
going to make the experiment and he wanted me to
do it , too .
They played
cards after supper and I watched them do that .
3) do so( do that
和
do
it)
一般只用于替代动态动词
,
而不适合替代静态动词
比较
:
Alice feels better today .
I think she does .
(
正
)
Yes , so she does .
(
正
)
I
think she does so . (
误
)
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Yes , she does that .
(
误
)
Yes , she does it .
(
误
)
Note:
①在
believe,
know, hope, doubt
等动词后可以用
that
表示附和别人的看法或说法
,
但不用于回答问题。例如
:
He is a very capable man .
I believe that . ( = so)
It is a good film .
I know that .
(
不可用
so)
②
that
可以替代可数名词或不可数名词
,
只指物
,
不指人
,
其后要跟修饰语。例如
:
No bread eaten is so sweet as that
earned by one..s own labour .
5 . one
和
ones
one
和
ones
具有泛指性质
,
常用来替代单数或复数可数名词
,
不能替代不可数名词。使
用时要注意下面几点
:
(1) one
和
ones
与它们所替代的名词在“数”方面可以不一致。
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808
第二十二讲
省
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(2) one
和
ones
与其所替代的名词在句法功能上可以不一致。
(3) one
和
ones
与其所替代的名词在所指意义上可以不同。
(4) one
前面不带任何修饰语时
,
可以替代整个名词词组。
(5)
one
前面有
this
或
that , ones
前面有
these
或
those,
或者二者前面有形成对比的形容
词、最高级形容词或
the
next
、
the last
时
, one
或
ones
可省略。
one
前面的形容词带定
冠词
the
时
, one
也可省略。
(6) one
或
ones
后面可以跟修饰语
,
可能是从句、介词短语或分词短语等。
(7)
所有格
my, your ,
our, her
和
their
被其相应的物主代词
mine
等代替时
,
不用
one
或
ones
。
(8) whose
和名词所有格之后不用
one
或
ones
。基数词
(one
等
)
和序数词
(
first
等
)
通常不
同
one
连用。
own
也不可同
one
或
ones
连用。
(9) another
和
other
可以单独使用
,
也可跟
one,
复数形式可用
other ones
或
others
。
(10) which
和
former, latter, either,
neither
后可以跟
one
或
ones ,
也可以不跟。
He prefers
the new edition to the old ones .
(
“数”方面不一致
)
Do you see the teachers over there ?
The one wearing the grey coat is her father .
(
句法
功能不一致
, teachers
作宾语
, one
作主语
)
I don..t like this film . I..d like to
see a more interesting one .
(
所指对象不同
)
There are two pens on the desk; he only
took the cheaper . ( one )
Let..s finish the exercise so we can go
on to the next . (one)
Of
all his poems, I like the ones that were connected
with nature .
This is her
pen, not yours . (
不能说
yours
one
或
your one)
I prefer to use my own .
(
不能说
my own one)
Whose is it ?
(
不能说
whose one)
Her bike is better than her brother..s
. (
不能说
brother..s one)
Please try another ( one) .
7