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2021-02-09 15:44
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2021年2月9日发(作者:活肤)



Written Translation III


Why we need translation theory?


人山人海



A sea of faces


Rose


玫瑰、月季、蔷薇



农业是国民经济的基础



Agriculture


农林牧副渔



Farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sidelines and fishery


庐山初识


,< /p>


匆匆五十年矣




Two score and ten years have elapsed since our acquaintance at Mt. Lushan.


Chapter 1



Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation


1. Basic principles of semiotics


Saussure


initiated


the


study


of


sign


systems,


which


he


named


―semiology‖,


and


prophesied


its


existence


in


advance. He declared: ―A science that studies the life of


signs within society is conceivable; it would be part of


social psychology; I shall call it semiology. Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them.


Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be; but it has a right to exitence, a place staked


out in advance.


Signified (concept


所指


)


Signifier ( sound image


能指)



Peirce has given general definition of a sign: A sign, or a reprentamen, is something which stands to somebody,


for something in some respect or capacity.



Icon (based on identity or likeness, e.g. road signs); index (based on contiguity


临近



or causality



e.g. Smoke as a


sign of fire); symbol (a merely conventional link: e.g. words)


Sign



Object


Interpretant


Semantic triangle


Linguistic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with each other in the same system


Referential meaning is built on the relationship of the sign with its referent


Pragmatic meaning is built on the relationship of the sign and its interpretant


2. Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation


Social semiotics is primarily concerned with human semiosis as an inherently social phenomenon in its sources,


functions, contexts, and effects. It is also concerned with the social meanings constructed through the full range of


semiotic


forms,


through


semiotic


texts


and


semiotic


practices,


in


all


kinds


of


human


society


at


all


periods


of


human history.


Halliday’s model of social semiotics



Professor Chen’s model of Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation



My model of Sociosemiotic Approach to Translation


Chapter 2



General statement of translation



1. nature of translation


Nida out of the date


薄薄的夜



喇叭



2. translation process


Preparation; working; checking


母亲拧着纺车把他拉扯大,真是要星星不给月亮。



这件事给邻居们知道,岂不是笑歪了嘴?





1






12





His mother had brought him up by doing spinning and had given him whatever he wanted.


When neighbors heard of the matter, they’d laugh their heads off?



The good mother says not: will you




But gives.


3. Translation standard


Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance


Similarity in spirit


Sublimation


Tytler



Correspondence in meaning and similarity in function


4.


translator’s traits




Chapter 3



Lexical Translation


A


lexeme


is


an


abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics,


that


roughly


corresponds


to


a


set


of words that


are


different


forms


of


the


same


word.


For


example,


in


the English


language,


run,


runs,


ran


and


running are forms of the same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN.



一、


Lexical comparison between Chinese and English



对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识汉语和英语的差别。




























吕叔湘




1. Writing system


(1) Chinese Writing System


Ideographic


表意




Pi ctograms


象形:



A


pictogram


or


picture


is a stylised drawing of the thing it refers to. Only


600


Chinese characters out of 50 000,


are pictograms. They are generally the oldest characters, since a lot of them have been discovered engraved on


turtle shells (1500-1100 before christ).


指事



(Symbols )



Symbo ls


指事:



Symbols


, also known as


indicatives


express an abstract idea by means of an arbitrary sign or by modifying an


existing pictogram. Very often, dots or lines are added to a pictogram to indicate what part or action is intended.


For instance, to represent the idea of ―root‖, a horizontal line is a


dded at the bottom of a tree to suggest the idea of


roots.(


本)




Ideogram


会意:



An


ideogram


, also called


associative



compounds


or


meaning-meaning


comes from the combination of two or


more meaningful components to create a new character with a new meaning.




Phono- semantic


形声:



Phono-semantic


characters, also known as


sound-meaning


, or


picto-phonograms


are characters composed of


two components:



one component indicates the


meaning


,



the other indicates its


pronunciation


.



More than


90 %


of Chinese characters are


Phono- semantic


characters. These characters appeared very early in


the development of Chinese writing, because of the difficulty of using pictorial forms to represent abstract notions


and similar objects (for examples donkey versus horse).


Examples of Phono-semantic charactersCharacterphonetic componentsemantic component



(mother, m


ā


)



(m


ǎ


)



(Woman)



(vegetable, c


à


i)



(c


ǎ


i)



(grass)



(to bath, m


ù


)



(m


ù


)



(water)






2






12






(2) Chinese and English Syllables


Number of Chinese syllables: 432 no difference of tones; 1376 with difference of tones


Number of English syllables: about 10000


(3) English Writing System


The sound writing system or alphabetic writing system


has dominated most of the world language. Since most


European alphabets such as Spanish, German, French, English, etc. derived from the Lain alphabet, only minor


adjustments were needed to cope with individual characteristics of a particular language. The immense power of


the


sound


writing


system


is


its


productivity.


There


are


more


than


600,000


entries


in


Webster’s


Third


New


International Dictionary. ( Chinese characters: about 50000 )


(4) Syllabic structures in English



(C) (C) (C)



V



(C) (C) (C) (C)



I V key CV ski CCV spree CCCV seek CVC


Speak CCVC scram CCCVC


striped CCCVCC an VC ant VCC



ants VCCC pant CVCC pants CVCCC splints CCCVCCC stamp CCVCC



strengths CCCVCCCC



2. morphemes


A


morpheme



is


the


smallest


linguistic


unit


that


carries


grammatical


or


semantic


meaning.


It


cannot


be


further


divided into smaller units.


A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as ―bed‖, ―tree‖, ―sing‖,



―dance‖.



A


bound


morpheme


is


one


that


may


appear


with


at


least


one


other


morpheme,


such


as



-


s‖


in


dogs,


―al‖


in


―national‖, ―dis ―in ―disclose‖, and so on.



Chinese morphemes









English morphemes





1. free morpheme


1.



free morpheme









Eg. room, dog, bottle







Eg.



——


药材


( medicine)


2.



Bound morpheme













——


服药






2. half-free morpheme









Eg. Prefix









Re-, dis-, en-, im-







Eg.



——


丰收


(harvest)












Suffix













——


丰富


(abundant)





3. non-free morpheme.










-able, -tion, -less, -er







Eg.



——


老师


(teacher)


——


老鹰


(eagle)


3. Word formation


Sound- changing(


音变法


)


Red uplication(


重叠法


)


Conversion(


转移法


)


Abbreviation(


简略法


)


Affixation(


缀合法


)


Compounding(


合成法


)


(1) Sound-changing


< br>Chinese







changing the initial of a Chinese syllable (homographs)




3






12





e.g.


重(


zh

ò


ng







(ch


ó


ng)









(t


á


n)









(d


à


n)



changing the final of a Chinese syllable





e.g.




(hu


á


n)





(h


á


i)










(h


?


)







(h


ú


o)





changing the pitch



e.g.




(sh


ǎ


o)






(sh


à


o)










(w


?


i)







(w


?


i)



English


< br>



changing the consonant of a word


e.g. close /klous/




a.


亲密的









close /klouz/



v.


关闭









house /haus/



n.


房屋









house /hauz/



v.


留宿






changing the vowel of a word


e.g. doom /du:m/



n.


毁灭









deem /di:m/



v.


认为









food /fu:d/




n.


食品









feed /fi:d/





n.





changing the position of stress


e.g. present /



preznt/



a.


现在的









present /pri



zent/ v.


介绍



sound-changing not only changes the meaning, but also part of speech


(2) Reduplication


Chi nese



superposition



















English




AA, AAB, BAA, AABC, BCAA……









e.g. ping pong, walkie-talkie, ha-ha


Reduplication can greatly enrich Chinese vocabulary and perfect the expressive function and beauty of Chinese.


(3) Conversion


to change the word class and make a new word.



converting nouns into verbs


e.g.



Please take a seat.











It can seat 1000 people.










②这把锄是新的。












那块地已经锄过两遍了。





converting adjectives into verbs


e.g.



You can happy your friends, malice or fool your enemy, or fall an axe on his neck.












He was very happy to hear that.









②请画条直线。












他这个人就是直来直去的。




converting verbs into nouns.


e.g.



You are not allowed to leave the room.











He took leave of her with a heavy heart.


②他很会背书。他打球的时候伤到背了。




converting adjectives into nouns.


e.g.



We are waiting for the final decision.




4






12














The basketball finals are fantastic.









②我喜欢吃苦瓜。他不怕苦和累。




converting nouns or verbs into adjectives


e.g.


①我讨厌这个人。他这人真讨厌。










②他舍己救人的精神让人感动。












你穿夹克衫显得很精神。



World report; science fiction


(4) Abbreviation


to shorten the original words or paraphrases to make it precise and practical without changing their meanings.


CPC=Communist Party of China


共产主义青年团


=


共青团



(5) Affixation





The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called affixation.




Prefix


non-; in-; de-;un-; ab; counter-; anti-; dis-; im-; multi


;非;反;无;不







Suffix


-less; -able; -ful; -ed; -ee; -ist;


手;家;子;儿



Bound morphemes, namely prefix and suffix, make English words more abundant than Chinese.


(6) Compounding


Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make


one word.


Greenhouse;


They face a damned-if-they-do, damned-if- they-


don’t choice.




二、


Relationship of Chinese and English Words


1. Correspondence


相符



紫玉山庄



法人实体



打白条



Fake correspondence


盐水



salt


water


学英语歌



to


study


English


songs


简单地说



simply


speaking


一层厚厚的黄土



a


layer


of


thick loess dust


穷山恶水



poor mountain and bad water


强硬政策



strong policy


学习知识



to learn knowledge


好票



good tickets


Purple Jade Villa; legal entity; to pay sb. IOUs


Salt solution



To learn English songs


A thick layer of



To put it simply


To acquire knowledge


Tough policies


Poverty-stricken places


Good seats


2. inclusion


包孕



华侨



Overseas Chinese


汽车



automobile=motorcar



a more formal word for car




胡子



Beaver; moustache; whiskers; beard




5






12





酒,汤 ,学者,


rose





3. intersection


交叉



骑马,骑自行车,骑墙,骑马人,骑墙派



To ride a horse; to ride a bike; to sit on the fence; horse rider; fence-sitters

粮油票,请买票,售票处,售票口,普通客票,行李票,剪票员,查票员



Grain (food) and edible oil coupons; All fares, please!; booking office; wicket; check; ordinary ticket; puncher;


ticket examiner;



4. zero


空缺



Zero of designative meaning


指称意义空缺



三八式干部;三八红旗手;三八



抓周;八行书



Zero of linguistic meaning


言内意义空缺



在家养病反把这病养家了



我姓李,十八子的李。



Zero of pragmatic meaning


语用意义空缺



工农兵


peasant


教师休息室


Teachers only


鸡年是我的本命年。


I was born in the Year of the Rooster.


She is a cat.


她是个包藏祸心的女人。



白象牌电池



white elephant


兰翎牌香脂



Peacock Tail


厚朴



magnolia officinalis (Hope)


三、


Translation of words


1. Polysemy


一词多义



就:他就着油灯读信。


He read the letter by the oil lamp.


花生仁儿就酒挺合适。


I t



s nice to have peanuts to go with the wine.


我就不信我学不会这项技术。


I just don



t believe this technique is beyond me.


那人就是他的哥哥。


That very man is his elder brother.


你就是送给我,我也不要。


Even if you give it to me as a gift, I won



t accept it.


2. Synonymy


同义词


.


税:税率;关税;免税商店 ;进


/


出口税;印花税;遗产税



Tariff rates; custom duties; duty-free shops; import/export duties; stamp duties


美:鲍小姐秀色可餐


,


Miss Pao’s beauty is such a feast to the eye,



偷,窃:孔乙己便涨红了脸,额头的青筋条条绽出, 争辩道,


“窃书不能算偷??窃书!??


.

读书人的事,


能算偷么?”



At


that


Kong Yiji


would


flush,


the


veins


on his


forehead


standing


out


as


he


protested,


―Taking


books can’t


be


counted as steali


ng…Taking books…for a scholar…can’t be counted as stealing.‖



3. Color


色彩



语体色彩与感情色彩



咒语:文明是三孙子。


Gentility be hanged!


狗气杀





绍兴方言


The dog- teaser




6






12



-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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